RESUMO
The emergence and spread of novel viral pathogens is a major threat to human health, particularly in the context of climate and human-induced change in land use. Alongshan virus (ALSV) is a tick-borne virus associated with human disease, which was first identified in northeast China. More recently, several studies reported the emergence of ALSV in mammalian and arthropod hosts in multiple different countries outside of Asia, and the first viral genome sequencing data has become available. ALSV is a member of the Jingmenvirus group closely related to the Flaviviridae family. Unusually, the positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome of ALSV is segmented and consists of four distinct segments, two of which show homology with the NS3 and NS5 protein encoding regions of non-segmented flaviviruses. Transmission of arthropod-borne pathogens will likely increase in the future due to environmental change mediated by a variety of environmental and ecological factors and increasing human encroachment into wild animal habitats. In this review, we present current knowledge of global ALSV distribution and emergence patterns, highlight genetic diversity, evolution and susceptible species. Finally, we discuss the role of this emerging tick-borne virus in the context of urbanization and global health.
Assuntos
Carrapatos , Humanos , Animais , Carrapatos/virologia , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/virologia , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/transmissão , Genoma Viral , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/virologia , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/transmissão , Saúde Global , Filogenia , Flaviviridae/genética , Flaviviridae/classificação , Flaviviridae/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Flaviviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Flaviviridae/virologia , Infecções por Flaviviridae/transmissão , Variação GenéticaAssuntos
Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes , Surtos de Doenças , Humanos , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/virologia , Saúde Global , Saúde Pública , Infecções por Bunyaviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Arbovirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Arbovirus/virologia , OrthobunyavirusRESUMO
In recent years, there has been a significant rise in the appearance of new viral infectious diseases among wildlife populations globally [...].
Assuntos
Animais Selvagens , Viroses , Vírus , Animais , Animais Selvagens/virologia , Humanos , Viroses/veterinária , Viroses/virologia , Vírus/classificação , Vírus/isolamento & purificação , Vírus/genética , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/virologia , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/veterinária , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/epidemiologia , Zoonoses/virologia , Zoonoses/transmissão , Zoonoses Virais/transmissão , Zoonoses Virais/virologiaRESUMO
In the last decade, extensive and borderless viral disease outbreaks have been caused by Ebola, Zika, and SARS-CoV-2 [...].
Assuntos
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , COVID-19/diagnóstico , COVID-19/virologia , COVID-19/epidemiologia , SARS-CoV-2/genética , SARS-CoV-2/isolamento & purificação , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/virologia , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/diagnóstico , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/epidemiologia , Teste para COVID-19/métodosRESUMO
Mayaro virus (MAYV) is an arbovirus first isolated in Trinidad and Tobago in 1954. MAYV is the causative agent of Mayaro fever, which is characterised by high fever, maculopapular rash, myalgia and arthralgia. The potential for chronic arthralgia is of particular clinical concern. Currently, MAYV outbreaks are restricted to South and Central America, with some cases reported in Africa as well as several imported cases in Europe. However, in recent years, MAYV has become a growing global concern due to its potential to emerge into urban transmission cycles. Challenges faced with diagnostics, as well as a lack of specific antivirals or licensed vaccines further exacerbate the potential global health threat posed by MAYV. In this review, we discuss this emerging arboviral threat with a particular focus on the current treatment and vaccine development efforts. Overall, MAYV remains a neglected arbovirus due to its limited area of transmission. However, with the potential of its urbanisation and expanding circulation, the threat MAYV poses to global health cannot be overlooked. Further research into the improvement of current diagnostics, as well as the development of efficacious antivirals and vaccines will be crucial to help prevent and manage potential MAYV outbreaks.
Assuntos
Infecções por Alphavirus , Alphavirus , Humanos , Alphavirus/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Alphavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Alphavirus/virologia , Infecções por Alphavirus/transmissão , Animais , América/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/virologia , Surtos de Doenças , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Saúde GlobalAssuntos
COVID-19 , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes , Pandemias , Humanos , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/prevenção & controle , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/virologia , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , COVID-19/virologia , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Animais , Vírus/genética , Viroses/epidemiologia , Viroses/prevenção & controle , Viroses/virologia , Preparação para PandemiaRESUMO
Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) that frequently caused major outbreaks of encephalitis in humans and horses in the early twentieth century, but the frequency of outbreaks has since decreased markedly, and strains of this alphavirus isolated in the past two decades are less virulent in mammals than strains isolated in the 1930s and 1940s1-3. The basis for this phenotypic change in WEEV strains and coincident decrease in epizootic activity (known as viral submergence3) is unclear, as is the possibility of re-emergence of highly virulent strains. Here we identify protocadherin 10 (PCDH10) as a cellular receptor for WEEV. We show that multiple highly virulent ancestral WEEV strains isolated in the 1930s and 1940s, in addition to binding human PCDH10, could also bind very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2), which are recognized by another encephalitic alphavirus as receptors4. However, whereas most of the WEEV strains that we examined bind to PCDH10, a contemporary strain has lost the ability to recognize mammalian PCDH10 while retaining the ability to bind avian receptors, suggesting WEEV adaptation to a main reservoir host during enzootic circulation. PCDH10 supports WEEV E2-E1 glycoprotein-mediated infection of primary mouse cortical neurons, and administration of a soluble form of PCDH10 protects mice from lethal WEEV challenge. Our results have implications for the development of medical countermeasures and for risk assessment for re-emerging WEEV strains.
Assuntos
Vírus da Encefalite Equina do Oeste , Especificidade de Hospedeiro , Protocaderinas , Receptores Virais , Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Aves/metabolismo , Aves/virologia , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/virologia , Vírus da Encefalite Equina do Oeste/classificação , Vírus da Encefalite Equina do Oeste/metabolismo , Vírus da Encefalite Equina do Oeste/patogenicidade , Encefalomielite Equina/epidemiologia , Encefalomielite Equina/virologia , Proteínas Relacionadas a Receptor de LDL/metabolismo , Neurônios/metabolismo , Neurônios/virologia , Fenótipo , Protocaderinas/metabolismo , Receptores de LDL/metabolismo , Receptores de LDL/genética , Receptores Virais/metabolismo , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/metabolismo , Zoonoses Virais/epidemiologia , Zoonoses Virais/virologiaRESUMO
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a re-emerging vector-borne zoonosis with a high public health and veterinary impact. In West Africa, many lineages were previously detected, but since 2020, lineage H from South Africa has been the main cause of the outbreaks. In this study, clinical samples collected through national surveillance were screened for RVF virus (RVFV) acute infection by RT-PCR and IgM ELISA tests. Sequencing, genome mapping and in vitro phenotypic characterization in mammal cells were performed on RT-PCR positive samples in comparison with other epidemic lineages (G and C). Four RVFV human cases were detected in Senegal and the sequence analyses revealed that the strains belonged to lineage H. The in vitro kinetics and genome mapping showed different replication efficiency profiles for the tested RVFV lineages and non-conservative mutations, which were more common to lineage G or specific to lineage H. Our findings showed the re-emergence of lineage H in Senegal in 2022, its high viral replication efficiency in vitro and support the findings that genetic diversity affects viral replication. This study gives new insights into the biological properties of lineage H and calls for deeper studies to better assess its potential to cause a future threat in Senegal.
Assuntos
Genoma Viral , Filogenia , Febre do Vale de Rift , Vírus da Febre do Vale do Rift , Replicação Viral , Vírus da Febre do Vale do Rift/genética , Vírus da Febre do Vale do Rift/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Febre do Vale do Rift/classificação , Vírus da Febre do Vale do Rift/fisiologia , Febre do Vale de Rift/virologia , Febre do Vale de Rift/epidemiologia , Febre do Vale de Rift/transmissão , Senegal/epidemiologia , Humanos , Animais , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/virologia , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/veterinária , Surtos de Doenças , África Ocidental/epidemiologia , Variação Genética , MutaçãoAssuntos
Infecções por Coronavirus , Coronavírus da Síndrome Respiratória do Oriente Médio , Humanos , Coronavírus da Síndrome Respiratória do Oriente Médio/genética , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Recombinação Genética , Evolução Molecular , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/virologia , AnimaisAssuntos
Vírus da Encefalite do Vale de Murray , Encefalite por Arbovirus , Humanos , Austrália Ocidental/epidemiologia , Animais , Encefalite por Arbovirus/epidemiologia , Encefalite por Arbovirus/virologia , Mosquitos Vetores/virologia , Culicidae/virologia , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/virologiaRESUMO
Emerging and re-emerging viruses pose unpredictable and significant challenges to global health. Emerging zoonotic infectious diseases, which are transmitted between humans and non-human animals, have been estimated to be responsible for nearly two-thirds of emerging infectious disease events and emergence events attributed to these pathogens have been increasing in frequency with the potential for high global health and economic burdens. In this review we will focus on the application of highthroughput OMICS approaches to emerging zoonotic virus investigtations. We highlight the key contributions of transcriptome and proteome investigations to emerging zoonotic virus preparedness and response activities with a focus on SARS-CoV-2, avian influenza virus subtype H5N1, and Orthoebolavirus investigations.
Assuntos
Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes , Zoonoses , Animais , Humanos , Zoonoses/virologia , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/virologia , SARS-CoV-2/genética , SARS-CoV-2/metabolismo , Proteômica/métodos , COVID-19/virologia , Transcriptoma , Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1/genética , Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1/patogenicidade , Proteoma/metabolismo , Proteoma/genéticaRESUMO
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review aims to discuss the current state of human infections with Avian Influenza A (H5) and (H9) viruses, to support awareness of the global epidemiology among clinicians and public health professionals interested in emerging respiratory infections. RECENT FINDINGS: Among increasing numbers of detections in avian species of Avian Influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b globally, reported human cases of severe infection have been rare.Enhanced surveillance of persons exposed to avian species infected with Influenza A (H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b in different countries has identified small numbers of asymptomatic individuals with Avian Influenza A (H5N1) detected by PCR from the upper respiratory tract; some of these instances have been considered to represent contamination rather than infection.There have also been recent sporadic human cases of Avian Influenza A(H9N2) internationally, including in China and Cambodia. SUMMARY: Human infections with Avian Influenza A(H5) and (H9) viruses remain of interest as an emerging infection both to clinicians and public health professionals. While maintaining effective surveillance is essential, one health strategies to control infection in avian species will be key to mitigating these risks.
Assuntos
Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1 , Influenza Aviária , Influenza Humana , Zoonoses , Humanos , Animais , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Influenza Humana/transmissão , Influenza Humana/prevenção & controle , Influenza Humana/virologia , Influenza Aviária/epidemiologia , Influenza Aviária/transmissão , Influenza Aviária/virologia , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , Zoonoses/virologia , Zoonoses/transmissão , Aves/virologia , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H9N2 , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/virologia , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/transmissão , Zoonoses Virais/transmissão , Zoonoses Virais/epidemiologia , Zoonoses Virais/virologia , Saúde GlobalAssuntos
Vacina contra Sarampo , Sarampo , Vacinação , Humanos , Sarampo/prevenção & controle , Sarampo/epidemiologia , Vacinação/estatística & dados numéricos , Vacina contra Sarampo/administração & dosagem , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/prevenção & controle , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/virologia , Monitoramento Epidemiológico , Vírus do Sarampo/genética , Vírus do Sarampo/imunologiaRESUMO
The increasing frequency of zoonotic spillover events and viral mutations in low and middle-income countries presents a critical global health challenge. Contributing factors encompass cultural practices like bushmeat consumption, wildlife trade for traditional medicine, habitat disruption, and the encroachment of impoverished settlements onto natural habitats. The existing "vaccine gap" in many developing countries exacerbates the situation by allowing unchecked viral replication and the emergence of novel mutant viruses. Despite global health policies addressing the root causes of zoonotic disease emergence, there is a significant absence of concrete prevention-oriented initiatives, posing a potential risk to vulnerable populations. This article is targeted at policymakers, public health professionals, researchers, and global health stakeholders, particularly those engaged in zoonotic disease prevention and control in low and middle-income countries. The article underscores the importance of assessing potential zoonotic diseases at the animal-human interface and comprehending historical factors contributing to spillover events. To bridge policy gaps, comprehensive strategies are proposed that include education, collaborations, specialized task forces, environmental sampling, and the establishment of integrated diagnostic laboratories. These strategies advocate simplicity and unity, breaking down barriers, and placing humanity at the forefront of addressing global health challenges. Such a strategic and mental shift is crucial for constructing a more resilient and equitable world in the face of emerging zoonotic threats.
Assuntos
Países em Desenvolvimento , Zoonoses , Humanos , Animais , Zoonoses/prevenção & controle , Zoonoses/virologia , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , Zoonoses/transmissão , Mutação , Política de Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Saúde Global , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/prevenção & controle , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/virologia , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/transmissãoRESUMO
Outbreaks of airborne viral emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) cause an increasing burden on global public health, particularly with a backdrop of intensified climate change. However, infection sources and drivers for outbreaks of airborne viral EIDs remain unknown. Here, we aim to explore the driving mechanisms of outbreaks based on the one health perspective. Outbreak information for 20 types of airborne viral EIDs was collected from the Global Infectious Disease and Epidemiology Network database and a systematic literature review. Four statistically significant and high-risk spatiotemporal clusters for airborne viral EID outbreaks were identified globally using multivariate scan statistic tests. There were 112 outbreaks with clear infection sources, and zoonotic spillover was the most common source (95.54%, 107/112). Since 1970, the majority of outbreaks occurred in healthcare facilities (24.82%), followed by schools (17.93%) and animal-related settings (15.93%). Significant associations were detected between the number of earthquakes, storms, duration of floods, and airborne viral EIDs' outbreaks using a case-crossover study design and multivariable conditional logistic regression. These findings implied that zoonotic spillover and extreme weather events are driving global outbreaks of airborne viral EIDs, and targeted prevention and control measures should be made to reduce the airborne viral EIDs burden.
Assuntos
Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes , Surtos de Doenças , Tempo (Meteorologia) , Zoonoses , Humanos , Animais , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/virologia , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , Zoonoses/virologia , Zoonoses/transmissão , Saúde Global , Microbiologia do Ar , Viroses/epidemiologia , Viroses/transmissão , Viroses/virologia , Mudança ClimáticaRESUMO
The public's health is gravely at risk due to the current global outbreak of emerging viruses, specifically SARS-CoV-2 and MPXV. Recent studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 mutants (such as Omicron) exhibit a higher capability to antagonize the host innate immunity, increasing their human adaptability and transmissibility. Furthermore, current studies on the strategies for MPXV to antagonize the host innate immunity are still in the initial stages. These multiple threats from emerging viruses make it urgent to study emerging virus-host interactions, especially the viral antagonism of host antiviral innate immunity. Given this, we selected several representative viruses that significantly threatened human public health and interpreted the multiple strategies for these viruses to antagonize the host antiviral innate immunity, hoping to provide ideas for molecular mechanism research that emerging viruses antagonize the host antiviral innate immunity and accelerate the research progress. The IAV, SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, EBOV, DENV, ZIKV, and HIV are some of the typical viruses. Studies have shown that viruses could antagonize the host antiviral innate immunity by directly or indirectly blocking antiviral innate immune signaling pathways. Proviral host factors, host restriction factors, and ncRNAs (microRNAs, lncRNAs, circRNAs, and vtRNAs) are essential in indirectly blocking antiviral innate immune signaling pathways. Furthermore, via controlling apoptosis, ER stress, stress granule formation, and metabolic pathways, viruses may antagonize it. These regulatory mechanisms include transcriptional regulation, post-translational regulation, preventing complex formation, impeding nuclear translocation, cleavage, degradation, and epigenetic regulation.
Assuntos
Imunidade Inata , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/imunologia , Viroses/imunologia , Viroses/virologia , COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/virologia , Animais , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/virologia , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/imunologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Nipah and Hendra viruses belong to the Paramyxoviridae family, which pose a significant threat to human health, with sporadic outbreaks causing severe morbidity and mortality. Early symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, and headache, which offer little in terms of differential diagnosis. There are no specific therapeutics and vaccines for these viruses. AREAS COVERED: This review comprehensively covers a spectrum of diagnostic techniques for Nipah and Hendra virus infections, discussed in conjunction with appropriate type of samples during the progression of infection. Serological assays, reverse transcriptase Real-Time PCR assays, and isothermal amplification assays are discussed in detail, along with a listing of few commercially available detection kits. Patents protecting inventions in Nipah and Hendra virus detection are also covered. EXPERT OPINION: Despite several outbreaks of Nipah and Hendra infections in the past decade, in-depth research into their pathogenesis, Point-of-Care diagnostics, specific therapies, and human vaccines is lacking. A prompt and accurate diagnosis is pivotal for efficient outbreak management, patient treatment, and the adoption of preventative measures. The emergence of rapid point-of-care tests holds promise in enhancing diagnostic capabilities in real-world settings. The patent landscape emphasizes the importance of innovation and collaboration within the legal and business realms.