Peripheral vascular dysfunction and the aging brain.

Aging is the greatest non-modifiable risk factor for most diseases, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which remain the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Robust evidence indicates that CVD are a strong determinant for reduced brain health and all-cause dementia with advancing age. CVD are also closely linked with peripheral and cerebral vascular dysfunction, common contributors to the development and progression of all types of dementia, that are largely driven by excessive levels of oxidative stress (e.g., reactive oxygen species [ROS]). Emerging evidence suggests that several fundamental aging mechanisms (e.g., "hallmarks" of aging), including chronic low-grade inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence and deregulated nutrient sensing contribute to excessive ROS production and are common to both peripheral and cerebral vascular dysfunction. Therefore, targeting these mechanisms to reduce ROS-related oxidative stress and improve peripheral and/or cerebral vascular function may be a promising strategy to reduce dementia risk with aging. Investigating how certain lifestyle strategies (e.g., aerobic exercise and diet modulation) and/or select pharmacological agents (natural and synthetic) intersect with aging "hallmarks" to promote peripheral and/or cerebral vascular health represent a viable option for reducing dementia risk with aging. Therefore, the primary purpose of this review is to explore mechanistic links among peripheral vascular dysfunction, cerebral vascular dysfunction, and reduced brain health with aging. Such insight and assessments of non-invasive measures of peripheral and cerebral vascular health with aging might provide a new approach for assessing dementia risk in older adults.

Design and development of the DE-SPECT system: a clinical SPECT system for broadband multi-isotope imaging of peripheral vascular disease.

Objective. Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) affects more than 230 million people worldwide and is one of the leading causes of disability among people over age 60. Nowadays, PVD remains largely underdiagnosed and undertreated, and requires the development of tailored diagnostic approaches. We present the full design of the Dynamic Extremity SPECT (DE-SPECT) system, the first organ-dedicated SPECT system for lower extremity imaging, based on 1 cm thick Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) spectrometers and a dynamic dual field-of-view (FOV) synthetic compound-eye (SCE) collimator.Approach. The proposed DE-SPECT detection system consists of 48 1 cm thick 3D-position-sensitive CZT spectrometers arranged in a partial ring of 59 cm in diameter in a checkerboard pattern. The detection system is coupled with a compact dynamic SCE collimator that allows the user to select between two different FOVs at any time during an imaging study: a wide-FOV (28 cm diameter) configuration for dual-leg or scout imaging or a high-resolution and high-sensitivity (HR-HS) FOV (16 cm diameter) for single-leg or focused imaging.Main results.The preliminary experimental data show that the CZT spectrometer achieves a 3D intrinsic spatial resolution of <0.75 mm FWHM and an excellent energy resolution over a broad energy range (2.6 keV FWHM at 218, 3.3 keV at 440 keV). From simulations, the wide-FOV configuration offers a 0.034% averaged sensitivity at 140 keV and <8 mm spatial resolution, whereas the HR-HS configuration presents a peak central sensitivity of 0.07% at 140 keV and a ∼5 mm spatial resolution. The dynamic SCE collimator enables the capability to perform joint reconstructions that would ensure an overall improvement in imaging performance.Significance. The DE-SPECT system is a stationary and high-performance SPECT system that offers an excellent spectroscopic performance with a unique computer-controlled dual-FOV imaging capability, and a relatively high sensitivity for multi-tracer and multi-functional SPECT imaging of the extremities.

Characteristics of motor evoked potentials in patients with peripheral vascular disease.

With an aging population, it is common to encounter people diagnosed with peripheral vascular disease (PVD). Some will undergo surgeries during which the spinal cord may be compromised and intraoperative neuromonitoring with motor evoked potentials (MEPs) is employed to help mitigate paralysis. No data exist on characteristics of MEPs in older, PVD patients, which would be valuable for patients undergoing spinal cord at-risk surgery or participating in neurophysiological research. Transcranial magnetic stimulation, which can be delivered to the awake patient, was used to stimulate the motor cortex of 20 patients (mean (±SD)) age 63.2yrs (±11.5) with confirmed PVD, every 10 minutes for one hour with MEPs recorded from selected upper and lower limb muscles. Data were compared to that from 20 healthy volunteers recruited for a protocol development study (28yrs (±7.6)). MEPs did not differ between patient's symptomatic and asymptomatic legs. MEP amplitudes were not different for a given muscle between patients and healthy participants. Except for vastus lateralis, disease severity did not correlate with MEP amplitude. There were no differences over time in the coefficient of variation of MEP amplitude at each time point for any muscle in patients or in healthy participants. Although latencies of MEPs were not different between patients and healthy participants for a given muscle, they were longer in older participants. The results obtained suggest PVD alone does not impact MEPs; there were no differences between more symptomatic and less symptomatic legs. Further, in general, disease severity did not corelate with MEP characteristics. With an aging population, more patients with PVD and cardiovascular risk factors will be participating in neurophysiological studies or undergoing surgery where spinal cord integrity is monitored. Our data show that MEPs from these patients can be easily evoked and interpreted.

Prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections in diabetic foot ulcers: A meta-analysis.

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections have become increasingly common in recent years due to the increased prevalence of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). We carried out a meta-analysis aimed at investigating the prevalence of MDR bacteria isolated from DFUs and analysing the risk factors for MDR bacterial infection in patients with DFUs. The PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, Ovid, Scopus, and ProQuest databases were searched for studies published up to November 2023 on the clinical outcomes of MDR bacteria in DFUs. The main outcome was the prevalence of MDR bacteria in DFUs. A total of 21 studies were included, representing 4885 patients from which 2633 MDR bacterial isolates were obtained. The prevalence of MDR bacteria in DFUs was 50.86% (95% confidence interval (CI): 41.92%-59.78%). The prevalence of MDR gram-positive bacteria (GPB) in DFUs was 19.81% (95% CI: 14.35%-25.91%), and the prevalence of MDR gram-negative bacteria (GNB) in DFUs was 32.84% (95% CI: 26.40%-39.62%). MDR Staphylococcus aureus (12.13% (95% CI: 8.79%-15.91%)) and MDR Enterococcus spp. (3.33% (95% CI: 1.92%-5.07%)) were the main MDR-GPB in DFUs. MDR Escherichia coli, MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa, MDR Enterobacter spp., MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae, and MDR Proteus mirabilis were the main MDR-GNB in DFUs. The prevalence rates were 6.93% (95% CI: 5.15%-8.95%), 6.01% (95% CI: 4.03%-8.33%), 3.59% (95% CI: 0.42%-9.30%), 3.50% (95% CI: 2.31%-4.91%), and 3.27% (95% CI: 1.74%-5.21%), respectively. The clinical variables of diabetic foot ulcer patients infected with MDR bacteria and non-MDR bacteria in the included studies were analysed. The results showed that peripheral vascular disease, peripheral neuropathy, nephropathy, osteomyelitis, Wagner's grade, previous hospitalization and previous use of antibacterial drugs were significantly different between the MDR bacterial group and the non-MDR bacterial group. We concluded that there is a high prevalence of MDR bacterial infections in DFUs. The prevalence of MDR-GNB was greater than that of MDR-GPB in DFUs. MDR S. aureus was the main MDR-GPB in DFUs, and MDR E. coli was the main MDR-GNB in DFUs. Our study also indicated that peripheral vascular disease, peripheral neuropathy, nephropathy, osteomyelitis, Wagner's grade, previous hospitalization, and previous use of antibacterial drugs were associated with MDR bacterial infections in patients with DFUs.

Association between systemic sclerosis and risk of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis.

We aimed to evaluate the association between systemic sclerosis (SSc) and major cerebrovascular/cardiovascular risks through a systematic approach. Databases were systematically searched from their inception to October 10, 2023 for studies comparing cerebrovascular/cardiovascular event rates between patients with SSc and controls. The primary outcome was the stroke risk in patients with SSc. Secondary outcomes included risk of myocardial infarction (MI), cardiovascular disease (CVD), peripheral vascular disease (PVD), and venous thromboembolism (VTE). Seventeen studies with 6,642,297 participants were included. SSc was associated with a significantly increased risk of stroke (HR, 1.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.35-2.01), CVD (HR, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.36-3.3), MI (HR, 2.15; 95% CI, 1.23-3.77), VTE (HR, 2.75; 95% CI, 1.77-4.28), and PVD (HR, 5.23; 95% CI, 4.25-6.45). Subgroup analysis revealed a significantly increased stroke risk in the non-Asian group (HR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.26-1.9), while the Asian group displayed a higher but not statistically significant risk (HR, 1.86; 95% CI, 0.97-3.55). The study found that SSc is associated with a significantly increased risk of cerebrovascular/cardiovascular events. These findings highlight the importance of vasculopathy in SSc and suggest the need for enhanced clinical monitoring and preventive measures in this high-risk population.

The association between variability of risk factors and complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective study.

The variability in diabetes risk factors, such as uric acid and lipids, may influence the development of complications. This study aimed to investigate the influence of such variability on the occurrence of diabetic complications. A retrospective analysis of electronic medical records was conducted with type 2 diabetic patients who received treatment at a tertiary care hospital in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, between 2013 and 2022. The risk factor variability is presented as the standard deviation (SD). The associations between the variability and complications were examined using a binary logistic regression model. The study included 369 patients with type 2 diabetes. The findings revealed that outpatient special disease management served as a protective factor against the development of complications [OR = 0.53, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.29-0.10)], particularly for the prevention of diabetic peripheral neuropathy [OR = 0.51, 95% CI (0.30-0.86)]. Variability in total cholesterol (TC-SD) was found to be a risk factor for the development of complications [OR = 2.42, 95% CI (1.18-4.97)] and acted as a risk factor for diabetic peripheral vasculopathy [OR = 2.50, 95% CI (1.25-5.02)]. TC-SD is a risk factor for the occurrence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and diabetic peripheral vasculopathy, whereas outpatient special disease management functions as a protective factor against complications and diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Thus, in addition to glycaemic control, the regulation of lipid levels should be emphasized, particularly among patients without outpatient special disease management, to delay the onset of complications.

Idiopathic membranous nephropathy and synchronous mononeuritis multiplex secondary to idiopathic small vessel vasculitis.

Membranous nephropathy has been associated with demyelinating polyneuropathies and antiglomerular membrane disease; however, an association with vasculitic neuropathy has not been described. This case describes a patient with biopsy-proven idiopathic membranous nephropathy and synchronous mononeuritis multiplex secondary to idiopathic small vessel vasculitis, who presented with lower limb microvascular ischaemia, peripheral neuropathy and active urinary sediment. Her extensive non-invasive screening for immunological disease and radiological investigations for occult malignancy were unremarkable. The patient received intravenous methylprednisolone and intravenous rituximab induction therapy resulting in complete remission of both the idiopathic membranous nephropathy and small vessel vasculitis at 7 months post treatment.

Sjögren's disease activity associates with cardiovascular disease and monoclonal gammopathy: a university cohort study of disease activity and comorbidities.

BACKGROUND: We used the University of Wisconsin cohort to determine the extent to which the EULAR Sjögren's syndrome disease activity index (ESSDAI) was associated with comorbidities that contribute to mortality. METHODS: Our University of Wisconsin, Madison cohort had 111 patients with Sjögren's Disease (SjD) by 2016 ACR/EULAR criteria and 194 control patients with sicca. Our study was performed from March 1st, 2020 through April 1st, 2023. We collected data using a standardized collection tool, including components of the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI). Stratifying our SjD patients by ESSDAI < 5 and ESSDAI ≥ 5, we assessed differences in comorbidities associated with mortality. RESULTS: At time of SjD diagnosis, the ESSDAI ≥ 5 group had increased odds of peripheral vascular disease compared to controls (OR 10.17; 95% CI 1.18-87.87). Patients with a current ESSDAI ≥ 5 were more likely to have a myocardial infarction compared to controls (OR 9.87; 95% CI 1.17-83.49). SjD patients had increased prevalence of monoclonal gammopathy compared to controls (9.3% vs 0.5%, p < 0.001). SjD patients with high ESSDAI at diagnosis had greater prevalence of monoclonal gammopathy compared to the SjD patients with a low ESSDAI (16% vs 5%, p = .04). As reported elsewhere, the ESSDAI ≥ 5 group had increased odds of chronic pulmonary disease (OR 4.37; 95% CI 1.59-11.97). CONCLUSION: We found high ESSDAI scores were associated with worse cardiovascular outcomes, specifically peripheral vascular disease and myocardial infarction. Furthermore, monoclonal gammopathy was more frequent in SjD patients compared to sicca controls, supporting screening for monoclonal gammopathy in the appropriate clinical scenario. Key Points • High ESSDAI scores are associated with worse cardiovascular outcomes, specifically peripheral vascular disease and myocardial infarction. • Monoclonal gammopathy is more frequent in SjD patients than sicca controls, supporting screening for monoclonal gammopathy in the appropriate clinical scenario.

Risk of circulatory diseases associated with proton-pump inhibitors: a retrospective cohort study using electronic medical records in Thailand.

Background: Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) are prescribed to treat gastric acid-related diseases, while they may also have potential risks to population health. Recent studies suggested that a potential mechanism explaining the association between PPIs and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) includes the inhibition of the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide (NO) pathway. However, previous observational studies showed controversial results of the association. In addition, the inhibition of the NO pathway due to PPIs use may lead to peripheral vascular diseases (PVD); however, none of the studies explore the PPI-PVD association. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the association of PPIs with circulatory diseases (CVD, ischemic strokes or IS, and PVD). Methods: We conducted a retrospective hospital-based cohort study from Oct 2010 to Sep 2017 in Songkhla province, Thailand. PPIs and histamine 2-receptor antagonists (H2RAs) prescriptions were collected from electronic pharmacy records, while diagnostic outcomes were retrieved from electronic medical records at Songklanagarind hospital. Patients were followed up with an on-treatment approach. Cox proportional hazard models were applied to measure the association comparing PPIs vs H2RAs after 1:1 propensity-score-matching. Sub-group analysis, multi-bias E-values, and array-based sensitivity analysis for some covariates were used to assess the robustness of associations. Results: A total of 3,928 new PPIs and 3,928 H2RAs users were included in the 1:1 propensity score-matched cohort. As compared with H2RAs, the association of PPIs with CVD, IS, and PVD, the hazard ratios were 1.76 95% CI = [1.40-2.20] for CVD, 3.53 95% CI = [2.21-5.64] for ischemic strokes, and 17.07 95% CI = [13.82-76.25] for PVD. The association between PPIs and each outcome was significant with medication persistent ratio of over 50%. In addition, the association between PPIs and circulatory diseases was robust to unmeasured confounders (i.e., smoking and alcohol). Conclusion: PPIs were associated with circulatory diseases, particularly ischemic strokes in this hospital-based cohort study, whereas, the strength of associations was robust to unmeasured confounders.

Relevance of comorbidities for main outcomes during different periods of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: Throughout the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic, the severity of the disease has varied. The aim of this study was to determine how patients' comorbidities affected and were related to, different outcomes during this time. Methods: Retrospective cohort study of all patients testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection between March 1, 2020, and January 9, 2022. We extracted sociodemographic, basal comorbidities, prescribed treatments, COVID-19 vaccination data, and outcomes such as death and admission to hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) during the different periods of the pandemic. We used logistic regression to quantify the effect of each covariate in each outcome variable and a random forest algorithm to select the most relevant comorbidities. Results: Predictors of death included having dementia, heart failure, kidney disease, or cancer, while arterial hypertension, diabetes, ischemic heart, cerebrovascular, peripheral vascular diseases, and leukemia were also relevant. Heart failure, dementia, kidney disease, diabetes, and cancer were predictors of adverse evolution (death or ICU admission) with arterial hypertension, ischemic heart, cerebrovascular, peripheral vascular diseases, and leukemia also relevant. Arterial hypertension, heart failure, diabetes, kidney, ischemic heart diseases, and cancer were predictors of hospitalization, while dyslipidemia and respiratory, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular diseases were also relevant. Conclusions: Preexisting comorbidities such as dementia, cardiovascular and renal diseases, and cancers were those most related to adverse outcomes. Of particular note were the discrepancies between predictors of adverse outcomes and predictors of hospitalization and the fact that patients with dementia had a lower probability of being admitted in the first wave.

Photoacoustic imaging of peripheral vessels in extremities by large-scale synthetic matrix array.

Significance: Various peripheral vascular diseases (PVD) in extremities, such as arterial atherosclerosis or venous occlusion in arm or legs, are a serious global health threat. Noninvasive vascular imaging is of great value for both diagnosis and assessment of PVD. Approach: By scanning a one-dimensional non-focusing linear array, an equivalent large two-dimensional (2D) matrix array with hundreds of thousands or more ultrasound elements is formed, thereby achieving a wide signal reception angle as well as large imaging area for three-dimensional (3D) imaging of peripheral extremities. Aim: To provide a feasible bedside and noninvasive imaging method for vascular imaging in extremities. Results: Our system can achieve high-quality photoacoustic (PA) peripheral vessel imaging. The 3D subcutaneous vascular imaging results of the palms and arms of healthy volunteers demonstrate the superior performance of the system. Conclusions: This work proposes a clinically oriented PA 3D subcutaneous vascular imaging system for human extremities. The system employs a synthetic matrix array via scanning a one-dimensional non-focusing linear probe, providing noninvasive, high-resolution, and high-contrast images of human extremities. It has potential application value in the diagnosis and monitoring of vascular diseases.

Use of consecutive transcutaneous oxygen measurement when assessing the need for revascularization and association with the outcomes of ischemic diabetic ulcers.

This study compared the ankle-brachial index (ABI) with transcutaneous oxygen pressure (TcPO2 ) in assessing peripheral vascular disease (PVD) prevalence in 100 diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) patients. Patients were categorized into vascular or nonvascular reconstruction groups and underwent both ABI and TcPO2 measurements four times over 6 months. Predictive validity for PVD diagnosis was analysed using the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC). The study found TcPO2 to be a superior predictor of PVD than ABI. Among the DFU patients, 51 with abnormal TcPO2 values underwent vascular reconstruction. Only TcPO2 values showed significant pretreatment differences between the groups and increased post-reconstruction. These values declined over a 6-month follow-up, whereas ABI values rose. For those with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), TcPO2 values saw a sharp decrease within 3 months. Pre-reconstruction TcPO2 was notably lower in amputation patients versus limb salvage surgery patients. In conclusion, TcPO2 is more effective than ABI for evaluating ischemic limb perfusion and revascularization necessity. It should be prioritized as the primary follow-up tool, especially for ESRD patients.

Diabetic Vasculopathy: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Insights.

Clinical and basic studies have documented that both hyperglycemia and insulin-resistance/hyperinsulinemia not only constitute metabolic disorders contributing to cardiometabolic syndrome, but also predispose to diabetic vasculopathy, which refers to diabetes-mellitus-induced microvascular and macrovascular complications, including retinopathy, neuropathy, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, hypertension, and peripheral artery disease. The underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms include inappropriate activation of the renin angiotensin-aldosterone system, mitochondrial dysfunction, excessive oxidative stress, inflammation, dyslipidemia, and thrombosis. These abnormalities collectively promote metabolic disorders and further promote diabetic vasculopathy. Recent evidence has revealed that endothelial progenitor cell dysfunction, gut dysbiosis, and the abnormal release of extracellular vesicles and their carried microRNAs also contribute to the development and progression of diabetic vasculopathy. Therefore, clinical control and treatment of diabetes mellitus, as well as the development of novel therapeutic strategies are crucial in preventing cardiometabolic syndrome and related diabetic vasculopathy. The present review focuses on the relationship between insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus in diabetic vasculopathy and related cardiovascular disease, highlighting epidemiology and clinical characteristics, pathophysiology, and molecular mechanisms, as well as management strategies.

Impact of comorbidities in COPD clinical control criteria. The CLAVE study.

BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) frequently coexists with other chronic diseases, namely comorbidities. They negatively impact prognosis, exacerbations and quality of life in COPD patients. However, no studies have been performed to explore the impact of these comorbidities on COPD clinical control criteria. RESEARCH QUESTION: Determine the relationship between individualized comorbidities and COPD clinical control criteria. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Observational, multicenter, cross-sectional study performed in Spain involving 4801 patients with severe COPD (< 50 predicted forced expiratory volume in the first second [FEV1%]). Clinical control criteria were defined by the combination of COPD assessment test (CAT) scores (≤16 vs ≥17) and exacerbations in the previous three months (none vs ≥1). Binary logistic regression adjusted by age and FEV1% was performed to identify comorbidities potentially associated with the lack of control of COPD. Secondary endpoints were the relationship between individualized comorbidities with COPD assessment test and exacerbations within the last three months. RESULTS: Most frequent comorbidities were arterial hypertension (51.2%), dyslipidemia (36.0%), diabetes (24.9%), obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (14.9%), anxiety (14.1%), heart failure (11.6%), depression (11.8%), atrial fibrillation (11.5%), peripheral arterial vascular disease (10.4%) and ischemic heart disease (10.1%). After age and FEV1% adjustment, comorbidities related to lack of clinical control were cardiovascular diseases (heart failure, peripheral vascular disease and atrial fibrillation; p < 0.0001), psychologic disorders (anxiety and depression; all p < 0.0001), metabolic diseases (diabetes, arterial hypertension and abdominal obesity; all p < 0.001), sleep disorders (p < 0.0001), anemia (p = 0.015) and gastroesophageal reflux (p < 0.0001). These comorbidities were also related to previous exacerbations and COPD assessment test scores. INTERPRETATION: Comorbidities are frequent in patients with severe COPD, negatively impacting COPD clinical control criteria. They are related to health-related quality of life measured by the COPD assessment test. Our results suggest that comorbidities should be investigated and treated in these patients to improve their clinical control. TAKE-HOME POINTS: Study question: What is the impact of comorbidities on COPD clinical control criteria? RESULTS: Among 4801 patients with severe COPD (27.5% controlled and 72.5% uncontrolled), after adjustment by age and FEV1%, comorbidities related to lack of clinical control were cardiovascular diseases (heart failure, peripheral vascular disease and atrial fibrillation; p < 0.0001), psychologic disorders (anxiety and depression; p < 0.0001), metabolic diseases (diabetes, arterial hypertension and abdominal obesity; p < 0.001), obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (p < 0.0001), anaemia (p = 0.015) and gastroesophageal reflux (p < 0.0001), which were related to previous exacerbations and COPD assessment test scores. INTERPRETATION: Comorbidities are related to health-related quality of life measured by the COPD assessment test scores and history of exacerbations in the previous three months.

One-Year Clinical Outcomes and Prognostic Factors Following Revascularization in Patients With Acute Limb Ischemia　- Results From the RESCUE ALI Study.

BACKGROUND: Acute limb ischemia (ALI) is a limb- and life-threatening condition and urgent treatment including revascularization should be offered to patients unless the limb is irreversibly ischemic. The aim of this study was to investigate 1-year clinical outcomes and prognostic factors following revascularization in patients with ALI.Methods and Results: A retrospective, multicenter, nonrandomized study examined 185 consecutive patients with ALI treated by surgical revascularization (SR), endovascular revascularization (ER), or hybrid revascularization (HR) in 6 Japanese medical centers from January 2015 to August 2021. The 1-year amputation-free survival (AFS) rate was estimated to be 69.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 62.8-76.2%). There were no significant differences among SR, ER, and HR regarding both technical success and perioperative complications. Multivariate analysis revealed that Rutherford category IIb and III ischemia (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.86; 95% CI: 1.06-3.25), supra- to infrapopliteal lesion (HR: 2.06; 95% CI: 1.08-3.95), and technical failure (HR: 2.58; 95% CI: 1.49-4.46) were independent risk factors for 1-year AFS. CONCLUSIONS: Rutherford category IIb and III ischemia, supra- to infrapopliteal lesions, and technical failures were identified as independent risk factors for 1-year AFS. Furthermore, patients with multiple risk factors had a lower AFS rate.

Diabetes, Hypertension, and Smoking Do Not Affect Outcomes of Iliofemoral Vein Stenting for Chronic Proximal Venous Outflow Obstruction.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes, hypertension, and smoking are well-recognized risk factors for peripheral artery disease (PAD), but little is known of their impact on chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). This study evaluates these factors in patients undergoing iliac vein stenting (IVS) for CVI. METHODS: A registry of 708 patients who underwent IVS from August 2011 to June 2021 was retrospectively analyzed. Symptoms were quantified using venous clinical severity score (VCSS) and CEAP classification. Both major and minor reinterventions were recorded. Logistic regression models were used to determine the unadjusted and adjusted odds ratio of any reintervention. Log-rank test was used to assess differences in reintervention-free survival. RESULTS: The prevalence of hypertension was 51.1% (N = 362), diabetes was 23.0% (N = 163), and smoking was 22.2% (N = 157). Patients with diabetes (3.6 vs. 3.4; P = 0.062), hypertension (3.6 vs. 3.3; P < 0.001), and smoking (3.7 vs. 3.4; P = 0.003) had higher CEAP scores than those without these comorbidities. Improvement in VCSS composite scores showed no differences postoperatively (diabetes: P = 0.513; hypertension: P = 0.053; smoking: P = 0.608), at 1-year follow-up (diabetes: P = 0.666; hypertension: P = 0.681; smoking: P = 0.745), or at 5-year follow-up (diabetes: P = 0.525; hypertension: P = 0.953; smoking: P = 0.146). Diabetes (P = 0.454), smoking (P = 0.355), and hypertension (P = 0.727) were not associated with increased odds of major reintervention. Log-rank test similarly showed no differences in reintervention-free survival for major or minor reoperations between those with and without diabetes (P = 0.79), hypertension (P = 0.14), and smoking (P = 0.80). CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes, hypertension, and smoking were prevalent among CVI patients, but unlike in PAD patients, they had little to no impact on long-term outcomes or reinterventions after IVS.

Knee disarticulation vs. transfemoral amputation after failed transtibial amputation: Surgical outcome and prosthetic fitting in patients with peripheral vascular disease.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to compare transfemoral amputation (TFA) to knee disarticulation (KD) as a reamputation level after failed transtibial amputation (TTA) in patients with peripheral vascular disease and/or diabetes. METHODS: We studied 152 patients undergoing reamputation, 86 TFA and 66 KD, after a failed TTA. The primary outcome was reamputation and reoperation, and secondary outcomes were prosthetic fitting and mortality. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with the outcome. RESULTS: The reamputation rate was 36% after KD and 15% after TFA ( p = 0.004). The multivariable analysis showed that TFA was associated with a significantly reduced risk of reamputation, odds ratio (OR) = 0.31 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.1-0.7). The overall reoperation rate was 38% after KD and 22% after TFA ( p = 0.03). This reduction of risk for TFA was not significant in the multivariable analysis, OR = 0.49 (95% CI, 0.2-1.0). Prosthetic limb fitting was possible in 30% after KD and 19% after TFA ( p = 0.1). Previous amputation in the contralateral leg was the only factor associated with reduced ability for prosthetic fitting in the multivariable analysis, OR = 0.15 (95% CI, 0.03-0.7). Mortality at 30 d was 17% and 53% at 1 year. No independent factors affected 30-d mortality in the multivariable analysis. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we found a significantly lower risk of reamputation after TFA compared with KD after a failed TTA. We consider TFA to be the reamputation level of choice, especially when there is a need of reducing risk of further reamputations.