RESUMO
PURPOSE: The aim of the study is to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of both Alpha smooth muscle actin and Transforming Growth Factor beta and compare their expression in oral papillary squamous cell carcinoma with their expression in different histological grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma. A correlation between these immuno-histochemical expressions and histological findings will then be performed. The research question is "Do the percentages of α-SMA and TGF-ß immune-expression in OPSCC differ from that in the conventional OSCC?". METHODS: This will be achieved by collecting archival blocks of oral papillary squamous cell carcinoma and different grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma, staining the specimens with Transforming Growth Factor beta and alpha smooth muscle actin, then measuring the mean staining index of expression in each group and the area percent of both markers. RESULTS: Results revealed that transforming growth factor beta expression in the epithelium was high in all cases of well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, most oral papillary squamous cell carcinoma, and poorly differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma. On the other hand, different grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma showed a high staining index of alpha smooth muscle actin expression in the stroma. While cases of oral papillary squamous cell carcinoma were either moderate or low-staining. CONCLUSIONS: Oral papillary squamous cell carcinoma has a favourable prognosis compared to different histological grades, and the prognosis does not depend only on histological grade but also on other prognostic factors.
Assuntos
Actinas , Biomarcadores Tumorais , Imuno-Histoquímica , Neoplasias Bucais , Humanos , Neoplasias Bucais/patologia , Neoplasias Bucais/metabolismo , Actinas/metabolismo , Biomarcadores Tumorais/análise , Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/análise , Masculino , FemininoRESUMO
Steroidal alkaloids are the main bioactive components of the bulbs of Fritillaria, which have been used as traditional Chinese medicine, known as "Beimu", for the treatment of cough for thousands of years in China. Cough and dyspnea are the most common symptoms observed in patients with pulmonary fibrosis. However, the antifibrotic activity of steroidal alkaloids has not been reported yet. In this study, two previously unreported cevanine-type steroidal alkaloids (1 and 2), four previously undescribed cevanine-type alkaloid glycosides (3-6), and 19 known steroidal alkaloids (7-25) were isolated from the bulbs of Fritillaria unibracteata var. wabuensis. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by comprehensive HRESIMS and NMR spectroscopic data analysis, as well as DP4+ NMR calculations. The biological evaluation showed that compounds 2, 7-10, 14, 15, and 17 downregulated fibrotic markers induced by transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) in MRC-5 cells. Moreover, compounds 14 and 17 dose dependently inhibited TGF-ß-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in A549 cells, alleviated TGF-ß-induced migration and proliferation of fibroblasts, and decreased the expression of fibrotic markers, fibronectin, and N-cadherin in TGF-ß-induced MRC-5 cells. The research showed the potential of cevanine-type alkaloids as a class of natural antifibrotic agents.
Assuntos
Alcaloides , Fritillaria , Humanos , Fritillaria/química , Alcaloides/química , Raízes de Plantas/química , Tosse , Esteroides/química , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/análiseRESUMO
Ischemic ulcers pose a multifaceted clinical dilemma for patients with atherosclerosis, frequently compounded by suboptimal wound healing mechanisms. The dual function of Transforming Growth Factor Beta 3 (TGF-ß3) in ischemic ulcer healing is not fully comprehended, despite its involvement in modulating inflammatory responses and tissue regeneration. The main aim of this investigation was to clarify the functions and mechanisms by which TGF-ß3 regulates inflammatory responses and promotes wound healing in patients with ischemic ulcers who have atherosclerosis. Between August 2022 and November 2023, this cross-sectional investigation was conducted on 428 patients diagnosed with atherosclerotic ischemic ulcers in Haikou, China. The expression and function of TGF-ß3 were examined throughout the different stages of wound healing, including inflammation, proliferation and remodelling. In addition to documenting patient demographics and ulcer characteristics, an analysis was conducted on biopsy samples to determine the expression of TGF-ß3, pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers. A subset of patients were administered topical TGF-ß3 in order to evaluate its therapeutic effects. The expression pattern of TGF-ß3 was found to be stage-dependent and significant, exhibiting increased levels during the phase of inflammation and reduced activity in subsequent phases. TGF-ß3 levels were found to be greater in ulcers that were larger and deeper, especially in inflammatory phase. TGF-ß3 applied topically induced discernible enhancement in ulcer healing parameters, such as reduction in ulcer depth and size. The therapeutic significance of TGF-ß3 was emphasised due to its twofold function of regulating the inflammatory environment and facilitating the regeneration of damaged tissues. Ischemic ulcer lesion healing is significantly influenced by TGF-ß3, which functions as an anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory mediator. Its correlation with ulcer characteristics and stages of healing suggests that it may have utility as a targeted therapeutic agent.
Assuntos
Aterosclerose , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta3 , Humanos , Anti-Inflamatórios , Estudos Transversais , Inflamação , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/análise , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta3/uso terapêutico , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta3/farmacologia , Úlcera , CicatrizaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate morphologic features of healthy saphenous vein and internal thoracic artery, blood vessels used in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, and compare results. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten specimens of saphenous veins and ten of internal thoracic arteries used for CABG were obtained from 20 patients. Histological routine and immunohistochemical staining was performed with: endothelin (ET), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP2), metallomembranoproteinase 2 (MMP2), transforming growth factor beta (TGFß), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5), vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM), intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM). A semiquantitative evaluation method was used. RESULTS: There was found: a moderate number of endothelin-positive cells in both blood vessel types; a moderate number of MMP2-positive cells and moderate in number to numerous TIMP2-positive cells in veins. In arteries - occasionally marked positive MMP2 cells and negative TIMP2; moderate in number to numerous VEGF-positive endothelial cells on small blood vessels in vein wall and occasionally in artery wall; numerous TGFß-positive structures in veins and abundance of VCAM- and ICAM-positive cells, few in arteries; few HGF-positive structures in veins, negative in arteries; In veins, few PGP9.5-positive nerve fibres, in arteries - moderate. Moderate TUNEL reaction-positive apoptotic cells in veins and few to moderate in arteries. CONCLUSIONS: Vena saphena magna grafts are characterised by increased plasticity when it comes to modelling. Number of VEGF, VCAM and ICAM found in vena saphena magna proves the possible tendency of graft failure on basis of local blood supply intensification. Appearance of endothelin positive cells indicate the similar homeostasis condition in endotheliocytes in both - vein and artery grafts.
Assuntos
Artéria Torácica Interna , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular , Ponte de Artéria Coronária/métodos , Vasos Coronários , Células Endoteliais , Endotelinas/análise , Humanos , Artéria Torácica Interna/transplante , Metaloproteinase 2 da Matriz , Veia Safena/química , Veia Safena/patologia , Veia Safena/transplante , Inibidor Tecidual de Metaloproteinase-2/análise , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/análiseRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Pulmonary sarcoidosis (PS) is a noncaseating granulomatous disease of unknown origin. Despite conflicting reports, it is considered that the regulatory T (Treg) cells are functionally impaired in PS, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. OX40, a pivotal costimulatory molecule, is essential for T-cell functions and memory development, but its impact on Treg cells is ambiguous. RESEARCH QUESTION: Does the OX40 pathway influence the suppressive functions of Treg cells in PS? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Fifty treatment-naïve patients with PS and 30 healthy control participants were recruited for this study. Polychromatic flow cytometry-based immunologic assays were performed to enumerate effector T helper (Th) cells and Treg cells along with their functions. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis, small interfering RNA, and pharmacologic inhibitors, the impact of OX40 on Treg cell function was investigated. RESULTS: We observed enrichment of Th-9 cells perhaps for the first time along with Th-1, Th-17, and Treg cells in patients' BAL fluid (BALF) compared with peripheral blood. However, Treg cells were observed to be functionally defective at the pathological site. We observed higher expression of OX40 on both T effector (CD4+Foxp3-) and Treg (CD4+Foxp3+) cells obtained from the BALF of patients with PS. However, OX40 exerted contrasting impact on these T-cell subsets, enhancing effector T-cell functions (interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor α) while inhibiting Treg cell function (IL-10, transforming growth factor ß). OX40 silencing or blocking on Treg cells resulted in restoration of their impaired functions. INTERPRETATION: We propose that inhibiting the OX40 pathway may constitute a therapeutic strategy for controlling inflammatory T cells by restoring Treg cell functions in patients with PS.
Assuntos
Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/imunologia , Receptores OX40/imunologia , Sarcoidose Pulmonar , Linfócitos T Auxiliares-Indutores , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Descoberta de Drogas , Feminino , Humanos , Memória Imunológica , Testes Imunológicos/métodos , Inflamação/imunologia , Inflamação/patologia , Interferon gama/análise , Interleucina-10/análise , Masculino , Sarcoidose Pulmonar/imunologia , Sarcoidose Pulmonar/patologia , Linfócitos T Auxiliares-Indutores/classificação , Linfócitos T Auxiliares-Indutores/imunologia , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/análise , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/análiseRESUMO
The probable beneficial effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and resveratrol were assessed in an experimental model of Bisphenol-A (BPA)-evident uterine damage in rats. Thirty-five albino rats were involved and equally divided into five groups: Group I: negative control rats received usual diet, Group II: positive control rats received BPA by oral gavage for 15 days, Group III: BPA-treated rats received single oral gavage of resveratrol daily for two weeks, Group IV: BPA-treated rats received a single intravenous dose of MSCs and Group V: BPA-treated rats received combined treatment of resveratrol and MSCs. Oxidative stress markers, apoptosis-related genes, and gonadal hormones were assessed. Histological and immunohistochemical examination of uterine tissue was conducted for TGF-ß 1. Caspases-3, 8, and 9 (Casp3, Casp8, Casp9) genes were assessed in uterine tissues by quantitative real-time PCR. Results revealed that BPA induced significant changes in the endometrial tissue, inflammatory cell infiltration, focal blood extravasation, increase in collagen fibers, decrease in PAS staining, and increase in TGF-ß 1 immunoreactivity. BPA also induced a significant increase in oxidative stress markers; malondialdehyde (MDA), SOD, CAT, and apoptosis-related genes. BPA induced a significant change in blood levels of gonadal hormones; a significant increase in FSH and a significant decrease in estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P). Treatment with either resveratrol, MSCs, or a combination of them resulted in significant enhancement of histological findings, restoration of gonadal hormones to near-normal levels, and a significant decrease in oxidative stress markers and apoptosis genes. Combined treatment with resveratrol and MSCs demonstrated more significant therapeutic effects as regard to the studied parameters in association with rat groups treated with either MSCs or resveratrol separately.
Assuntos
Endométrio , Transplante de Células-Tronco Mesenquimais , Resveratrol/farmacologia , Útero , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos Benzidrílicos/toxicidade , Biomarcadores/análise , Caspases/análise , Caspases/efeitos dos fármacos , Endométrio/efeitos dos fármacos , Endométrio/patologia , Feminino , Hormônios Gonadais/análise , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/metabolismo , Modelos Animais , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Fenóis/toxicidade , Ratos , Resveratrol/uso terapêutico , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/análise , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/efeitos dos fármacos , Útero/efeitos dos fármacos , Útero/patologiaRESUMO
Recent studies of tumor microenvironments have revealed that clonal B cells reacting to tumor-derived antigens play an important role in anti-tumor immunity. We report a case of a 72-year-old Japanese man with a complaint of fever for 1 month. Computed tomography revealed a 48 mm mass in his right kidney. The patient underwent a right nephrectomy and histology revealed clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) of Fuhrman Grade 4 with rhabdoid morphology. Focally, marked plasmacytoid cell infiltration was detected in the carcinoma. These plasmacytoid cells were immunohistochemically positive for immunoglobulin (Ig) G, and kappa light chain restriction was confirmed using mRNA in situ hybridization. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) immunostaining and RNA in situ hybridization of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß) revealed that both PD-L1 and TGF-ß were highly expressed in the area with clonal plasmacytoid cell infiltration. The patient developed bone metastasis 3 months after surgery, and plasmacytoma was not detected during the observation period. We identified a potential link between an immunosuppressive microenvironment and clonal B cell proliferation. The latter posed a differential diagnosis problem between reactive and neoplastic clonal B cell proliferation vis-à-vis a plasmacytoma complicating carcinoma.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células Renais , Plasmocitoma , Idoso , Linfócitos B , Antígeno B7-H1/análise , Biomarcadores Tumorais/análise , Carcinoma de Células Renais/diagnóstico , Carcinoma de Células Renais/patologia , Proliferação de Células , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Hibridização In Situ , Neoplasias Renais/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Renais/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gradação de Tumores , Plasmocitoma/diagnóstico , Plasmocitoma/patologia , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/análise , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) is defined as the presence of tumor cells in pleural fluid and it is a fatal complication of advanced lung adenocarcinoma (LAC). To understand the immune response to the tumor in MPE, we compared the concentration of immunomodulatory factors in MPE of LAC and pleural effusion of heart failure (HF) patients by ELISA, and the proliferation and cytotoxic phenotype of T cells stimulated in the presence of LAC and HF pleural fluids by cytometry. Platelet factor 4 (PF4), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß) and P-selectin levels were higher in LAC than in HF pleural fluids. However, plasmatic PF4 and P-selectin levels were similar in LAC and HF. VEGF positively correlated with TGF-ß and sPD-L1 in LAC but not in HF pleural fluids. LAC pleural fluids also inhibited T lymphocyte proliferation and cytotoxicity and reduced IL-17 production. PF4 levels inversely correlated with T cell function. The high content of PF4 in MPE was associated with poor prognosis. Our findings suggest that an impaired response of T lymphocytes induced by PF4 provides a significant advantage for tumor progression.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão/complicações , Neoplasias Pulmonares/complicações , Fator Plaquetário 4/fisiologia , Derrame Pleural Maligno/imunologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão/mortalidade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Insuficiência Cardíaca/imunologia , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/mortalidade , Ativação Linfocitária , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fator Plaquetário 4/análise , Derrame Pleural Maligno/mortalidade , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/análise , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/análiseRESUMO
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a long-term degenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that primarily affects the motor system. So far there is no effective treatment for PD, only some drugs, surgery, and comprehensive treatment can alleviate the symptoms of PD. Stem cells derived from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED), mesenchymal stem cells derived from dental pulp, may have promising potential in regenerative medicine. In this study, we examine the therapeutic effect of SHED-derived conditioned medium (SHED-CM) in a rotenone-induced PD rat model. Intravenous administration of SHED-CM generated by standardized procedures significantly improved the PD symptoms accompanied with increased tyrosine hydroxylase amounts in the striatum, and decreased α-synuclein levels in both the nigra and striatum, from rotenone-treated rats. In addition, this SHED-CM treatment decreased both Iba-1 and CD4 levels in these brain areas. Gene ontology analysis indicated that the biological process of genes affected by SHED-CM was primarily implicated in neurodevelopment and nerve regeneration. The major constituents of SHED-CM included insulin-like growth factor binding protein-6 (IGFBP-6), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-2, TIMP-1, and transforming growth factor 1 (TGF-1). RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) revealed that these factors may ameliorate PD symptoms through modulating the cholinergic synapses, calcium signaling pathways, serotoninergic synapses, and axon guidance. In conclusion, our data indicate that SHED-CM contains active constituents that may have promising efficacy to alleviate PD.
Assuntos
Meios de Cultivo Condicionados/farmacologia , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/metabolismo , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/uso terapêutico , Doença de Parkinson/tratamento farmacológico , Dente Decíduo/citologia , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Corpo Estriado/efeitos dos fármacos , Corpo Estriado/metabolismo , Meios de Cultivo Condicionados/química , Feminino , Humanos , Injeções Intravenosas , Proteína 6 de Ligação a Fator de Crescimento Semelhante à Insulina/análise , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/administração & dosagem , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos Lew , Inibidores Teciduais de Metaloproteinases/análise , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/análise , Tirosina 3-Mono-Oxigenase/metabolismo , alfa-Sinucleína/metabolismoRESUMO
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a poorly characterized disease with ectopic bone formation in the musculoskeletal soft tissues. HO is widely considered as a tissue repair process goes away, with endochondral ossification to be the major pathological basis. The molecular mechanism of how the resident/recruited progenitor cells for tissue regeneration error differentiated into the chondrocytes remains unknown. Here, we found Transforming Growth Factor B Induced Gene Human Clone 3 (ßig-h3) was highly expressed in the inflammation and chondrogenesis stages of a heterotopic ossification model after rat Achilles tendon injury, as well as upon chondrogenic differentiation conditions in vitro. ßig-h3 functioned as an extracellular matrix protein, which was induced by TGFß signaling, could bind to the injured tendon-derived stem cells (iTDSCs) and inhibit the attachment of iTDSCs to collagen I. Exogenous ßig-h3 was also found able to accelerate the process of mesenchymal condensation of cultured iTDSCs and promote chondrogenic differentiation in vitro, and additional injection of iTDSCs could promote endochondral ossification in Achilles tendon injury model. Taken together, ßig-h3 might function as an adhesion protein that inhibited the attachment of iTDSCs to collagen I (the injury site) but promoted the attachment of iTDSCs to each other, which resulted in promoting chondrogenic differentiation.
Assuntos
Tendão do Calcâneo/patologia , Condrogênese/fisiologia , Proteínas da Matriz Extracelular/fisiologia , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/citologia , Ossificação Heterotópica/fisiopatologia , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/fisiologia , Animais , Adesão Celular , Diferenciação Celular , Células Cultivadas , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/metabolismo , Ossificação Heterotópica/patologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Transdução de Sinais , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/análiseRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an emerging orthobiologic treatment for musculoskeletal conditions like osteoarthritis. Two studies have demonstrated the influence of longer duration exercise on PRP composition, but no study has ever explored the impact of high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on PRP content. OBJECTIVE: To quantify cellular and growth factor content changes in PRP after 4 minutes of HIIE. DESIGN: Controlled laboratory pilot study. SETTING: Academic sports medicine center. PARTICIPANTS: Ten healthy volunteers (5 male, 5 female). INTERVENTION: Volunteers had PRP prepared from 15 mL of whole blood using a single spin, plasma-based system (autologous conditioned plasma [ACP]) immediately before and after 4 minutes of HIIE on a stationary exercise bike (Tabata protocol). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The PRP was sent for complete blood counts and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to quantify transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). RESULTS: Mean platelet count in PRP increased from 367.4 ± 57.5 k/µL to 497.7 ± 93.3 k/µL after 4 minutes of HIIE (P < .001). TGF-ß also increased from 8237.2 ± 7676.5 pg/mL to 21 535.7 ± 4062.6 pg/mL postexercise (P = .004). The other cellular components (leukocytes, red blood cells, and mean platelet volume) and growth factors (PDGF, IGF-1, and VEGF) were not significantly changed. CONCLUSIONS: A short 4-minute bout of HIIE significantly increased the total platelet count and TGF-ß concentration in PRP.
Assuntos
Plaquetas , Treinamento Intervalado de Alta Intensidade , Plasma Rico em Plaquetas , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/análise , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Projetos Piloto , Fator de Crescimento Derivado de Plaquetas/análise , Somatomedinas/análise , Fatores de Crescimento Transformadores , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio VascularRESUMO
Although dental implants and bone regenerative procedures are important approaches for the reestablishment of esthetics and function in young patients with a history of generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAP), no predictable outcomes have been reported, and the host osteo-immunoinflammatory response may play a relevant role in this context. In view of the lack of molecular investigations into the bone tissue condition of young patients with periodontitis, the aim of this study was to evaluate the gene expression of bone-related factors in this population. Bone biopsies were obtained from the posterior mandible in 16 individuals previously diagnosed with GAP and on periodontal support therapy and from 17 periodontally healthy (PH) patients. The gene expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß, receptor activator of the NF-κB ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), osteocalcin (OC), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and type I collagen (COL-I), important biomarkers of bone turnover, was evaluated by qRT-PCR. Lower TGF-ß and OPG mRNA levels were observed in GAP patients compared to PH individuals (p ≤ 0.05). There were no between-group differences in levels of TNF-α, BSP, RANKL, OC, or COL-I mRNA (p>0.05). In young adults, a history of periodontal disease can negatively modulate the gene expression of important bone-related factors in alveolar bone tissue. These molecular outcomes may contribute to the future development of therapeutic approaches to benefit bone healing in young patients with history of periodontitis via modulation of osteo-immuno-inflammatory biomarkers.
Assuntos
Periodontite Agressiva/genética , Expressão Gênica , Adulto , Periodontite Agressiva/metabolismo , Processo Alveolar/química , Biomarcadores , Colágeno Tipo I/análise , Colágeno Tipo I/genética , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Sialoproteína de Ligação à Integrina/análise , Sialoproteína de Ligação à Integrina/genética , Masculino , Osteocalcina/análise , Osteocalcina/genética , Osteoprotegerina/análise , Osteoprotegerina/genética , Ligante RANK/análise , Ligante RANK/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Valores de Referência , Método Simples-Cego , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/análise , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/genética , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/análise , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/genética , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic and systemic autoimmune disease, which affects approximately 1% of the adult population worldwide. The present study investigated the therapeutic effect of theacrine (TC) on arthritis and its mechanisms in Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA)-induced SD rats. Rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: i) healthy control; ii) model; iii) positive control with methotrexate (MTX); iv) treatment with 12.5 mg/kg TC; and v) treatment with 25.0 mg/kg TC. The apparent scores, including changes in body weights, degree of paw swelling and arthritis indicators, were analyzed to evaluate the anti-chronic inflammatory effect of TC. The levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) in serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The protein and RNA expression levels of the critical factors in rats were measured to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for chronic inflammation and to verify molecular indexes of chronic inflammatory conditions. TC notably suppressed the severity of FIA-induced rat by attenuating the apparent scores, animal weight and inflammatory indexes in the 25 mg/kg TC group compared with the FIA rat model. Furthermore, TC significantly decreased the levels of IL-6 and increased the levels of TGF-ß. Histopathological examinations indicated that TC rescued the synovial hyperplasia and inflammatory cell infiltration in joint tissues. In addition, TC enhanced TGF-ß-mediated shifts in inflammatory marker expression in joint tissue. Overall, the present study demonstrated that TC exerted a superior anti-arthritic effect via the suppression of IL-6 and the activation of TGF-ß by the TGF-ß/SMAD pathway.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Artrite Reumatoide/tratamento farmacológico , Proteínas Smad/imunologia , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/imunologia , Ácido Úrico/análogos & derivados , Animais , Artrite Experimental/induzido quimicamente , Artrite Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Artrite Experimental/imunologia , Artrite Experimental/patologia , Artrite Reumatoide/induzido quimicamente , Artrite Reumatoide/imunologia , Artrite Reumatoide/patologia , Doença Crônica , Adjuvante de Freund , Inflamação/induzido quimicamente , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Inflamação/imunologia , Inflamação/patologia , Articulações/efeitos dos fármacos , Articulações/imunologia , Articulações/patologia , Lipídeos , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Smad/análise , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/análise , Ácido Úrico/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of castration and subsequent losartan administration on the fibrosis-related parameters in the corpora cavernosa of castrated rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-four male rats were divided into four equal groups. Group 1:sham surgery plus vehicle (0.9% NaCl) (control:con), group 2:sham surgery plus losartan (con+los), group 3: castration plus vehicle (castration:cast) and group 4:castration plus losartan (cast+los). After four weeks of oral losartan treatment, corporal levels of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-ß), thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), alpha-actin, beta-actin and fibronectin were investigated by ELISA kits. Changes in the collagen and smooth muscle content were evaluated by histological analysis with Masson trichrome staining. RESULTS: Initial and post-treatment body weights of rats were similar among groups. Castration significantly increased the expression of TGF-ß, TSP-1 and fibronectin and resulted in a significant decrease in alpha-actin levels in the corpora cavernosa. Administration of losartan reduced the levels of TGF-ß, TSP-1 and fibronectin in castrated rats. Alpha actin levels also increased after losartan treatment. Beta-actin levels were not significantly different among 4 groups. The levels of all markers were similar in group 1 and 2. Rate of fibrosis was significantly higher in castrated rats and treatment with losartan reduced this rate. CONCLUSION: Castration increased the expression of fibrosis-related markers in the corpora cavernosa of rats. Administration of losartan significantly attenuated those changes and exerted an antifibrotic effect.
Assuntos
Bloqueadores do Receptor Tipo 1 de Angiotensina II/farmacologia , Losartan/farmacologia , Orquiectomia , Pênis/efeitos dos fármacos , Actinas/análise , Animais , Biomarcadores/análise , Peso Corporal , Colágeno/análise , Fibronectinas/análise , Fibrose , Masculino , Músculo Liso/anatomia & histologia , Pênis/química , Pênis/patologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Testosterona/sangue , Trombospondina 1/análise , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/análiseRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Hyperthyroidism promotes the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Aldosterone, a key mediator of myocardial inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis, may be activated in hyperthyroidism. OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of hyperthyroidism on aldosterone levels and myocardial oxidative status, inflammatory and fibrotic markers in hyperthyroid rats, and to test if the use of spironolactone (an aldosterone antagonist) attenuates these changes. METHODS: Adult Wistar rats were randomly distributed into 4 groups; controls, spironolactone treated rats (Spir, 50mg/kg/day), hyperthyroid rats (Hyper, daily intraperitoneal levothyroxine 0.3mg/kg/day), and spironolactone treated hyperthyroid rats (Hyper+Spir) for 4 weeks. Blood pressure (Bp), and levels of serum and myocardial aldosterone, oxidants/antioxidants, inflammatory and fibrotic markers were measured. RESULTS: Levothyroxine increased serum thyroid hormones and increased Bp, heart rate and heart to bodyweight ratio. Relative to control, serum aldosterone levels were increased in Hyper and Hyper+ Spir groups. In parallel, cardiac lipid peroxides and serum endothelin-1 were increased whereas cardiac superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, and matrix metalloproteinase -2 were reduced in the Hyper group. Spironolactone decreased serum thyroid hormones and improved cardiac lipid peroxides and metalloproteinase -2 levels. The use of spironolactone decreased serum nitrite levels and increased cardiac SOD and glutathione. Cardiac levels of aldosterone, endothelin-1, transforming growth factor-beta and nitrite were similar among all groups. CONCLUSION: Hyperthyroid status was associated with an increase in aldosterone and oxidant/ inflammatory biomarkers. The use of spironolactone enhanced antioxidant defenses. Aldosterone antagonists may serve as potential drugs to attenuate the development of cardiac disease in hyperthyroidism.
Assuntos
Hipertireoidismo/tratamento farmacológico , Espironolactona/uso terapêutico , Aldosterona/metabolismo , Animais , Antioxidantes/análise , Biomarcadores , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/patologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Endotelina-1/análise , Coração/efeitos dos fármacos , Frequência Cardíaca/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipertireoidismo/induzido quimicamente , Hipertireoidismo/complicações , Hipertireoidismo/metabolismo , Masculino , Antagonistas de Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/uso terapêutico , Miocárdio/química , Miocárdio/patologia , Nitritos/análise , Tamanho do Órgão/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos , Espironolactona/farmacologia , Hormônios Tireóideos/sangue , Tiroxina/farmacologia , Tiroxina/toxicidade , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/análiseRESUMO
Abstract Although dental implants and bone regenerative procedures are important approaches for the reestablishment of esthetics and function in young patients with a history of generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAP), no predictable outcomes have been reported, and the host osteo-immunoinflammatory response may play a relevant role in this context. In view of the lack of molecular investigations into the bone tissue condition of young patients with periodontitis, the aim of this study was to evaluate the gene expression of bone-related factors in this population. Bone biopsies were obtained from the posterior mandible in 16 individuals previously diagnosed with GAP and on periodontal support therapy and from 17 periodontally healthy (PH) patients. The gene expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, receptor activator of the NF-κB ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), osteocalcin (OC), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and type I collagen (COL-I), important biomarkers of bone turnover, was evaluated by qRT-PCR. Lower TGF-β and OPG mRNA levels were observed in GAP patients compared to PH individuals (p ≤ 0.05). There were no between-group differences in levels of TNF-α, BSP, RANKL, OC, or COL-I mRNA (p>0.05). In young adults, a history of periodontal disease can negatively modulate the gene expression of important bone-related factors in alveolar bone tissue. These molecular outcomes may contribute to the future development of therapeutic approaches to benefit bone healing in young patients with history of periodontitis via modulation of osteo-immuno-inflammatory biomarkers.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Periodontite Agressiva/genética , Expressão Gênica , Periodontite Agressiva/metabolismo , Valores de Referência , Biomarcadores , Osteocalcina/análise , Osteocalcina/genética , Método Simples-Cego , Estudos Transversais , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/análise , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/genética , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/análise , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/genética , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Colágeno Tipo I/análise , Colágeno Tipo I/genética , Ligante RANK/análise , Ligante RANK/genética , Osteoprotegerina/análise , Osteoprotegerina/genética , Sialoproteína de Ligação à Integrina/análise , Sialoproteína de Ligação à Integrina/genética , Processo Alveolar/química , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo RealRESUMO
Cytokines and chemokines have a fundamental role in the maintenance of inflammation and bone response, which culminate in the development of chronic periapical lesions. Regulatory (Treg) and Th17 cytokines play a key role in regulating the immune response involved in this process. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Treg and Th17 cells in chronic inflammatory periapical disease, by comparing the expression of the immunoregulatory mediators TGF-ß, IL-10, CCL4, and the proinflammatory IL-17 and CCL20 in the periapical tissue of teeth with pulp necrosis, with and without associated chronic lesions. Eighty-six periapical tissue samples were obtained from human teeth. The samples were divided into three groups: pulp necrosis with a periapical lesion (n=26); pulp necrosis without a periapical lesion (n=30), and control (n=30). All samples were submitted to histopathological analysis and cytokine and chemokine measurement through ELISA. Statistical analyses were done with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests and Spearman correlation. The group with pulp necrosis and a periapical lesion showed a higher expression of CCL4 and TGF-ß in comparison with pulp necrosis without a lesion. CCL20 was higher in the group with a periapical lesion when compared to the control. In all groups there was a weak positive correlation between IL-17/CCL20, IL-10/CCL4, and IL-17/TGF-ß. Both types of cytokines, pro-inflammatory and immunoregulatory, occur simultaneously in periapical tissue. However, a rise in immunosuppressive cytokines and chemokines (CCL4 and TGF-ß) in periapical lesions suggests a role of these cytokines in stable periapical disease.
Assuntos
Quimiocinas CC/análise , Interleucinas/análise , Periodontite Periapical/patologia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Células Th17/imunologia , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/análise , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Quimiocinas CC/imunologia , Doença Crônica , Necrose da Polpa Dentária/imunologia , Necrose da Polpa Dentária/patologia , Humanos , Interleucinas/imunologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Periodontite Periapical/imunologia , Valores de Referência , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/imunologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Food allergies have become a major healthcare concern, hence preventive efforts to ensure oral tolerance induction to newly introduced antigens are particularly relevant. Given that transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) plays a key role in immune tolerance, we tested whether an infant formula enriched with TGF-ß would improve oral tolerance induction. A partially hydrolyzed whey protein-based formula was enriched with cow's-milk-derived TGF-ß (TGF-ß-enriched formula) by adding a specific whey protein isolate (WPI). The manufacturing process was optimized to achieve a concentration of TGF-ß within the range of human breast milk concentrations. Protection from allergic sensitization and immune response was assessed in a mouse model. Adult mice received the TGF-ß-enriched formula, a control non-enriched formula, or water ad libitum for 13 days before sensitization and suboptimal tolerization to ovalbumin (OVA). When compared to non-tolerized mice, suboptimally-tolerized mice supplemented with the TGF-ß-enriched formula showed significantly lower levels of total immunoglobulin-E (IgE) and OVA-specific (IgG1). Mouse mast-cell protease-1 (mMCP-1) and cytokine levels were also significantly decreased in suboptimally-tolerized mice fed the TGF-ß-enriched formula. In conclusion, oral supplementation with cow's-milk-derived TGF-ß decreased allergic responses to newly introduced allergens and thus reduced the risk of developing food allergy.
Assuntos
Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/prevenção & controle , Tolerância Imunológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Fórmulas Infantis/análise , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/administração & dosagem , Alérgenos/imunologia , Animais , Bovinos , Quimases , Citocinas/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Lactente , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Leite/química , Ovalbumina/imunologia , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/análise , Proteínas do Soro do LeiteRESUMO
AIM: To investigate the effect of sitagliptin on Wnt/ß-catenin signalling in the tubulointerstitium of diabetic nephropathy. METHODS: Forty male Wistar rats were divided into normal control (NC), diabetic model (DM), low and high-dose sitagliptin intervention groups (ST1 and ST2, respectively). Changes in the biochemical parameters and tubulointerstitial fibrosis index were observed. The levels of protein and gene expression of different indicators were detected via immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction. NRK-52E cells were divided into the normal control group, mannitol control group, high glucose group (HG), high glucose plus sitagliptin intervention group (HG + ST) and high glucose plus Wnt/ß-catenin inhibitor group (HG + XAV939). The relevant indicators were examined by Western blot or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Compared with the NC group, the blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, 24 h urinary albumin, creatinine clearance and tubulointerstitial fibrosis index were significantly increased in the DM group. These parameters were decreased in the ST1 and ST2 groups compared to the DM group. Compared with the NC group, the levels of Wnt4, ß-catenin, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and α-smooth muscle actin were higher and E-cadherin was lower in the DM group. Sitagliptin treatment reversed these changes. In the high glucose-stimulated NRK-52E cells, sitagliptin and XAV939 inhibited the elevated expression of Wnt4, ß-catenin, dipeptidyl peptidase-4, α-smooth muscle actin, transforming growth factor-ß and fibronectin and restored E-cadherin activity. CONCLUSION: Sitagliptin may inhibit the tubulointerstitial Wnt/ß-catenin signalling pathway in diabetic nephropathy and provide renal protection by alleviatinge renal tubulointerstitial transdifferentiation and fibrosis.