RESUMO
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a complex mental illness characterized by disturbances in thinking, emotionality, and behavior, significantly impacting the quality of life for individuals affected and those around them. The etiology of SZ involves intricate interactions between genetic and environmental factors, although the precise mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Genetic predisposition, neurotransmitter dysregulation (particularly involving dopamine and serotonin), and structural brain abnormalities, including impaired prefrontal cortex function, have been implicated in SZ development. However, increasing evidence reveals the role of environmental factors, such as nutrition, during critical periods like pregnancy and lactation. Epidemiological studies suggest that early malnutrition significantly increases the risk of SZ symptoms manifesting in late adolescence, a crucial period coinciding with peak myelination and brain maturation. Prenatal undernutrition may disrupt myelin formation, rendering individuals more susceptible to SZ pathology. This review explores the potential relationship between prenatal undernutrition, myelin alterations, and susceptibility to SZ. By delineating the etiopathogenesis, examining genetic and environmental factors associated with SZ, and reviewing the relationship between SZ and myelination disorders, alongside the impact of malnutrition on myelination, we aim to examine how malnutrition might be linked to SZ by altering myelination processes, which contribute to increasing the understanding of SZ etiology and help identify targets for intervention and management.
Assuntos
Bainha de Mielina , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Esquizofrenia , Humanos , Esquizofrenia/metabolismo , Esquizofrenia/etiologia , Esquizofrenia/patologia , Feminino , Gravidez , Bainha de Mielina/patologia , Bainha de Mielina/metabolismo , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/metabolismo , Desnutrição/fisiopatologia , Animais , Encéfalo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/patologia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Pré-NatalRESUMO
Objective: Emerging evidence suggests that essential trace elements, including iodine, play a vital role in depressive disorders. This study investigated whether prenatal dietary iodine intake alone and in combination with supplemental iodine intake during pregnancy were associated with antepartum and postpartum depressive and anhedonia symptoms. Methods: The study population included 837 mothers in the PRogramming of Intergenerational Stress Mechanisms (PRISM) study. The modified BLOCK food frequency questionnaire was used to estimate prenatal dietary and supplemental iodine intake, while the 10-item Edinburg Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) ascertained depressive symptoms. Analyses considered the global EPDS score and the anhedonia and depressive symptom subscale scores using dichotomized cutoffs. Logistic regression estimating odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) assessed associations of iodine intake in the second trimester of pregnancy and 6-month postpartum depressive and anhedonia symptoms considering dietary intake alone and combined dietary and supplementary intake in separate models. Results: Most women were Black/Hispanic Black (43%) and non-Black Hispanics (35%), with 39% reporting a high school education or less. The median (interquartile range, IQR) dietary and supplemental iodine intake among Black/Hispanic Black (198 (115, 337) µg/day) and non-Black Hispanic women (195 (126, 323) µg/day) was higher than the overall median intake level of 187 (116, 315) µg/day. Relative to the Institute of Medicine recommended iodine intake level of 160-220 µg/day, women with intake levels < 100 µg/day, 100-<160 µg/day, >220-<400 µg/day and ≥400 µg/day had increased adjusted odds of 6-month postpartum anhedonia symptoms (aOR = 1.74 (95% CI: 1.08, 2.79), 1.25 (95% CI: 0.80, 1.99), 1.31 (95% CI: 0.82, 2.10), and 1.47 (95% CI: 0.86, 2.51), respectively). The corresponding estimates for postpartum global depressive symptoms were similar but of smaller magnitude. Conclusions: Prenatal iodine intake, whether below or above the recommended levels for pregnant women, was most strongly associated with greater anhedonia symptoms, particularly in the 6-month postpartum period. Further studies are warranted to corroborate these findings, as dietary and supplemental iodine intake are amenable to intervention.
Assuntos
Anedonia , Depressão Pós-Parto , Iodo , Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Adulto , Depressão Pós-Parto/epidemiologia , Iodo/administração & dosagem , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Estudos de Coortes , Suplementos Nutricionais , Adulto Jovem , Dieta , Hispânico ou Latino/estatística & dados numéricos , Hispânico ou Latino/psicologia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Materna , Negro ou Afro-Americano/estatística & dados numéricos , Negro ou Afro-Americano/psicologia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Pré-NatalRESUMO
Pregnancy is a finely tuned process, with the health and well-being of the developing fetus determined by the metabolic status and dietary intake of the mother. The maternal gut microbiome is remodeled during pregnancy, and this, coupled with the maternal nutrient intake during gestation shapes the production of metabolites that can cross the placenta and affect fetal development. As posited by the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease Hypothesis, such environmental influences can have major effects on the developing organ systems. When occurring at particularly sensitive gestational time points, these developmental programming events can have long lasting effects on offspring adaptation to the postnatal environment, and major health implications later in life. This review will summarize current knowledge on how pregnancy and maternal dietary intake intrinsically and extrinsically modify maternal gut microbiota composition and metabolite production. Further, we will assess how these factors shape the fetal landscape and ultimately contribute to offspring health. DOHaD, fetal development, metabolites, microbiome, nutrition, pregnancy, short-chain fatty acids.
Assuntos
Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Humanos , Gravidez , Feminino , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Pré-Natal , Desenvolvimento Fetal , Placenta/metabolismo , Cuidado Pré-NatalRESUMO
Preconception bariatric surgery improves obesity-related maternal pregnancy complications but may reduce the absorption of nutrients required for healthy fetal growth and development. Women who receive preconception nutritional support after bariatric surgery are less likely to have adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the provision of preconception and pregnancy-specific nutritional support for women having bariatric surgery in the UK. A mixed-methods survey was distributed to healthcare professionals working in obesity or maternity services between December 2018 and October 2019. We collected both quantitative and qualitative data which were analysed using a mixed-methods approach. We received 135 responses from online (n = 99) and postal (n = 36) questionnaires. Only 45% of participants reported being 'very familiar' with the preconception/pregnancy nutritional needs of this population. Barriers to providing nutritional support included: a lack of resources and time; poor communication both across services and with women; not having contact with women preconception; and a lack of information and guidance. Respondents felt that dietitians have the expertise in nutrition necessary to provide support; however, GPs and midwives have the most frequent patient access post-surgery, both before and during pregnancy. Optimal preconception and pregnancy-related nutritional support requires multidisciplinary care pre- and post-surgery, and healthcare professionals require training and guidance to inform practice.
Assuntos
Cirurgia Bariátrica , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Pré-Natal , Gravidez , Humanos , Feminino , Cuidado Pré-Concepcional/métodos , Obesidade , Inquéritos e Questionários , Apoio Nutricional , Reino Unido , Atenção à SaúdeRESUMO
The developmental programming hypothesis proposes that adverse environmental insults during critical developmental periods increase the risk of diseases later in life. The kidneys are deemed susceptible to such a process, although the exact mechanisms remain elusive. Many factors have been reported to contribute to the developmental origin of chronic kidney diseases (CKD), among which peri-gestational nutrition has a central role, affecting kidney development and metabolism. Physiologically, the link between malnutrition, reduced glomerular numbers, and increased blood pressure is key in the developmental programming of CKD. However, recent studies regarding oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, epigenetic modifications, and metabolic changes have revealed potential novel pathways for therapeutic intervention. This review will discuss the role of imbalanced nutrition in the development of CKD.
Assuntos
Desnutrição , Insuficiência Renal Crônica , Gravidez , Feminino , Humanos , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Pré-Natal , Estado Nutricional , Desnutrição/complicações , Epigênese Genética , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/etiologiaRESUMO
Background and objectives: Health care professionals (HCPs) are well-positioned to discuss healthy behaviors during pregnancy, but the published research of prenatal healthcare providers' knowledge about the significance of nutrition during pregnancy in Lebanon is scarce. The purpose of this study was to explore the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Lebanese prenatal healthcare providers towards nutrition during pregnancy. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study using an online questionnaire was conducted. Health care providers were contacted by phone and email to participate in the online survey. A list of all clinics providing antenatal health services was obtained from the Order of Physicians and the Order of Midwives. A multistage random sample was selected. In the first stage, it was stratified per region (Beirut center or suburbs, and the southern region). In the second phase, it was stratified per clinic type (private, primary healthcare center, or hospital). Gynecologists and midwives who are members of the Order of Physicians and the Order of Midwives (n = 1333), were included. Results: Two-hundred and six responses (55% males) were obtained. Approximately 44% of the HCP were aged 50 and older, and 68.4% had more than 10 years of work experience. HCPs from Beirut represented 41.3% of the respondents. Eighty-eight percent of the HCPs were physicians, and 11% were midwives. The majority of the participants considered nutrition during pregnancy to be very important. Furthermore, half of these participants considered their position in delivering nutrition information as very significant. Most of the respondents reported that they provide nutrition advice to pregnant women, and they also received nutrition education during their profession. However, they perceived their nutrition knowledge as inadequate. Conclusion: Health care providers' attitude towards the importance of maternal nutrition and their confidence in talking about nutrition-related topics with pregnant women were positive despite the lack of knowledge in several areas related to nutrition during pregnancy. Therefore, there is a need for continuing nutrition education for health care providers and the implementation of nutrition education programs to achieve better health outcomes.
Assuntos
Médicos , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Pré-Natal , Gravidez , Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Estudos Transversais , Líbano , Pessoal de SaúdeRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To develop a core outcome set for pregnancy nutrition. DESIGN: Mixed-methods core outcome set development study. SETTING: Online. POPULATION: Healthcare professionals, researchers and women with experience of pregnancy. METHODS: Candidate outcomes were identified from a systematic review of intervention and observational studies. One-to-one semi-structured interviews with women with experience of pregnancy (n = 26) were transcribed and analysed using inductive thematic analysis. Outcomes were consolidated, organised into domains and categorised using the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials taxonomy. A two-round, modified Delphi survey (May-August 2021) was conducted. Participants voted on how critical each outcome was to include using a nine-point Likert scale. All outcomes that did not reach consensus were discussed at a consensus meeting. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Critical outcomes to include in the core outcome set. RESULTS: A total of 53 091 articles were identified. Outcomes were extracted from 427 articles. The qualitative data yielded 45 outcomes. An additional 24 outcomes came from the literature. In round one, 82 participants ranked 30 outcomes. One new outcome was included in round two, during which participants (n = 60) voted 12/31 outcomes as critical to include. The remaining 20 outcomes were discussed at the consensus meeting and two outcomes were included. Maternal outcomes included: pregnancy complications; delivery complications; maternal wellbeing; gestational weight change; maternal vitamin and mineral status; mental health; diet quality; nutritional intakes; need for treatments, interventions, medications and supplements; pregnancy loss or perinatal death; birth defects or congenital anomalies; neonatal complications; and newborn anthropometry and body composition. CONCLUSIONS: The use of the Pregnancy Nutrition Core Outcome Set (PRENCOS) will ensure researchers measure what matters most from the perspective of key stakeholders.
Assuntos
Morte Perinatal , Complicações na Gravidez , Recém-Nascido , Gravidez , Feminino , Humanos , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Pré-Natal , Resultado da Gravidez , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Complicações na Gravidez/terapia , Projetos de Pesquisa , Técnica Delphi , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
The aim of this review was to report on maternal diet, micronutrient supplementation, and gestational weight gain (GWG) during pregnancy following bariatric surgery and explore the impact on maternal micronutrient deficiency, offspring growth, and perinatal outcomes. A search in PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, and ProQuest in July 2022 returned 23 eligible studies (n = 30-20, 213). Diet was reported in two studies, supplementation in six and GWG in 19 studies. Although many women did not achieve healthy GWG, no consistent link with adverse outcomes was reported. Studies were grades II and III on the National Health and Medical Research Council evidence hierarchy and received a neutral or negative score on the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Quality Criteria Checklist, suggesting that methodological limitations impact the reliability of reported findings.
Assuntos
Cirurgia Bariátrica , Obesidade Mórbida , Complicações na Gravidez , Gravidez , Feminino , Humanos , Resultado da Gravidez , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Pré-Natal , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Complicações na Gravidez/prevenção & controle , Complicações na Gravidez/etiologia , Obesidade Mórbida/cirurgia , Cirurgia Bariátrica/efeitos adversos , MicronutrientesRESUMO
Pregnancy nutrition is important for maternal and child health and may affect the development of the infant gut microbiome. Our objective was to assess the feasibility of implementing a food-based intervention designed to increase fiber intake among pregnant women in a rural setting. Participants were enrolled (N = 27) mid-pregnancy from a prenatal care clinic in rural Michigan, randomized to intervention (N = 13) or usual care (N = 14), and followed to 6 weeks postpartum. The intervention was designed to be easily replicable and scalable by partnering with hospital foodservices and included non-perishable high fiber foods and recipes, as well as weekly delivery of salads, soup, and fresh fruit. Surveys, maternal blood, urine, and stool were collected at 24- and 36-weeks gestation and at 6 weeks postpartum. Infant stool was collected at 6 weeks. Participants were 100% White (7% Hispanic White, 7% Native American and White); 55% with education < 4-year college degree. Data on dietary intake and urinary trace elements are presented as evidence of feasibility of outcome measurement. Retention was high at 93%; 85% reported high satisfaction. The intervention described here can be replicated and used in larger, longer studies designed to assess the effects of pregnancy diet on the establishment of the infant gut microbiome and related health outcomes.
Assuntos
Dieta , Cuidado Pré-Natal , Lactente , Criança , Gravidez , Humanos , Feminino , Projetos Piloto , Estudos de Viabilidade , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Pré-NatalRESUMO
In 2018, the Government of Madhya Pradesh initiated the feasibility testing of integrating an algorithmic approach (assess, give, counsel, treat) to strengthen antenatal nutrition services in routine government-funded programmes coupled with a health system thinking approach to strengthen the health service delivery platform. Implementation phases included (1) an evidence review and stakeholder consultations (April 2018) and (2) a health systems strengthening preparedness phase (May-December 2018), including pilot testing in Vidisha district (January-December 2019) covering â¼54 100 pregnant women with 237 antenatal contact points through 241 government auxiliary nurse midwives/staff nurses. During 2020-21, feasibility testing was expanded to an additional 7 districts. We used programme registers of the Auxiliary Nurse Midwives Registers (2019-21) and National Family Health Survey data for 2016 and 2021 to show changes in the Vidisha district and 7 expansion districts. We compare the performance of Vidisha district with Ashok Nagar district, where no such intervention occurred. Comparing 2016 and 2021 data, the Vidisha district showed improvements in receipt of antenatal care in the first trimester (29 to 85%) and in four antenatal visits (17 to 54%). Using the difference-in-difference approach, a 42% net increase in first-trimester antenatal check-ups in Vidisha as compared to Ashok Nagar is observed. There was also an improvement in the maternal nutrition budget of the state from USD 8.5 million to USD 17.8 million during this period. The Vidisha initiative offers several lessons in time-effective workflow to deliver all constituents of nutrition services at various antenatal contact points through and via routine government health systems. Continued execution of the algorithm for screening, with longitudinal data on the management of all nutrition risks, will be critical to show its long-term impact on maternal morbidities and birth outcomes.
Assuntos
Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Cuidado Pré-Natal , Feminino , Gravidez , Humanos , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Pré-Natal , Governo , Análise de SistemasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Nutrition education for clinicians providing pregnancy care has the potential to enhance pregnant women's diet quality, leading to healthier outcomes for mother and baby. Following a study demonstrating nutrition knowledge gaps, an online training module was developed, implemented, and evaluated. METHODS: Antenatal care providers completed a pregnancy nutrition knowledge questionnaire to assess knowledge levels at baseline (n = 97) and nine months after the introduction of online training (n = 64). FINDINGS: Knowledge scores at baseline and post-training implementation were not significantly different. Sub-group post-training knowledge scores between clinicians who completed the training module was higher than for those that did not complete the training module. User experience of the training module was positive and they felt it was useful in enhancing nutrition knowledge. Just under half of clinicians felt more confident in providing nutrition advice as part of their pregnancy care. Clinicians reported that time constraints prevented them from completing the nutrition training and/or providing nutrition education. Despite the positive experience of completing the online training module, a majority of clinicians surveyed indicated they preferred face-to-face training. CONCLUSION: Further research exploring how nutrition is prioritised in antenatal appointments and how knowledge levels influence nutrition education practices is needed.
Assuntos
Cuidado Pré-Natal , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Pré-Natal , Gravidez , Feminino , Humanos , Educação em Saúde , Inquéritos e Questionários , AconselhamentoRESUMO
Este artigo analisou a percepção e os sentimentos de casais sobre o atendimento recebido nos serviços de saúde acessados em função de perda gestacional (óbito fetal ante e intraparto). O convite para a pesquisa foi divulgado em mídias sociais (Instagram e Facebook). Dos 66 casais que contataram a equipe, 12 participaram do estudo, cuja coleta de dados ocorreu em 2018. Os casais responderam conjuntamente a uma ficha de dados sociodemográficos e uma entrevista semiestruturada, realizada presencialmente (n=4) ou por videochamada (n=8). Os dados foram gravados em áudio e posteriormente transcritos. A Análise Temática indutiva das entrevistas identificou cinco temas: sentimento de impotência, iatrogenia vivida nos serviços, falta de cuidado em saúde mental, não reconhecimento da perda como evento com consequências emocionais negativas, e características do bom atendimento. Os achados demonstraram situações de violência, comunicação deficitária, desvalorização das perdas precoces, falta de suporte para contato com o bebê falecido e rotinas pouco humanizadas, especialmente durante a internação após a perda. Para aprimorar a assistência às famílias enlutadas, sugere-se qualificação profissional, ampliação da visibilidade do tema entre diferentes atores e reorganização dos serviços, considerando uma diretriz clínica para atenção ao luto perinatal, com destaque para o fortalecimento da inserção de equipes de saúde mental no contexto hospitalar.(AU)
This study analyzed couples' perceptions and feelings about pregnancy loss care (ante and intrapartum fetal death). A research invitation was published on social media (Instagram and Facebook) and data collection took place in 2018. Of the 66 couples who contacted the research team, 12 participated in the study by filling a sociodemographic questionnaire and answering a semi-structured interview in person (n=04) or by video call (n=08). All interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and examined by Inductive Thematic Analysis, which identified five themes: feelings of impotence, iatrogenic experiences in health services, lack of mental health care, not recognizing pregnancy loss as an emotionally overwhelming event, and aspects of good healthcare. Analysis showed experiences of violence, poor communication, devaluation of early losses, lack of support for contact with the deceased baby, and dehumanizing routines, especially during hospitalization after loss. Professional qualification, extended pregnancy loss visibility among different stakeholders, and reorganization of health services are needed to improve the care offered to grieving families, considering a clinical guideline for perinatal grief care with emphasis on strengthening the insertion of mental health teams in the hospital context.(AU)
Este estudio analizó las percepciones y sentimientos de parejas sobre la atención recibida en los servicios de salud a los que accedieron debido a la pérdida del embarazo (muerte fetal ante e intraparto). La invitación al estudio se publicó en las redes sociales (Instagram y Facebook). De las 66 parejas que se contactaron con el equipo, 12 participaron en el estudio, cuya recolección de datos se realizó en 2018. Las parejas respondieron un formulario de datos sociodemográficos y realizaron una entrevista semiestructurada presencialmente (n=4) o por videollamada (n=08). Los datos se grabaron en audio para su posterior transcripción. El análisis temático inductivo identificó cinco temas: Sentimiento de impotencia, experiencias iatrogénicas en los servicios, falta de atención a la salud mental, falta de reconocimiento de la pérdida como un evento con consecuencias emocionales negativas y características de buena atención. Los hallazgos evidenciaron situaciones de violencia, comunicación deficiente, desvalorización de las pérdidas tempranas, falta de apoyo para el contacto con el bebé fallecido y rutinas poco humanizadas, especialmente durante la hospitalización tras la pérdida. Para mejorar la atención a las familias en duelo, se sugiere capacitación profesional, ampliación de la visibilidad del tema entre los diferentes actores y reorganización de los servicios, teniendo en cuenta una guía clínica para la atención del duelo perinatal, enfocada en fortalecer la inserción de los equipos de salud mental en el contexto hospitalario.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Gravidez , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Serviços de Saúde da Criança , Saúde Mental , Humanização da Assistência , Morte Fetal , Dor , Pais , Pediatria , Perinatologia , Doenças Placentárias , Preconceito , Cuidado Pré-Natal , Psicologia , Psicologia Médica , Política Pública , Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde , Reprodução , Síndrome , Anormalidades Congênitas , Tortura , Contração Uterina , Traumatismos do Nascimento , Auxílio-Maternidade , Trabalho de Parto , Prova de Trabalho de Parto , Adaptação Psicológica , Aborto Espontâneo , Cuidado da Criança , Enfermagem Materno-Infantil , Recusa em Tratar , Saúde da Mulher , Satisfação do Paciente , Poder Familiar , Licença Parental , Qualidade, Acesso e Avaliação da Assistência à Saúde , Privacidade , Depressão Pós-Parto , Credenciamento , Afeto , Choro , Curetagem , Técnicas de Reprodução Assistida , Acesso à Informação , Ética Clínica , Parto Humanizado , Ameaça de Aborto , Negação em Psicologia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Pré-Natal , Parto , Dor do Parto , Nascimento Prematuro , Lesões Pré-Natais , Mortalidade Fetal , Descolamento Prematuro da Placenta , Violência contra a Mulher , Aborto , Acolhimento , Ética Profissional , Natimorto , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Cordão Nucal , Resiliência Psicológica , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos , Medo , Doenças Urogenitais Femininas e Complicações na Gravidez , Fertilidade , Doenças Fetais , Uso Indevido de Medicamentos sob Prescrição , Esperança , Educação Pré-Natal , Coragem , Trauma Psicológico , Profissionalismo , Sistemas de Apoio Psicossocial , Frustração , Tristeza , Respeito , Angústia Psicológica , Violência Obstétrica , Apoio Familiar , Obstetra , Culpa , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Maternidades , Complicações do Trabalho de Parto , Trabalho de Parto Induzido , Ira , Solidão , Amor , Tocologia , Mães , Cuidados de EnfermagemRESUMO
O estudo teve como objetivo identificar os argumentos da estratégia de persuasão dos discursos apresentados na audiência pública sobre a Arguição de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental-ADPF 442, realizada em 2018, cujo propósito era discutir sobre a interrupção voluntária da gravidez até a 12ª semana. Para tal, foi realizada uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, analítico-descritiva e documental. O objeto de análise foi o registro da audiência, apresentado em vídeo, disponibilizado na plataforma digital YouTube, e em ata lavrada pelo STF, ambos de acesso público. A partir de uma análise do discurso, identificou-se os argumentos utilizados na estratégia de persuasão, que foram sistematizados em quatro categorias de argumentos para cada um dos dois grupos identificados: o grupo pró e o grupo contra a descriminalização do aborto. As três primeiras categorias, Saúde mental, Direito e Saúde pública, mesmo com diferenças na forma de apresentar o argumento, se repetem nos dois grupos. Todavia, a quarta categoria, Pressupostos, se diferenciou. No grupo pró descriminalização do aborto, apresentou-se como Pressupostos filosóficos e científicos, e no grupo contra, como Pressupostos morais. Por fim, a defesa da saúde mental das mulheres foi o principal argumento numa forma de humanizar o sofrimento vivido pelas que desejam abortar e não encontram o suporte do Estado para assegurar sua dignidade, cidadania e efetiva igualdade, garantidas constitucionalmente.(AU)
The study aimed to identify the arguments of the persuasion strategy of the speeches presented at the public hearing on the Action Against the Violation of Constitutional Fundamental Rights -ADPF 442, held in 2018, whose purpose was to discuss the voluntary interruption of pregnancy until the 12th week. To this end, a qualitative, analytical-descriptive, and documentary research was carried out. The object of analysis was the video recording of the hearing available on the YouTube platform, and in minutes drawn up by the STF, both of which are public. Based on a discourse analysis, the arguments used in the persuasion strategy were identified, which were systematized into four categories of arguments for each of the two identified groups: the group for and the group against the decriminalization of abortion. The first three categories, Mental Health, Law and Public Health, even with differences in the way of presenting the argument, are repeated in both groups. However, the fourth category, Assumptions, differed. In the group for the decriminalization of abortion, it was presented as Philosophical and Scientific Assumptions, whereas the group against, as Moral Assumptions. Finally, the defense of women's mental health was the main argument in a way of humanizing the suffering experienced by those who wish to have an abortion and do not find the support of the State to guarantee their dignity, citizenship, and effective equality, constitutionally guaranteed.(AU)
El estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar los argumentos de la estrategia de persuasión de los discursos presentados en la audiencia pública sobre el Argumento por Incumplimiento de un Percepto Fundamental -ADPF 442, realizada en 2018, con el objetivo de discutir la interrupción voluntaria del embarazo hasta la 12.ª semana. Para ello, se llevó a cabo una investigación cualitativa, analítico-descriptiva y documental. El objeto de análisis fue la grabación de la audiencia, que está disponible en la plataforma digital YouTube, y actas levantadas por el Supremo Tribunal Federal -STF, ambas de acceso público. A partir de un análisis del discurso se identificaron los argumentos utilizados en la estrategia de persuasión, los cuales se sistematizaron en cuatro categorías de argumentos para cada uno de los dos grupos identificados: el grupo pro y el grupo en contra de la despenalización del aborto. Las tres primeras categorías ("salud mental", "derecho" y "salud pública") aún con diferencias en la forma de presentar el argumento se repiten en ambos grupos. Pero difiere la cuarta categoría "supuestos". En el grupo a favor de la despenalización del aborto se presentó como "supuestos filosóficos y científicos", y en el grupo en contra, como "supuestos morales". Finalmente, la defensa de la salud mental de las mujeres fue el principal argumento en un intento por humanizar el sufrimiento que viven aquellas que desean abortar y no encuentran el apoyo del Estado para garantizar su dignidad, ciudadanía e igualdad efectiva, preconizadas por la Constitución.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Aborto Criminoso , Saúde Mental , Aborto , Ansiedade , Dor , Paridade , Gravidez não Desejada , Preconceito , Psicologia , Política Pública , Estupro , Religião , Reprodução , Segurança , Recursos Audiovisuais , Sexo , Educação Sexual , Delitos Sexuais , Comportamento Social , Suicídio , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Obstétricos , Tortura , Violência , Administração Pública , Sistema Único de Saúde , Brasil , Gravidez , Luto , Preparações Farmacêuticas , Aborto Eugênico , Cristianismo , Saúde da Mulher , Cooperação do Paciente , Direitos Civis , Negociação , Aborto Induzido , Preservativos , Aborto Legal , Meios de Comunicação , Gravidez de Alto Risco , Redução de Gravidez Multifetal , Dispositivos Anticoncepcionais , Dispositivos Anticoncepcionais Masculinos , Feminismo , Vida , Publicidade , Crime , Autonomia Pessoal , Direitos do Paciente , Intervenção Legal , Morte , Disseminação de Informação , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Pré-Natal , Argumento Refutável , Início da Vida Humana , Sexologia , Depressão , Direitos Sexuais e Reprodutivos , Prevenção de Doenças , Planejamento Familiar , Saúde de Grupos Específicos , Violência contra a Mulher , Controle e Fiscalização de Equipamentos e Provisões , Cérebro , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Fertilização , Sofrimento Fetal , Comunicação em Saúde , Feto , Rede Social , Saúde Reprodutiva , Saúde Sexual , Sexismo , Discriminação Social , Comportamento de Busca de Ajuda , Anúncios de Utilidade Pública como Assunto , Ativismo Político , Liberdade , Tristeza , Angústia Psicológica , Uso da Internet , Equidade de Gênero , Cidadania , Análise Documental , Culpa , Direitos Humanos , Anencefalia , Amor , Transtornos Mentais , MoralRESUMO
A violência sexual e o aborto legal são temas tabus em nossa sociedade. No campo da saúde, a(o) psicóloga(o) atua em fases distintas, seja na avaliação psicológica do pedido pelo aborto legal, que culminará ou não em sua aquiescência; seja no momento posterior à solicitação, no atendimento em enfermarias ou ambulatorial. Partindo de relato de experiência, este artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre as possibilidades e desafios da atuação psicológica no atendimento em saúde para pessoas em situação de gestação decorrente de violência sexual e que buscam pelo aborto legal. Para tanto, dividimos o artigo em três momentos. No primeiro deles, será possível encontrar dados conceituais, estatísticos e históricos sobre ambos os temas, trazendo recortes nacionais e internacionais. No segundo, trazemos apontamentos sobre o que chamamos de "eixos norteadores", ou seja, dialogamos com aspectos fundamentais para o trabalho nesta seara, sendo eles gênero, família, sexualidade e trauma. Por fim, no terceiro, aprofundamos a reflexão sobre o atendimento psicológico atrelado aos conceitos já discutidos, analisando de forma crítica principalmente um dos pontos mais espinhosos da atuação: a avaliação para aprovação (ou recusa) do pedido pelo aborto. Apoiamo-nos no referencial psicanalítico e defendemos que esta atuação psicológica é primordialmente uma oferta de cuidado, comprometido com as demandas das pessoas atendidas e com a promoção de saúde mental, e consideramos que o papel da psicologia é essencial para o reconhecimento do sofrimento e dos efeitos do abandono socioinstitucional na vida do público atendido.(AU)
Sexual abuse and legal abortion are taboo subjects in our society. On the health area, the psychologist works on different fields, such as psychological evaluation from the request of legal abortion, that will end or not on its approval, and also in a further moment, either the care on wards or ambulatorial treatment. Relying on a case report, this article aims to contemplate the possibilities and challenges from psychological work on healthcare to pregnant women from sexual violence and seek legal abortion. For this purpose, we divide this article in three moments. On the first, it will find definitions, statistics, and historical data about both issues, including national and international information. On the second, we bring notes called 'guiding pillar,' that is, we interact with fundamental aspects from this area, such as gender, family, sexuality, and trauma. On the third one, in-depth discussions we dwell on psychological care tied to the concepts previously addressed, critically analyzing one of the hardest moments of working in this area: the evaluation to approve (or refuse) the request for abortion. We lean over psychoanalytic thoughts and argue that this psychological work is primarily an offer of care, committed to the needs from those who seek us and to promoting good mental health and, also, we consider that psychology is essential to acknowledge the suffering and the effects of social and institutional neglect on the lives of the people seen.(AU)
La violencia sexual y el aborto son temas tabús en nuestra sociedad. En el campo de la salud, el(la) psicólogo(a) actúa en diferentes fases: en la evaluación psicológica de la solicitud del aborto legal, que culminará o no en su obtención, y/o en el momento posterior a la solicitud en la atención en enfermería o ambulatorio. Desde un reporte de experiencia, este artículo pretende reflexionar sobre las posibilidades y los desafíos de la Psicología en la atención en salud para personas en estado de embarazo producto de violencia sexual y que buscan un aborto legal. Para ello, este artículo está dividido en tres momentos. En el primer, presenta datos conceptuales, estadísticos e históricos sobre los dos temas, trayendo recortes nacionales e internacionales. En el segundo, comenta los llamados "ejes temáticos", es decir, se establece un diálogo con aspectos fundamentales para el trabajo en este ámbito, como género, familia, sexualidad y trauma. Por último, en el tercer, profundiza en la reflexión sobre la atención psicológica asociada a los conceptos discutidos, analizando de forma crítica uno de los puntos más espinosos de la actuación: la evaluación para la aprobación (o negativa) de la solicitud de aborto. Se utilizó el referencial psicoanalítico y se argumenta que esta atención psicológica es sobre todo una forma de cuidado, comprometida con las demandas de las personas atendidas y la promoción de la salud mental, y el papel de la Psicología es esencial para reconocer el sufrimiento y los efectos del abandono socioinstitucional en la vida del público atendido.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Psicologia , Delitos Sexuais , Saúde , Aborto Legal , Equipe de Assistência ao Paciente , Pedofilia , Princípio do Prazer-Desprazer , Pobreza , Manutenção da Gravidez , Preconceito , Prisões , Psicanálise , Política Pública , Punição , Estupro , Reabilitação , Religião , Reprodução , Segurança , Comportamento Sexual , Educação Sexual , Classe Social , Meio Social , Identificação Social , Problemas Sociais , Ciências Sociais , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Obstétricos , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Operatórios , Tabu , Violência , Sistema Único de Saúde , Grupos de Risco , Brasil , Gravidez , Aconselhamento Sexual , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis , Aborto Criminoso , Características de Residência , Mortalidade Materna , Saúde Mental , Educação em Saúde , Estatísticas Vitais , Saúde da Mulher , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Idade Gestacional , HIV , Colaboração Intersetorial , Guia de Prática Clínica , Coronavirus , Mulheres Maltratadas , Confidencialidade , Sexualidade , Feminismo , Vítimas de Crime , Crime , Criminologia , Ameaças , Vulnerabilidade a Desastres , Características Culturais , Autonomia Pessoal , Comportamento Perigoso , Poder Judiciário , Responsabilidade Penal , Defensoria Pública , Ministério Público , Morte , Transtornos de Estresse Traumático Agudo , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Pré-Natal , Parto , Populações Vulneráveis , Agressão , Sexologia , Violação de Direitos Humanos , Grupos Raciais , Mortalidade Fetal , Gravidez não Planejada , Direitos Sexuais e Reprodutivos , Literatura Erótica , Comitê de Revisão Ética da OPAS , Violência contra a Mulher , Medo , Prazer , Desenvolvimento Embrionário e Fetal , Tráfico de Pessoas , Trauma Psicológico , Sistemas de Apoio Psicossocial , Construção Social da Identidade Étnica , Construção Social do Gênero , Androcentrismo , Constrangimento , Trauma Sexual , Enfermagem em Deficiência de Desenvolvimento , Abuso Emocional , Equidade de Gênero , Homicídio , Relações Interpessoais , Anencefalia , Jurisprudência , Acontecimentos que Mudam a Vida , Homens , Grupos EtáriosRESUMO
Polyphenols are a group of phytochemicals with extensive biological functions and health-promoting potential. These compounds are present in most foods of plant origin and their increased widespread availability through the intake of nutritional supplements, fortified foods, and beverages, has also led to increased exposure throughout gestation. In this narrative review, we focus on the role of polyphenols in both healthy and pathological pregnancy. General information related to their classification and function is followed by an overview of their known effects in early-pregnancy events, including the current insights into molecular mechanisms involved. Further, we provide an overview of their involvement in some of the most common pregnancy-associated pathological conditions, such as preeclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus. Additionally, we also discuss the estimated possible risk of polyphenol consumption on pregnancy outcomes. The consumption of dietary polyphenols during pregnancy needs particular attention considering the possible effects of polyphenols on the mechanisms involved in maternal adaptation and fetal development. Further studies are strongly needed to unravel the in vivo effects of polyphenol metabolites during pregnancy, as well as their role on advanced maternal age, prenatal nutrition, and metabolic risk of the offspring.
Assuntos
Suplementos Nutricionais , Polifenóis , Gravidez , Feminino , Humanos , Polifenóis/farmacologia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Pré-Natal , Desenvolvimento Fetal , Alimentos FortificadosRESUMO
Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between folic acid and iron nutrition during pregnancy and congenital heart disease (CHD) in the offspring. Methods: Conditional logistic regression models and nonlinear mixed-effects models were used to analyze the effects of folic acid and iron nutrition during pregnancy on CHD in offspring. Results: After adjusting for confounders, folic acid or iron supplementation during pregnancy reduced the risk for fetal CHD (OR = 0.60 (0.45, 0.82) or 0.36 (0.27, 0.48)). Similarly, dietary iron intake during pregnancy (≥29 mg/d) was associated with a reduced risk of fetal CHD (OR = 0.64 (0.46, 0.88)). Additionally, compared with women who only supplemented folic acid (OR = 0.59 (0.41, 0.84)) or iron (OR = 0.32 (0.16, 0.60)), women who supplemented both folic acid and iron had lower risk for newborns with CHD (OR = 0.22 (0.15, 0.34)). Similarly, compared with women who only supplemented folic acid (OR = 0.59 (0.41, 0.84)) or higher dietary iron intake (≥29 mg/d) (OR = 0.60 (0.33, 1.09)), women who supplemented both folic acid and higher dietary iron intake (≥29 mg/d) had lower risk for the newborn with CHD (OR = 0.41 (0.28, 0.62)). The combined effects were significant in the multiplication model (OR = 0.35 (0.26, 0.48) or 0.66 (0.50, 0.85)) but not in the additive model. Conclusions: Our study found that folic acid and iron nutrition during pregnancy were associated with a reduced risk of CHD in the offspring and confirmed a statistically significant multiplicative interaction between folic acid and iron nutrition on the reduced risk of CHD in offspring.
Assuntos
Ácido Fólico , Cardiopatias Congênitas , Gravidez , Recém-Nascido , Feminino , Humanos , Ferro da Dieta , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Ferro , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Pré-Natal , Suplementos Nutricionais , Cardiopatias Congênitas/epidemiologia , Cardiopatias Congênitas/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Low birth weight (LBW) is a global public health problem with the highest prevalence in South Asia. It is strongly associated with maternal undernutrition. In South Asia, intra-household food distribution is inequitable, with lower dietary adequacy in women. Evidence that nutrition education improves diet during pregnancy and reduces LBW is weak. We assessed the impact of nutrition education for pregnant women on birth weight in rural Bangladesh. We conducted a parallel, two-arm, cluster-randomised controlled trial, with 36 clusters allocated equally to intervention (n = 445) or standard care (n = 448). From their first trimester until delivery, intervention participants received education about eating balanced meals to meet daily dietary requirements with diverse food groups. The primary outcome of mean birth weight was 127.5 g higher in the intervention compared to control women, and the intervention reduced the risk of LBW by 57%. Post hoc analyses showed a significantly higher birth weight and a greater reduction in LBW amongst adolescent mothers. The mean number of food groups consumed was significantly higher in the intervention from the third month of pregnancy than in the control. A community-based balanced plate nutrition education intervention effectively increased mean birth weight and reduced LBW, and improved dietary diversity in rural Bangladeshi women.
Assuntos
Estado Nutricional , Gestantes , Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Gravidez , Peso ao Nascer , Bangladesh/epidemiologia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Pré-NatalRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Nutritional conditions during pregnancy may influence the epigenetic development of an individual and consequently their later-life risk of noncommunicable disease (NCD). Improving nutrition for pregnant females may therefore serve the dual purpose of directly improving pregnancy outcomes and preventing NCDs in the next generation. OBJECTIVES: We estimated the impact of prenatal supplementation with iron and folic acid (IFA), multiple micronutrients (MMS), or calcium at 50%, 75%, or 90% coverage on future NCDs by age and sex in 2015. METHODS: We used secondary data sources from 132 countries to quantify the cases of diabetes and hypertension and the deaths from selected NCDs that could be averted or delayed by scaling up prenatal micronutrient supplementation. RESULTS: Globally, >51,000 NCD deaths, 6 million cases of hypertension, and 3 million cases of diabetes could be prevented per offspring birth cohort if mothers were prenatally supplemented with MMS at 90% coverage. For IFA these numbers would be roughly half. Calcium supplementation at 90% could delay 51,000 deaths per birth cohort. Our model suggests that substantial numbers of NCD deaths and cases of hypertension and diabetes could be prevented in future generations by scaling up micronutrient supplementation for mothers during pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Highlighting the additional benefits of proven nutrition interventions is critical in ensuring adequate and sustained investments, and programmatic integration. As the double burden of disease continues to grow, population-wide efforts to scale up micronutrient supplementation to pregnant females could help prevent both undernutrition and chronic disease.
Assuntos
Doenças não Transmissíveis , Gravidez , Feminino , Humanos , Doenças não Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Doenças não Transmissíveis/prevenção & controle , Cálcio , Micronutrientes , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Pré-Natal , Ácido Fólico , Suplementos Nutricionais , Vitaminas , FerroRESUMO
AIMS: Throughout gestation, proteins in the diet are a source of essential amino acids that are crucial for proper healthy fetal growth and development. The present study was proposed to investigate the effect of high-protein diet consumption throughout pregnancy on redox homeostasis, neuroinflammatory status and amino acid levels, including homocysteine, in the male adolescent rats offspring's cerebral cortex. We also performed a battery of behavioral tests to evaluate maternal care, olfactory preference, exploratory capacity, habituation, memory, anxiety- and depression-like behavior motor activity in the offspring. MAIN METHODS: After pregnancy confirmation, the pregnant rats were randomly divided into two groups, according to the diet: group 1, (control) standard diet containing 20 % protein, and group 2, the high-protein diet containing 50 % protein. Throughout the gestational period, the pregnant rats received experimental diets. KEY FINDINGS: Results showed an increase in homocysteine levels and neuroinflammatory mediators in the offspring's cerebral cortex from pregnant rats supplemented with a high-protein diet throughout pregnancy. Besides decreasing histidine levels in offspring's serum. The results also revealed an impairment in memory and motricity and an increase in anxiety-like behavior in the offspring supplemented with a high-protein diet throughout pregnancy. Our findings showed a significant effect of high-protein diet consumption throughout pregnancy on offspring's neurobiochemistry, which can negatively impact behavioral performance. SIGNIFICANCE: Our results reinforce the importance of consuming a balanced diet during the gestational period, especially macronutrients such as proteins since the fetus is sensitive to the mother's diet during pregnancy which may impact the development of the offspring.
Assuntos
Doenças Neuroinflamatórias , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Gravidez , Humanos , Feminino , Animais , Ratos , Masculino , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Pré-Natal , Dieta/efeitos adversos , Ansiedade/etiologia , HomocisteínaRESUMO
During pregnancy, maternal nutrition and lifestyle play a critical role in influencing fetal development and newborn health outcomes. The aim of this study is to investigate the factors influencing the adherence to dietary patterns in pregnant women living in highly contaminated areas, and whether women with higher environmental risk perception manifest different nutritional behaviors during pregnancy. Food consumption data on 816 pregnant women from the Neonatal Environment and Health Outcomes (NEHO) residential birth cohort were analyzed. Dietary patterns were computed by principal component analysis. A multinomial logistic regression was also applied to identify sociodemographic, lifestyle, and pregnancy-related determinants of adherence to dietary patterns during pregnancy. Three patterns of food consumption-explaining 24.9% of the total variance-were identified as "prudent", "high energy", and "vegetarian" patterns. Results suggest that food choices during pregnancy follow a social gradient and align with other health behaviors during pregnancy: older, better educated, and physically active women with higher risk perception are more likely to follow healthier dietary patterns. Knowledge about what is eaten can contribute to dietary choices. Interventions to improve the prenatal nutrition knowledge of pregnant women are needed, especially concerning younger mothers and those with lower educational levels.