[Pseudofolliculitis barbae in police students in Dakar: epidemiological and clinical aspects, and associated risk factors]. / Pseudo-folliculite de la barbe chez les élèves policiers à Dakar : aspects épidémio-cliniques et facteurs de risque associés.

Background: Pseudofolliculitis barbae (PFB) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease favoured by shaving. It is particularly common among black Africans belonging to certain socio-professional categories who are obliged to shave. Its aesthetic and professional damage is very significant. However, very few data are available for this condition, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. Objective: To determine the epidemiological and clinical aspects, and the risk factors associated with the occurrence of PFB in Dakar. Population and methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in March 2019, including 655 police students at the National Police Academy in Dakar, all of African descent and with curly hair, who were required to shave weekly and agreed to participate in this study. The diagnosis of PFB was clinically based. Data analysis was processed using Epi-info version 6.0 software. Pearson's chi-square test was used for bivariate analysis with a significance threshold of p < 0.05. The Odds Ratio, with its 95% confidence interval, was used to determine the risk factors. Results: Among the 655 officers, 254 had PFB, with a prevalence of 38.8%. The prevalence of PFB was 43.7% in men (242 men out of 554) and 11.9% in women (12 women out of 101). The average age of patients with PFB was 26.80 years (± 2.59), ranging from 22 to 36 years. The age of onset of PFB was between 18 and 20 years for the majority (39.8%), with a mean age of onset of 22.2 years (± 3.6). PFB lesions were pruritic in 84.6% of cases, papular in 96.8%, and/or pustular in 60.2%. The submandibular region was the most affected site (69.8%). Complications were noted in 90.1% of cases in the form of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (87%) and keloid scars (3.1%). The risk factors associated with PFB were male sex (p<0.0001; OR=5.7; CI95% [3.07-10.75]), family history of PFB (p<0.0001; OR=5; CI95% [3.35-7.37]), keloid-prone skin (p<0.0001; OR=2.9; CI95% [1.63-4.96]), association with acne keloidalis nuchae (p<0.0001; OR=8.8; CI95% [5.55-14.08]), use of a single-blade razor (p<0.0001; OR=2.5; CI95% [1.69-3.70]), use of a fixed-head razor (p<0.0001; OR=1.8 CI95% [1.28-2.77]), shaving against the grain (p<0.0001; OR = 6.3; CI95%= [4.33-9.08]), non-use of shaving products (p = 0.009; OR = 1.5; CI95%= [1.06-2]) and waxing (p<0.004; OR=2.7; CI95% [1.33-5.77]). On the other hand, the use of clippers (p<0.0001; OR = 0.5 CI95% [0.33-0.65]), pre-shave products (p<0.0001; OR = 0.4 CI95% [0.29-0.61]) and the use of razors with movable heads (p<0.0009; OR = 0.2 CI95% [0.17-0.35]) were protective factors against PFB. Conclusion: Our study confirms the high incidence of PFB in this population of black men of African descent. A genetic abnormality revealed by shaving must be evoked in the occurrence of PFB. Further genetic and immunohistochemical studies would be needed to support this hypothesis.

Scalp microbiome: a guide to better understanding scalp diseases and treatments.

The scalp microbiome represents an array of microorganisms important in maintaining scalp homeostasis and mediating inflammation. Scalp microbial dysregulation has been implicated in dermatologic conditions including alopecia areata (AA), dandruff/seborrheic dermatitis (D/SD), scalp psoriasis (SP) and folliculitis decalvans (FD). Understanding the impact of scalp microbial dysbiosis gives insight on disease pathophysiology and guides therapeutic decision making. Herein we review the scalp microbiome and its functional role in scalp conditions by analysis of metagenomic medical literature in alopecia, D/SD, SP, and other dermatologic disease.Increased abundance of Malassezia, Staphylococcus, and Brevibacterium was associated with SD compared to healthy controls. A higher proportion of Corynebacterium, actinobacteria, and firmicutes are present in AA patients, and lower proportions of Staphylococcus caprae are associated with worse clinical outcomes. Decreased prevalence of actinobacteria and Propionibacterium and increased firmicutes, staphylococcus, and streptococcus are associated with scalp psoriasis. Studies of central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia (CCCA) suggest scalp microbial composition contributes to CCCA's pro-inflammatory status. The most common organisms associated with FD include methicillin-resistant S. aureus and S. lugdunensis. Antifungals have been a mainstay treatment for these diseases, while other alternatives including coconut oils and shampoos with heat-killed probiotics have shown considerable potential efficacy by replenishing the scalp microbiome.

Recalcitrant Folliculitis Decalvans Treatment Outcomes With Biologics and Small Molecule Inhibitors.

Folliculitis decalvans (FD) is a rare primary neutrophilic cicatricial alopecia that commonly displays resistance to traditional therapies and remains challenging to treat. Currently, data are lacking with recommendations for therapy-recalcitrant FD. A systematic review was conducted to analyze biologics, small molecule inhibitors, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors, Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors, and monoclonal antibodies utilized in the treatment of recalcitrant FD.

Cold atmospheric plasma therapy for Malassezia folliculitis: Laboratory investigations and a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Current treatment options for Malassezia folliculitis (MF) are limited. Recent research has demonstrated the inhibitory effect of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) on the growth of Malassezia pachydermatis in vitro, suggesting CAP as a potential therapeutic approach for managing MF. OBJECTIVES: The objective of our study is to assess the in vitro antifungal susceptibility of Malassezia yeasts to CAP. Additionally, we aim to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of CAP in treating patients with MF. METHODS: We initially studied the antifungal effect of CAP on planktonic and biofilm forms of Malassezia yeasts, using well-established techniques such as zone of inhibition, transmission electron microscopy, colony count assay and 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide salt assay. Subsequently, a randomized (1:1 ratio), active comparator-controlled, observer-blind study was conducted comparing daily CAP therapy versus itraconazole 200 mg/day for 2 weeks in 50 patients with MF. Efficacy outcomes were measured by success rate, negative microscopy rate and changes in Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) and Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) scores. Safety was assessed by monitoring adverse events (AEs) and local tolerability. RESULTS: In laboratory investigations, CAP time-dependently inhibited the growth of Malassezia yeasts in both planktonic and biofilm forms. Forty-nine patients completed the clinical study. At week 2, success was achieved by 40.0% of subjects in the CAP group versus 58.3% in the itraconazole group (p = 0.199). The negative direct microscopy rates of follicular samples were 56.0% in the CAP group versus 66.7% in the itraconazole group (p = 0.444). No significant differences were found in the proportion of subjects achieving DLQI scores of 0/1 (p = 0.456) or in the GAIS responder rates (p = 0.588) between the two groups. Three patients in the CAP group and one patient in the itraconazole group reported mild AEs. CONCLUSION: CAP demonstrated significant antifungal activity against Malassezia yeasts in vitro and exhibited comparable efficacy to itraconazole in treating MF patients. Without the associated adverse effects of oral antifungal drugs, CAP can be considered a promising and safe treatment modality for MF.

Enhanced bioenergetic cellular activity with metabolic switch to aerobic glycolysis in Keloid and Folliculitis Keloidalis Nuchae.

Keloid scars and folliculitis keloidalis nuchae (FKN) are benign fibroproliferative dermal lesions of unknown aetiology and ill-defined treatment, which typically present in genetically susceptible individuals. Their pathognomonic hallmarks include local aggressive invasive behaviour plus high recurrence post-therapy. In view of this, we investigated proliferative and key parameters of bioenergetic cellular characteristics of site-specific keloid-derived fibroblasts (intra(centre)- and peri(margin)-lesional) and FKN compared to normal skin and normal flat non-hypertrophic scar fibroblasts as negative controls.The results showed statistically significant (P < 0.01) and variable growth dynamics with increased proliferation and migration in keloid fibroblasts, while FKN fibroblasts showed a significant (P < 0.001) increase in proliferation but similar migration profile to controls. A statistically significant metabolic switch towards aerobic glycolysis in the fibroblasts from the disease conditions was noted. Furthermore, an increase in basal glycolysis with a concomitant increase in the cellular maximum glycolytic capacity was also demonstrated in perilesional keloid and FKN fibroblasts (P < 0.05). Mitochondrial function parameters showed increased oxidative phosphorylation in the disease conditions (P < 0.05) indicating functional mitochondria. These findings further suggest that Keloids and FKN demonstrate a switch to a metabolic phenotype of aerobic glycolysis. Increased glycolytic flux inhibition is a potential mechanistic basis for future therapy.

Common Skin Conditions in Children and Adolescents: Bacterial Infections.

Bacterial skin infections represent a significant health care burden. Cellulitis and erysipelas are rapidly spreading, painful, superficial skin infections, usually caused by streptococci or Staphylococcus aureus. Folliculitis is an infection of hair follicles mostly caused by S aureus. Simple folliculitis typically is self-limited. Topical benzoyl peroxide is a first-line nonantibiotic treatment. Mupirocin and clindamycin are topical antibiotic options. For treatment-resistant cases, oral cephalexin or dicloxacillin is an appropriate option. Impetigo is a common, self-limited infection in children. Bullous impetigo is caused by S aureus, and nonbullous impetigo is caused by beta-hemolytic streptococci, S aureus, or both. In most cases, topical mupirocin or retapamulin (Altabax) is effective. Oral antibiotics should be considered for household outbreaks or patients with multiple lesions. Abscesses are red, painful collections of purulence in the dermis and deeper tissues caused by S aureus or polymicrobial infections. Furuncles are abscesses of a hair follicle, whereas carbuncles involve several hair follicles. In recurrent cases of these lesions, culture of the exudate is recommended. Abscess, furuncle, and carbuncle management consists of incision and drainage. Oral antibiotics are not necessary in most cases but should be prescribed for patients with severe immunocompromise or systemic signs of infection. In bacterial skin infections, methicillin-resistant S aureus coverage should be considered for patients with infections that have not improved with treatment.

Management of the Sequelae of Skin Grafting: Pruritis, Folliculitis, Pigmentation Changes, and More.

Scars commonly give rise to unpredictable, potentially irritating, cutaneous complications including pruritis, folliculitis, and pigment changes. These problems can be self-limiting and are prevalent in many burn cases, although their expression varies among individuals. A better understanding of the presentation, risk factors, and pathophysiology of these long-term sequelae allows for more comprehensive care of burn survivors.

Recurrent inverse necrotizing infundibular crystalline folliculitis.

Necrotizing infundibular crystalline folliculitis (NICF) is a rare type of necrotizing folliculitis. The disease typically manifests as folliculocentric papules arising in a seborrheic distribution. Only 23 cases exist in the literature. Most reported cases have arisen spontaneously, but a small number of drug-induced cases in the setting of epidermal-derived growth factor, vascular endothelial-derived growth factor, or PD-1 inhibitor therapy have been reported. Colonization by bacteria and/or yeast occurs frequently. The etiology remains unknown, but some suggest a complex interplay with an aberrant microbiome, sebaceous gland dysfunction, and perturbed EGFR signaling in follicular infundibula. Histopathologic findings include rupture of follicular epithelium, neutrophilic inflammation, and nodular cup-shaped crystal deposits. We present a case of spontaneous, recurrent NICF in an inverse pattern in the inguinal region.

Folliculitis might be associated with pathergy-positivity in patients with Behçet syndrome.

Pathergy test indicates nonspecific hyper-reactivity of the skin to aseptic trauma in Behçet syndrome (BS) and is considered as an adjunctive diagnostic test with a good specificity albeit with low sensitivity. We tested the hypothesis that a relationship exists between active clinical manifestations of BS and the pathergy-positivity when performed simultaneously. Pathergy test and detailed dermatologic examination were done in 105 BS patients (60M/45F); who were seen consecutively at the multi-disciplinary BS outpatient clinic in a single tertiary center. Information regarding demographic and clinical characteristics, pathergy test results at diagnosis, and details about treatment were obtained from patient charts. Disease activity was assessed using Behçet Disease Current Activity Form. Among 105 patients, 27 (25.7%) were pathergy-positive at the time of the study visit whereas 40.9% were pathergy-positive at the time of the diagnosis. There was no relation between pathergy test and patient age or disease duration, either. Pathergy-positivity was significantly more common in patients with folliculitis compared to those without folliculitis (40.7% vs 19.2%; P = .026). The test was also positive in all 3 patients with leg ulcers due to venous stasis. We found that among all skin-mucosa lesions only the presence of folliculitis was associated with pathergy positivity with statistical significance. It was also remarkable that the current pathergy was positive in all 3 patients with active leg ulcers but this finding warrants further studies because of the low patient numbers.

A case of generalized eosinophilic pustular folliculitis: treatment with JAK inhibitor.

AIM: This case study aims to report the efficacy and safety of a Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor in the treatment of generalized eosinophilic pustular folliculitis (EPF). METHODS: We present a case of a 16-year-old Chinese patient who had been suffering from EPF for two years and had shown no response to both topical and systemic glucocorticoids. The patient was subsequently treated with oral tofacitinib at a dosage of 5mg daily. RESULTS: Significant remission of eruption and pruritus was observed in the patient upon treatment with tofacitinib. However, a relapse occurred upon dose reduction. Subsequent switch to the highly selective JAK1 inhibitor upadacitinib resulted in complete recovery, with the patient achieving a symptom-free status after six months. CONCLUSIONS: JAK inhibitors show promise as a potential treatment option for EPF patients who do not respond to traditional therapies.

Clinical Characterization and Treatment Response of Folliculitis Decalvans Lichen Planopilaris Phenotypic Spectrum: A Unicentre Retrospective Series of 31 Patients.

Folliculitis decalvans and lichen planopilaris phenotypic spectrum has been described as a form of cicatricial alopecia. The aim of this study is to describe the clinical and trichoscopic features and therapeutic management of this condition in a series of patients. A retrospective observational unicentre study was designed including patients with folliculitis decalvans and lichen planopilaris phenotypic spectrum confirmed with biopsy. A total of 31 patients (20 females) were included. The most common presentation was an isolated plaque of alopecia (61.3%) in the vertex. Trichoscopy revealed hair tufting with perifollicular white scaling in all cases. The duration of the condition was the only factor associated with large plaques (grade III) of alopecia (p = 0.026). The mean time to transition from the classic presentation of folliculitis decalvans to folliculitis decalvans and lichen planopilaris phenotypic spectrum was 5.2 years. The most frequently used treatments were topical steroids (80.6%), intralesional steroids (64.5%) and topical antibiotics (32.3%). Nine clinical relapses were detected after a mean time of 18 months (range 12-23 months). Folliculitis decalvans and lichen planopilaris phenotypic spectrum is an infrequent, but probably underdiagnosed, cicatricial alopecia. Treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs used for lichen planopilaris may be an adequate approach.

NLRP3 regulates CIITA/MHC II axis and interferon-γ-inducible chemokines in Malassezia globosa-infected keratinocytes.

CIITA, a member of NOD-like receptor (NLR) family, is the major MHC II trans-activator and mediator of Th1 immunity, but its function and interaction with NLRP3 have been little studied. We found activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, increased expression of CIITA, CBP, pSTAT1, STAT1, MHC II, IFN-γ and IFN-γ-inducible chemokines (CCL1 and CXCL8), and colocalisation of NLRP3 with CIITA in Malassezia folliculitis lesions, Malassezia globosa-infected HaCaT cells and mouse skin. CoIP with anti-CIITA or anti-NLRP3 antibody pulled down NLRP3 or both CIITA and ASC. NLRP3 silencing or knockout caused CIITA downexpression and their colocalisation disappearance in HaCaT cells and mouse skin of Nlrp3-/- mice, while CIITA knockdown had no effect on NLRP3, ASC, IL-1ß and IL-18 expression. NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors and knockdown significantly suppressed IFN-γ, CCL1, CXCL8 and CXCL10 levels in M. globosa-infected HaCaT cells. CCL1 and CXCL8 expression was elevated in Malassezia folliculitis lesions and reduced in Nlrp3-/- mice. These results demonstrate that M. globosa can activate NLRP3 inflammasome, CIITA/MHC II signalling and IFN-γ-inducible chemokines in human keratinocytes and mouse skin. NLRP3 may regulate CIITA by their binding and trigger Th1 immunity by secreting CCL1 and CXCL8/IL-8, contributing to the pathogenesis of Malassezia-associated skin diseases.

Proliferative, lymphocytic, infundibular mural folliculitis and dermatitis with prominent follicular apoptosis and parakeratotic casts in a Labrador retriever: Clinical, histopathological and dermoscopic features and co-morbidities.

Proliferative, lymphocytic, infundibular mural folliculitis and dermatitis have been reported in six female Labrador retrievers from North America. This is the first report of the disease outside North America, describing the clinical and histopathological diagnosis and dermoscopic aspect of the verrucous plaques, treatment and co-morbidities in a female Labrador retriever dog.

La folliculite et la dermatite murale infundibulaire proliférative, lymphocytaire ont été rapportées chez six Labrador retrievers femelles d'Amérique du Nord. Il s'agit du premier rapport de cette affection en dehors de l'Amérique du Nord, décrivant le diagnostic clinique et histopathologique, l'aspect dermatoscopique des plaques verruqueuses, le traitement et les comorbidités chez une femelle Labrador retriever.

A foliculite e dermatite mural linfocítica infundibular proliferativa tem sido relatada em seis cadelas Labrador retriever da América do Norte. Este é o primeiro relato da doença fora da América do Norte, descrevendo o diagnóstico clínico e histopatológico e o aspecto dermoscópico de placas verrucosas, tratamento de comorbidades em uma cadela Labrador retriever.

Se ha publicado la descripción de una foliculitis y dermatitis mural infundibular, linfocítica y proliferativa en seis hembras de Labrador Retriever de América del Norte. Este es el primer informe de la enfermedad fuera de América del Norte, que describe el diagnóstico clínico e histopatológico y el aspecto dermatoscópico de las placas verrugosas, el tratamiento y las comorbilidades en una perra Labrador Retriever.