RESUMO
Background: Apple (Malus domestica) is a fruit commonly associated with allergic oral symptoms in the Mexican pediatric population; however, knowledge of its allergenic proteins is limited. This information is crucial as sensitization frequencies to specific allergens can vary among different populations. The main allergic symptomatology before apple ingestion derives from primary sensitizations induced by pollen, promoting cross-reactivity with the main allergenic protein of apple. Therefore, this study aims to identify new potential sensitizing proteins to apple using immunoproteomic techniques. Methods: We collected serum samples from 14 pediatric patients with confirmed immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated apple allergy and used these samples to assess immunoreactivity to apple protein extracts through 2D-western blot assays. The spots corresponding to the 2D-SDS-PAGE were analyzed using nanoLC-MS/MS. Results: We identified 11 non-redundant proteins, including Mal d 2 and Mal d 1, the latter showing a high frequency of sensitization (79%) in our patients, and being considered the main apple allergenic protein. The remaining identified proteins have not been previously described as apple allergens in the International Union of Immunological Societies databases. However, three of these may be categorized as pan-allergens. Conclusions: This study shows evidence that the repertoire of apple allergens in the Mexican population could differ from those reported internationally, highlighting the importance of studies in different countries to improve the certainty of allergy diagnosis and allow the implementation of precision medicine.
Assuntos
Alérgenos , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar , Imunoglobulina E , Malus , Proteínas de Plantas , Proteômica , Humanos , Malus/imunologia , Malus/química , Criança , México , Feminino , Masculino , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/imunologia , Alérgenos/imunologia , Proteômica/métodos , Proteínas de Plantas/imunologia , Imunoglobulina E/imunologia , Imunoglobulina E/sangue , Adolescente , Pré-Escolar , Frutas/imunologia , Frutas/química , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
The study aimed to assess the immunomodulatory effects of Phoenix dactylifera (dates) fruit, a traditional remedy used by Moroccans to enhance immunity against pathogens. This research sought to evaluate the impacts of this fruit on immune cells and their functions. To achieve this, we conducted tests using date extracts on splenocytes, thymocytes, and macrophages, focusing on their functions: antibody production, phagocytosis, and T-lymphocyte toxicity. The results obtained demonstrated that the aqueous extract of P. dactylifera fruit exhibited significant immunostimulatory effects on humoral immunity. It achieved this by enhancing complement activity and increasing splenocyte (including B-lymphocytes) proliferation by 142.5% compared to control cells. Similarly, in the same conditions, there was notable stimulation of cellular immunity through thymocyte activity, resulting in a remarkable increase in cell proliferation (225%) and a boost in thymocyte function (245.9%), which plays a role in safeguarding against cancer. Moreover, the date extract demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties. This was evident in the increased phagocytosis activity mediated by macrophages under the ethyl acetate extract, effectively eliminating pathogens. Assessing the cosmetic potential of date extracts showed that the ethyl acetate extract possesses both anti-inflammatory and strong antioxidant effects, exhibited high photo absorption of ultraviolet-B rays. Based on these findings, we propose to study the utilization of this extract for sun protection as a sunscreen. Furthermore, the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that the most active compounds present were flavonoids. These outcomes substantiate the traditional usage of this fruit for reinforcing immunity.
Assuntos
Imunidade Celular , Imunidade Humoral , Phoeniceae , Extratos Vegetais , Animais , Imunidade Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Imunidade Humoral/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/imunologia , Camundongos , Phoeniceae/química , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/farmacologia , Fagocitose/efeitos dos fármacos , Fagocitose/imunologia , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/imunologia , Baço/imunologia , Baço/efeitos dos fármacos , Baço/citologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Linfócitos T/efeitos dos fármacos , Frutas/química , Frutas/imunologia , Masculino , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Interactions between phenolic compounds and the allergen Mal d 1 are discussed to be the reason for better tolerance of apple cultivars, which are rich in polyphenols. Because Mal d 1 is susceptible to proteolytic digestion and allergenic symptoms are usually restricted to the mouth and throat area, the release of native Mal d 1 during the oral phase is of particular interest. Therefore, we studied the release of Mal d 1 under different in vitro oral digestion conditions and revealed that only 6-15% of the total Mal d 1 present in apples is released. To investigate proposed polyphenol-Mal d 1 interactions, various analytical methods, e.g., isothermal titration calorimetry, 1H-15N-HSQC NMR, and untargeted mass spectrometry, were applied. For monomeric polyphenols, only limited noncovalent interactions were observed, whereas oligomeric polyphenols and browning products caused aggregation. While covalent modifications were not detectable in apple samples, a Michael addition of epicatechin at cysteine 107 in r-Mal d 1.01 was observed.
Assuntos
Alérgenos , Malus , Polifenóis , Malus/química , Malus/imunologia , Polifenóis/química , Alérgenos/imunologia , Alérgenos/química , Proteínas de Plantas/química , Proteínas de Plantas/imunologia , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Frutas/química , Frutas/imunologia , Humanos , Espectrometria de Massas , Digestão , Antígenos de PlantasRESUMO
Background: Fruit allergy usually presents with mild-to-moderate symptoms but serious systemic reactions, e.g., anaphylaxis, may also occur. Objective: This study aimed to examine the clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients with fruit allergy and fruit-induced anaphylaxis. Methods: Patients diagnosed with fruit allergy at Diskapi Hematology and Oncology Hospital and Bilkent City Hospital between January 2017 and January 2023 were included in the study. The diagnosis of anaphylaxis was made according to the European Allergy and Clinical Immunology Anaphylaxis Guideline. Results: During the study period, skin-prick tests with food allergens were performed on 9432 patients in our clinic, and fruit allergy was detected in 78 patients (0.82%). Five patients with inaccessible medical records were excluded from the study. 40 (54.8%) were boys. The median (interquartile range) age at the onset of symptoms was 72 months (12.5-144 months). Sixty-eight of the patients (93.2%) had a concomitant allergic disease, the most common of which was allergic rhinitis (n = 48 [65.8%]). The 73 patients had a history of reaction to 126 fruits. Twenty-five patients (19.8%) were allergic to multiple fruits. The most common fruit allergen was banana (22/126 [17.4%]), followed by peach (18/126 [14.2%]) and kiwi (17/126 [13.5%]). Mucocutaneous findings were observed most frequently after fruit consumption (120/126 [95.2%]). Anaphylaxis occurred in 17 patients (23.2%) with 21 fruits.The fruits most commonly associated with anaphylaxis were banana (6/21 [28.6%]) and kiwi (6/21 [28.6%]). Conclusion: Fruit allergy generally presents with mild symptoms, e.g., oral allergy syndrome, but severe systemic symptoms, e.g., anaphylaxis, can also be observed. Kiwi and banana are the fruits that most commonly cause anaphylaxis. Although more comprehensive studies are needed to comment on the development of tolerance, especially in patients with anaphylaxis, responsible fruit avoidance is still the most important strategy.
Assuntos
Alérgenos , Anafilaxia , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar , Frutas , Testes Cutâneos , Humanos , Anafilaxia/diagnóstico , Anafilaxia/etiologia , Anafilaxia/epidemiologia , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/diagnóstico , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/complicações , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/epidemiologia , Frutas/efeitos adversos , Frutas/imunologia , Pré-Escolar , Alérgenos/imunologia , Lactente , AdolescenteRESUMO
Gibberellin-regulated protein (GRP) is a newly discovered allergen in systemic fruit allergies. The kind of fruits which cause allergy is extensive as GRP is universally included in plants. Two children with GRP allergy were reported. Case 1: A 6-year-old boy experienced anaphylaxis while running after school lunch, which included canned peaches. A skin prick test (SPT) and blood examination suggested that he had peach GRP allergy. Six months and three years later, he experienced a similar episode after eating apple and citrus flesh, respectively. Case 2: An 11-year-old boy experienced anaphylaxis while running after consuming canned peaches during school lunch. A SPT implied that he had peach GRP allergy. However, a similar episode occurred after eating strawberry flesh 18 months later.Patients with GRP allergy often have one or more allergies to fruits other than peaches, as in these cases, and relevant fruits differ depending on the case. Particularly, clinicians should recognize that apple and citrus fruits are frequently included in school lunches as fruit flesh and as flavoring or seasoning in ready-made sauces or dressings. Therefore, an appropriate removal strategy should be considered in school lunches depending on each case of GRP allergy.
Assuntos
Hipersensibilidade Alimentar , Frutas , Criança , Masculino , Humanos , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/imunologia , Frutas/imunologia , Instituições Acadêmicas , Proteínas de Plantas/imunologia , Almoço , Alérgenos/imunologia , Testes CutâneosRESUMO
Resilience of mammals to anthropogenic climate and land-use changes is associated with the maintenance of adequate responses of several fitness-related traits such as those related to immune functions. Isolated and combined effects of decreased food availability and increased ambient temperature can lead to immunosuppression and greater susceptibility to disease. Our study tested the general hypothesis that decreased food availability, increased ambient temperature and the combined effect of both factors would affect selected physiological and behavioral components associated with the innate immune system of fruit-eating bats (Carollia perspicillata). Physiological (fever, leukocytosis and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio) and behavioral (food intake) components of the acute phase response, as well as bacterial killing ability of the plasma were assessed after immune challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS: 10 mg/kg) in experimental groups kept at different short-term conditions of food availability (ad libitum diet or 50% food-deprived) and ambient temperature (27 and 33°C). Our results indicate that magnitude of increase in body temperature was not affected by food availability, ambient temperature or the interaction of both factors, but the time to reach the highest increase took longer in LPS-injected bats that were kept under food restriction. The magnitude of increased neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio was affected by the interaction between food availability and ambient temperature, but food intake, total white blood cell count and bacterial killing ability were not affected by any factor or interaction. Overall, our results suggest that bacterial killing ability and most components of acute phase response examined are not affected by short-term changes in food availability and ambient temperature within the range evaluated in this study, and that the increase of the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio when bats are exposed to low food availability and high ambient temperature might represent an enhancement of cellular response to deal with infection.
Assuntos
Quirópteros , Imunidade Inata , Lipopolissacarídeos , Temperatura , Animais , Quirópteros/imunologia , Quirópteros/fisiologia , Imunidade Inata/efeitos dos fármacos , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Masculino , Ingestão de Alimentos , Frutas/imunologia , Temperatura Corporal , Reação de Fase Aguda/imunologiaRESUMO
Sulfur has been previously reported to modulate plant growth and exhibit significant anti-microbial activities. However, the mechanism underlying its diverse effects on plant pathogens has not been elucidated completely. The present study conducted the two-year field experiment of sulfur application to control kiwifruit canker from 2017 to 2018. For the first time, our study uncovered activation of plant disease resistance by salicylic acid after sulfur application in kiwifruit. The results indicated that when the sulfur concentration was 1.5-2.0 kg m-3, the induced effect of kiwifruit canker reached more than 70%. Meanwhile, a salicylic acid high lever was accompanied by the decline of jasmonic acid. Further analysis revealed the high expression of the defense gene, especially AcPR-1, which is a marker of the salicylic acid signaling pathway. Additionally, AcICS1, another critical gene of salicylic acid synthesis, was also highly expressed. All contributed to the synthesis of increasing salicylic acid content in kiwifruit leaves. Moreover, the first key lignin biosynthetic AcPAL gene was marked up-regulated. Thereafter, accumulation of lignin content in the kiwifruit stem and the higher deposition of lignin were visible in histochemical analysis. Moreover, the activity of the endochitinase activity of kiwifruit leaves increased significantly. We suggest that the sulfur-induced resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae via salicylic activates systemic acquired resistance to enhance plant immune response in kiwifruit.
Assuntos
Actinidia/imunologia , Resistência à Doença/imunologia , Frutas/imunologia , Doenças das Plantas/imunologia , Pseudomonas syringae/fisiologia , Ácido Salicílico/metabolismo , Enxofre/farmacologia , Actinidia/efeitos dos fármacos , Actinidia/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Actinidia/metabolismo , Resistência à Doença/efeitos dos fármacos , Frutas/efeitos dos fármacos , Frutas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Frutas/metabolismo , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Gibberellin-regulated proteins (GRPs, Peamaclein) are allergens recently identified in plant-derived food allergy (FA), and little is known about the clinical manifestations of this allergic condition in the European population, especially in children. OBJECTIVE: Our study aimed to identify and characterize pediatric patients with pollen-FA due to GRP sensitization. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the charts of patients referred to the Allergy Unit of the Meyer Children's Hospital in Florence for suspected FA. Three main eligibility criteria based on the actual knowledge of GRP allergy were used to select patients deserving further investigations: (1) systemic reactions after consumption of fruit or an unknown culprit food, (2) positive skin prick tests to both cypress pollen and Pru p 3-enriched peach peel extracts, (3) negative in vitro test results for Pru p 3 serum-specific Immunoglobulin E (sIgE). We performed the in vitro test to determine the anti-rPru p 7 (Peamaclein) sIgE levels in the selected patients. RESULTS: We identified 10 pediatric patients with Pru p 7 allergy and described their characteristics. The use of our eligibility criteria showed a high accuracy in identifying these patients: 100% of the selected patients had positive in vitro results for Pru p 7. We therefore proposed a diagnostic algorithm for Pru p 7 allergy. CONCLUSION: This is the first case series of European pediatric patients with a demonstrated Peamaclein allergy. These findings broaden our knowledge on GRP allergy in pediatric populations and could help clinicians to suspect, diagnose, and manage this recently discovered plant-derived FA.
Assuntos
Alérgenos/imunologia , Antígenos de Plantas/efeitos adversos , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/diagnóstico , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/etiologia , Frutas/efeitos adversos , Giberelinas/imunologia , Proteínas de Plantas/imunologia , Prunus persica/efeitos adversos , Adolescente , Algoritmos , Antígenos de Plantas/imunologia , Biomarcadores/sangue , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Regras de Decisão Clínica , Reações Cruzadas , Feminino , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/imunologia , Frutas/imunologia , Humanos , Imunoglobulina E/sangue , Masculino , Pólen/efeitos adversos , Pólen/imunologia , Prunus persica/imunologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Testes CutâneosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Allergy to nonspecific lipid transfer protein (nsLTP) is the main cause of plant-food allergy in Spain. nsLTPs are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and have high cross-reactivity but extremely variable clinical expression. Little is known about the natural evolution of this allergy, which complicates management. The objective of this study was to assess the development of allergy to new plant foods in nsLTP-sensitized patients 10 years after diagnosis. METHODS: One hundred fifty-one patients showing specific IgE to nsLTP determined by ISAC (Thermofisher) were included. After clinical workup (i.e., anamnesis, skin test, and challenge when needed), these patients were divided into two groups: 113 patients allergic to one or more plant food (74.5%) and 38 patients not allergic to any plant food (25.1%). Ten years later, a telephone interview was conducted to check whether patients had developed additional allergic reactions to plant foods. RESULTS: Ten years after diagnosis, 35 of the 113 (31%) plant-food-allergic patients sensitized to nsLTP reported reactions to new, previously tolerated plant foods, mainly Rosaceae/Prunoideae fruits and nuts followed by vegetables, Rosacea/Pomoideae fruits, legumes, and cereals. Five out of 38 (13.2%) patients previously sensitized to nsLTP but without allergy to any plant food had experienced allergic reactions to some plant food: two to Rosaceae/Prunoideae fruits, two to Rosaceae/Prunoideae fruit and nuts, and one to legumes. CONCLUSION: Patients sensitized to nsLTP developed allergic reactions to other plant foods, mainly Rosaceae-Prunoideae fruits and nuts. This was more frequent among plant-food-allergic patients than among those who had never had plant-food allergy.
Assuntos
Alérgenos/imunologia , Antígenos de Plantas/imunologia , Proteínas de Transporte/imunologia , Dessensibilização Imunológica/efeitos adversos , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/imunologia , Proteínas de Plantas/imunologia , Adulto , Reações Cruzadas/imunologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Frutas/imunologia , Humanos , Imunoglobulina E/imunologia , Masculino , Nozes/imunologia , Rosaceae/imunologia , Testes Cutâneos , Espanha , Verduras/imunologiaRESUMO
Citrus fruit are generally confronted with various fungal diseases that cause fruit deterioration and economic loss. Salicylic acid (SA), a plant hormone, is an important signal molecule required for stimulating the disease resistance of plants. However, there has been limited information about the molecular mechanism of SA biosynthesis involving biotic stress response in citrus fruit. In the present study, an R2R3 MYB transcription factor (CsMYB96) was identified to mediate SA signaling in response to fungal diseases. The transient overexpression assay revealed that CsMYB96 contributed to the strong tolerance of citrus fruit to Penicillium italicum along with an increase in SA content; meanwhile, CsMYB96 conferred resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis plants. Further metabolomic profiling of stable transgenic Arabidopsis revealed that CsMYB96 participated in the regulation of various metabolism pathways and enhanced the accumulation of phenolic acids. RNA-seq analysis confirmed that overexpression of CsMYB96 activated the expression of genes involved in plant-pathogen interaction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and SA signaling. Besides, CsMBY96 directly activated the transcription of calmodulin binding protein 60g (CsCBP60g), a predominant transcription factor required for the activation of SA signaling. In summary, our results reveal that CsMYB96 promotes SA biosynthesis and the accumulation of defense metabolites to enhance the fungal pathogen resistance of citrus fruit and Arabidopsis and provide new insights into the regulation of disease response.
Assuntos
Citrus sinensis/imunologia , Resistência à Doença , Frutas/microbiologia , Doenças das Plantas/imunologia , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Ácido Salicílico/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Arabidopsis , Botrytis , Citrus sinensis/metabolismo , Citrus sinensis/microbiologia , Frutas/imunologia , Frutas/metabolismo , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Plantas Geneticamente ModificadasRESUMO
Papaya is reported to trigger food and respiratory allergy. Here, we identified chymopapain Cari p 2 as an allergen that can sensitize atopic individuals through fruit consumption followed by respiratory hazards through pollen exposure. Recombinant Cari p 2 displayed IgE-reactivity with 78% of papaya allergic sera. rCari p 2 also displayed allergenic activity through basophil degranulation. rCari p 2 is correctly folded and showed irreversible denaturation in the melting curve. rCari p 2 displayed IgE-cross-reactivity with homologous cysteine proteases from kiwi and pineapple. Cari p 2 transcript was also detected in papaya pulps. rCari p 2 was resistant to pepsin digestion and retained IgE-reactivity after 60 minutes of pepsin digestion. In mouse model, rCari p 2 was found to elicit inflammatory responses in the lung and gastrointestinal epithelium. Hence, Cari p 2 is a newly characterized allergen with diagnostic and immunotherapeutic potential for managing allergic disorders in papaya sensitized individuals.
Assuntos
Alérgenos/imunologia , Quimopapaína/imunologia , Reações Cruzadas/imunologia , Frutas/imunologia , Pólen/imunologia , Proteínas Recombinantes/imunologia , Adulto , Animais , Clonagem Molecular/métodos , Cisteína Proteases/imunologia , Feminino , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/imunologia , Humanos , Imunoglobulina E/imunologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Allergic rhino-conjunctivitis with pollen allergy has been prevalent worldwide and Pollen-food allergy syndrome (PFAS) refers to individuals with pollen allergy who develop oral allergy syndrome (OAS) on consuming fruits and vegetables. The prevalence of PFAS varies by region and that in Japanese adolescents remains to be elucidated. In this cross-sectional study, we examined the epidemiological characteristics of PFAS in a general population of Japanese adolescents according to pollen allergy, OAS, and IgE component sensitization. Participants comprised adolescents, at age 13 years, from a prospective birth cohort study in Japan. We administered questionnaires to collect information from parents regarding pollen allergy, PFAS and OAS at each child's age 13 years. ImmunoCAP ISAC was used to assess IgE component sensitization. Among 506 participants with a complete questionnaire and ISAC measurement results, 56.5% had a history of hay fever, 16.0% had a history of OAS, 51.0% had pollen allergy, and 11.7% had a history of PFAS; additionally, 72.7% were sensitized to one or more tree, grass, and/or weed allergens. The most common sensitization (95.7%) among adolescents with pollen allergy was to Japanese cedar (Cry j 1). The most common causal foods were kiwi and pineapple (both 39.0%). Knowledge levels about PFAS were poor among affected adolescents. We found a high prevalence of PFAS among adolescents in Japan. Although it affects approximately 1/10 adolescents in the general population, public awareness regarding PFAS is poor. Interventional strategies are needed to increase knowledge and to prevent PFAS in the general population.
Assuntos
Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/imunologia , Rinite Alérgica Sazonal/imunologia , Adolescente , Alérgenos/imunologia , Estudos de Coortes , Reações Cruzadas , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Frutas/imunologia , Humanos , Japão/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pólen/imunologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Rinite Alérgica/imunologia , Síndrome , Verduras/imunologiaRESUMO
Approximately 70% of birch pollen allergic patients in Europe experience hypersensitivity reactions to Immunoglobulin E (IgE) cross-reactive food sources. This so-called pollen-food syndrome (PFS) is defined by allergic symptoms elicited promptly by the ingestion of fruits, nuts, or vegetables in these patients. So far, in the literature, less attention has been given to Bet v 1 cross-reactive symptoms caused by pear (Pyrus communis). In the Netherlands, pears are widely consumed. The primary objective of this study was to measure the type and severity of allergic symptoms during pear challenges in birch pollen allergic patients, with a positive history of pear allergy, using two different pear varieties. Fifteen patients were included, skin prick test (SPT), prick-to-prick test (PTP), specific Immunoglobulin E (sIgE), and single-blind oral challenges were performed with two pear (Pyrus communis) varieties: the 'Cepuna' (brand name Migo®) and the 'Conference' pears. All patients were sensitized to one or both pear varieties. A total of 12 out of 15 participants developed symptoms during the 'Cepuna' food challenge and 14/15 reacted during the 'Conference' challenge. Challenges with the 'Cepuna' pears resulted in less objective symptoms (n = 2) in comparison with challenges with 'Conference' pears (n = 7). Although we did not find significance between both varieties in our study, we found a high likelihood of fewer and less severe symptoms during the 'Cepuna' challenges. Consequently selected pear sensitized patients can try to consume small doses of the 'Cepuna' pear outside the birch pollen season.
Assuntos
Alérgenos/imunologia , Betula/imunologia , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/diagnóstico , Pólen/imunologia , Pyrus/imunologia , Adulto , Reações Cruzadas , Feminino , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/imunologia , Frutas/imunologia , Humanos , Imunoglobulina E/imunologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Países Baixos , Método Simples-Cego , Testes Cutâneos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
About 50-70% of patients allergic to birch pollen suffer from sensitization after apple ingestion. Apple allergenicity was established in only few varieties. Studies were performed on apple fruits of 21 traditional and nine modern varieties organically, intensively, or integratively produced. The aim of the study was to assess whether the factors like cultivation method, maturity stage, genotype, or type of tissue place an impact on the allergenic potential of apples. To answer these questions, we used semiquantitative real-time PCR, ELISA, and immunoblotting. Apple allergen genes present divergent expression across apple cultivars. Expression of the Mal d 1.06A correlates with the Mal d 1 level and is affected by the cultivation method and maturity of the fruit. The content of the main allergen Mal d 1 varied widely across cultivars. Interestingly, in our study, the Gala variety presented a low Mal d 1 concentration regardless of the cultivation method. Based on the Mal d 1.06A expression, the Mal d 1 protein content, and the immunoreactivity assay, the Kandil Sinap, Kosztela, Rumianka from Alma-Ata, Kantówka Gdanska, Reinette Coulon, and Gala cultivars emerged as potentially hypoallergenic apple cultivars. Our study allowed distinguishing between potentially low, medium, and highly allergenic varieties.
Assuntos
Antígenos de Plantas/imunologia , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/imunologia , Malus/genética , Malus/imunologia , Proteínas de Plantas/imunologia , Antígenos de Plantas/genética , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Frutas/genética , Frutas/imunologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Humanos , Soros Imunes , Immunoblotting , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Análise de Componente PrincipalRESUMO
Routine diagnostic methods for allergies to plant-derived foods are based on skin prick test (SPT) with commercial extracts, prick-by-prick (PbP) with fresh food, serum-specific IgE measurement, and oral food challenge.We discuss the possibility and the advantages of performing, in patients with oral allergy syndrome (OAS) by fruit and vegetables (excluding nuts) PR-10 allergy, component-resolved diagnosis (CRD) by SPT and PbP with raw and cooked vegetables, rather than performing a CRD with in vitro tests by drawing blood.Based on our clinical experience and the studies published in the literature, we believe that, at least for the OAS by fruit and vegetables (excluding nuts) PR-10 allergy, the search for sensitizing allergens and related cross-reactive allergens with SPT and PbP can be performed routinely in clinical practice, even at the primary-care level.
Assuntos
Alérgenos/efeitos adversos , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/diagnóstico , Frutas/efeitos adversos , Proteínas de Vegetais Comestíveis/efeitos adversos , Verduras/efeitos adversos , Alérgenos/administração & dosagem , Alérgenos/imunologia , Criança , Reações Cruzadas , Feminino , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/imunologia , Frutas/imunologia , Humanos , Proteínas de Vegetais Comestíveis/administração & dosagem , Proteínas de Vegetais Comestíveis/imunologia , Testes Cutâneos , Verduras/imunologiaRESUMO
The increased susceptibility of ripe fruit to fungal pathogens poses a substantial threat to crop production and marketability. Here, we coupled transcriptomic analyses with mutant studies to uncover critical processes associated with defense and susceptibility in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit. Using unripe and ripe fruit inoculated with three fungal pathogens, we identified common pathogen responses reliant on chitinases, WRKY transcription factors, and reactive oxygen species detoxification. We established that the magnitude and diversity of defense responses do not significantly impact the interaction outcome, as susceptible ripe fruit mounted a strong immune response to pathogen infection. Then, to distinguish features of ripening that may be responsible for susceptibility, we utilized non-ripening tomato mutants that displayed different susceptibility patterns to fungal infection. Based on transcriptional and hormone profiling, susceptible tomato genotypes had losses in the maintenance of cellular redox homeostasis, while jasmonic acid accumulation and signaling coincided with defense activation in resistant fruit. We identified and validated a susceptibility factor, pectate lyase (PL). CRISPR-based knockouts of PL, but not polygalacturonase (PG2a), reduced susceptibility of ripe fruit by >50%. This study suggests that targeting specific genes that promote susceptibility is a viable strategy to improve the resistance of tomato fruit against fungal disease.
Assuntos
Doenças das Plantas , Imunidade Vegetal , Solanum lycopersicum , Botrytis , Frutas/imunologia , Frutas/microbiologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Solanum lycopersicum/genética , Solanum lycopersicum/imunologia , Solanum lycopersicum/microbiologia , Doenças das Plantas/imunologia , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: A promising way to overcome the susceptibility of Vitis vinifera L. to fungal diseases is the integration of genetic resistance by the interspecific crossing between V. vinifera varieties and resistant species. However, the products of such hybrids are still not accepted by customers, particularly due to their organoleptic characteristics, not least influenced by their polyphenolic profile. RESULTS: A total of 58 resistant breeding lines, 41 from international programs and 17 new progeny individuals, were grown in one untreated vineyard to exclude any variances by climatic and pedologic conditions or vineyard practice. A total of 60 polyphenols (including acids, anthocyanins, flavonols, flavan-3-ols, and stilbenoids) were determined in grapevine berries by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in two consecutive years. The overall profiles were rather consistent (variation P > 0.05) within the two harvests, with the exceptions of epicatechin and caftaric acid. Anthocyanin diglucosides were found in ten of the red breeding lines, malvidin-3,5-O-diglucoside being predominant in nine of them. Total polyphenol content of the unknown progeny individuals and international breeding lines was comparable, with the exception of significantly increased amounts of gallic acid and some flavonoids. CONCLUSION: The comprehensive study reported herein of the polyphenolic profile of hybrids from international breeding programs, but also of new breeds from private initiatives, all cultivated in the same vineyard, will support the selection of promising candidates for further breeding programs to overcome impairment due to undesired sensory characteristics of new highly resistant varieties.
Assuntos
Frutas/química , Polifenóis/química , Vitis/genética , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Resistência à Doença , Frutas/genética , Frutas/imunologia , Frutas/microbiologia , Fungos/fisiologia , Hibridização Genética , Itália , Espectrometria de Massas , Melhoramento Vegetal , Doenças das Plantas/imunologia , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Vitis/química , Vitis/imunologia , Vitis/microbiologiaRESUMO
Food loss of fruit and vegetables caused by postharvest diseases is a major issue worldwide. The method used to prevent and control postharvest diseases is usually to use chemical fungicides, but long-term and large-scale use will make the pathogens resistant and potentially have a negative impact on human health and the ecological environment. Therefore, finding a safe and effective biological control method instead of chemical control is a hot research topic in recent years. Endophytes, colonizing plants asymptomatically, can promote the growth of the hosts and enhance their resistance. The use of endophytes as biological control agents for postharvest diseases of fruit and vegetables has attracted increasing attention in the last 20 years. Compared with chemical control, endophytes have the advantages of being more environmentally friendly, sustainable, and safer. However, there are relatively few relevant studies, so herein we summarize the available literature. This review focuses mainly on the recent progress of using endophytes to enhance the resistance of postharvest fruit and vegetables to diseases, with the emphasis on the possible mechanisms and the potential applications. Furthermore, this article suggests future areas for study using antagonistic endophytes to prevent and control fruit and vegetable postharvest diseases: (i) screening more potential broad-spectrum anti-pathogen endophytes and their metabolic active substances by the method of macrogenomics; (ii) elucidating the underlining molecular mechanism among endophytes, harvested vegetables and fruit, pathogens, and microbial communities; (iii) needing more application research to overcome the difficulties of commercialization practice. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Assuntos
Endófitos/fisiologia , Frutas/microbiologia , Doenças das Plantas/imunologia , Verduras/microbiologia , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Resistência à Doença , Endófitos/classificação , Endófitos/genética , Endófitos/isolamento & purificação , Frutas/química , Frutas/imunologia , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Doenças das Plantas/prevenção & controle , Verduras/química , Verduras/imunologiaRESUMO
Consumption of red raspberries has been reported to exert acute beneficial effects on postprandial glycemia, insulinemia, triglyceridemia, and cytokine levels in metabolically disturbed subjects. In a two-arm parallel-group, randomized, controlled trial, 59 subjects with overweight or abdominal obesity and with slight hyperinsulinemia or hypertriglyceridemia were randomized to consume 280 g/day of frozen raspberries or to maintain their usual diet for 8 weeks. Primary analyses measured metabolic differences between the groups. Secondary analyses performed with omics tools in the intervention group assessed blood gene expression and plasma metabolomic changes following the raspberry supplementation. The intervention did not significantly affect plasma insulin, glucose, inflammatory marker concentrations, nor blood pressure. Following the supplementation, 43 genes were differentially expressed, and several functional pathways were enriched, a major portion of which were involved in the regulation of cytotoxicity, immune cell trafficking, protein signal transduction, and interleukin production. In addition, 10 serum metabolites were found significantly altered, among which ß-alanine, trimethylamine N-oxide, and bioactive lipids. Although the supplementation had no meaningful metabolic effects, these results highlight the impact of a diet rich in raspberry on the immune function and phospholipid metabolism, thus providing novel insights into potential immune-metabolic pathways influenced by regular raspberry consumption.