Apply the Laws, if They are Good: Moral Evaluations Linearly Predict Whether Judges Should Enforce the Law.

What should judges do when faced with immoral laws? Should they apply them without exception, since "the law is the law?" Or can exceptions be made for grossly immoral laws, such as historically, Nazi law? Surveying laypeople (N = 167) and people with some legal training (N = 141) on these matters, we find a surprisingly strong, monotonic relationship between people's subjective moral evaluation of laws and their judgments that these laws should be applied in concrete cases. This tendency is most pronounced among individuals who endorse natural law (i.e., the legal-philosophical view that immoral laws are not valid laws at all), and is attenuated when disagreement about the moral status of a law is considered reasonable. The relationship is equally strong for laypeople and for those with legal training. We situate our findings within the broader context of morality's influence on legal reasoning that experimental jurisprudence has uncovered in recent years, and consider normative implications.

Mediation: Common Practices and Ethical Boundaries.

This true story of a mediation in a personal injury lawsuit describes a sequence of events and fairly common practices that raise significant questions about mediation ethics as well as attorney ethics.

Ruta de trabajo para adecuación de la normativa técnica, Ley Crecer Juntos / Work route for adaptation of the technical regulations, Grow Together Law

El objetivo de la ruta es establecer las pautas formales, respecto a la atención integral en salud en las niñas, niños y adolescentes, ayudando a optimizar las acciones, disminuir costos, incrementar la satisfacción de los usuarios, así como mejorar la productividad y competitividad del personal de salud. En razón de lo anterior presentamos la ruta de trabajo, para la adecuación de la normativa técnica, producto del trabajo de las diferentes dependencias vinculadas directa e indirectamente a la atención en salud a niñas, niños y adolescentes

The objective of the route is to establish formal guidelines regarding comprehensive health care in the girls, boys and adolescents, helping to optimize actions, reduce costs, increase user satisfaction, as well as improving the productivity and competitiveness of health personnel. Due to the above, we present the work route, for the adaptation of the technical regulations, product of the work of the different agencies linked directly and indirectly to care in health for girls, boys and adolescents

Atención de parto respetado en Venezuela: fundamentos legales / Respected Childbirth Care in Venezuela: Legal Foundations

El parto humanizado es un modelo de atención que considera el respeto a las opiniones y necesidades de las mujeres y sus familias, e incluye la atención durante el embarazo, parto, puerperio y, por supuesto, la atención del recién nacido. En Venezuela, existe legislación suficiente que respalda la atención del parto humanizado o respetado, sin embargo, la misma no es conocida por gran parte del personal de salud involucrado en la atención obstétrica. Es necesario que tal legislación se conozca ampliamente y se aplique. La presente revisión se realizó con la intención de revisar los fundamentos legales que respaldan la atención del parto respetado(AU)

Humanized childbirth is a model of care that considers respect for the opinions and needs of women and their families, and includes care during pregnancy, childbirth, puerperium and, of course, newborn care. In Venezuela, there is sufficient legislation that supports humanized or respected childbirth care, however, it is not known by a large part of the health personnel involved in obstetric care. Such legislation needs to be widely known and implemented. This review was conducted with the intention of reviewing the legal foundations that support respected childbirth care(AU)

Sieyès's Constitutional Jury, the Pennsylvania Council of Censors, and the Debate on the Conservative Power in the French Revolution.

Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès's 1795 proposal for a Constitutional Jury is usually portrayed as the first proposal for an institution to control the constitutionality of laws, and thus the ancestor of the modern constitutional court. Challenging this view, this article resituates the Constitutional Jury in a broader transatlantic tradition concerned with creating a conservative power, a non-judicial and explicitly political constitutional guardian, and demonstrates the influence of the 1776 Pennsylvania Council of Censors on Sieyès's Constitutional Jury. Drawing upon the insights provided by this tradition, it then reevaluates the history of constitutionalism and the contemporary crisis of constitutional guardianship.

Línea de base sobre los mecanismos e instrumentos de los países andinos para homologación o reconocimiento de los títulos de medicina, enfermería, odontología, matronería y/o partería / Baseline on the mechanisms and instruments of Andean countries for homologation or recognition of medical, nursing, midwifery and/or patería

El propósito general de este manuscrito es generar la línea base sobre los mecanismos e instrumentos que se encuentran normados en los países andinos para homologación, o reconocimiento de los títulos de Medicina, Enfermería, Odontología, Matronería y/o partería, que determinan o influyen en los desplazamientos migratorios de los profesionales de salud de estos países, en especial a las áreas de medicina y enfermería.

Between medicine, humanities and the law: compiling a living archive of assisted dying.

Stories about personal experiences of assisted dying, a term comprising both instances when a lethal substance is administered by a physician or by the patient themselves, are frequently cited in law-making processes. These experiences of healthcare systems and the laws governing end-of-life procedures thereby interactively influence the future of medicine at the deathbed. With more countries legalising some form of assisted dying or opening political debate about the issue, addressing how these personal stories shape public opinions and social institutions is timely. In this current controversy, we question how medical humanities researchers are to make sense of the role of these stories in law-making, and critically reflect on a digital archive that seeks to make these interconnections visible. At the methodological level, the reciprocal interactions in assisted dying between medicine, law and the arts urges us to reconsider the conceptual foundations of interdisciplinary research in the medical humanities.

Sophie de Grouchy's Political Thought in the Letters on Sympathy (1798).

This article proposes a reading of Sophie de Grouchy's moral, political, and economic thought as embedded in the tradition of natural jurisprudence, adapted to the context of the French First Republic. A close reading of her French translation of Adam Smith's Theory of Moral Sentiment and her eight Letters on Sympathy confirms that there are points to be made by reading her works in the context of the language of early modern natural law. This sheds light on the important question of how to read revolutionary republicanism emanating from multiple traditions other than the neo-Roman discourse of non-domination.

The Real Impact of the Alabama Supreme Court Decision in LePage v Center for Reproductive Medicine.

This Viewpoint breaks down the myriad ways the Alabama Supreme Court decision to declare frozen embryos as legal equivalents to children harms the health of mothers and fetuses, limits reproductive decision-making based on genetics and out-of-reach costs, and impedes research.

Ruta de trabajo para adecuación de servicios de salud enmarcada en la Ley Crecer Juntos para la Protección Integral de la Primera Infancia, Niñez y Adolescencia / Work route for the adaptation of health services framed in the Grow Together Law for the Comprehensive Protection of Early Childhood, Children and Adolescence

El objetivo de la ruta es establecer las pautas formales, respecto a la atención integral en salud durante los periodos preconcepcional, prenatal, perinatal, posparto, neonatal, pediátrico y adolescencia; ayudando a optimizar las acciones, disminuir costos, incrementar la satisfacción de los usuarios, así como mejorar la productividad y competitividad del personal de salud. En razón de lo anterior, se presenta a continuación la Ruta de trabajo para la adecuación de los servicios de salud, producto del trabajo de las diferentes dependencias vinculadas directa e indirectamente en la atención en salud a niñas, niños, adolescentes y las mujeres embarazadas

The objective of the route is to establish formal guidelines regarding comprehensive health care during the preconception, prenatal, perinatal, postpartum, neonatal, pediatric and adolescence periods; helping to optimize actions, reduce costs, increase user satisfaction, as well as improve the productivity and competitiveness of health personnel. Due to the above, the work route for the adaptation of health services is presented below, as a result of the work of the different agencies directly and indirectly linked to health care for girls, boys, adolescents and pregnant women

Litígios no Brasil: Provadores de Cigarro

No Rio de Janeiro, o Ministério Público do Trabalho propôs ação civil pública em 2003 a partir de ação individual movida por um ex-empregado da Souza Cruz que cobrou na Justiça indenização por problemas de saúde decorrentes de vários anos no "painel sensorial" A 15ª Vara do Trabalho do Rio de Janeiro condenou a empresa a deixar de contratar os provadores, a prestar-lhes assistência médica por 30 anos e a pagar indenização por danos morais difusos e coletivos. A condenação foi mantida pelo Tribunal Regional do Trabalho do Rio de Janeiro.

Technology Access and Perceptions of Telehealth Services Among Young Adults Involved in the Court System.

PURPOSE: This study examined access to technology and telehealth among young adults (ages 18-24) who were court-involved and were recruited from an alternative sentencing program in New York City. METHODS: Using sequential mixed methods design, we examined demographic factors linked with access to technology and perceived usefulness of the Internet among n = 321 young adults who were court-involved (75% male, 65% African American, 35% Latinx). We then conducted in-depth interviews with 27 young adults to elicit first-person account of their access to, interest in, and experience with technology and telehealth. RESULTS: Although most participants had access to a phone with a data plan, a substantial proportion reported inconsistent access to the technology critical to telehealth. Certain young adults were more likely to lack consistent access to the technology needed for telehealth, including Black young adults, males, those with less than a high school diploma, those with a history of homelessness, and those who had difficulties paying for basic necessities. Qualitative interviews revealed that most had a strong self-efficacy using technology, while distrust of technology, inexperience with and skepticism of telehealth, low perceived need for care, and medical mistrust were common significant barriers in this underserved population. DISCUSSION: Findings underscored the critical need to address medical mistrust and increase access to and utilization of care among young adults who are court-involved. Results can inform the development and implementation of interventions designed to improve accessibility and acceptability of telehealth.

Mass Probation: Effects of Sentencing Severity on Mental Health for Black and White Individuals.

BACKGROUND: Incarceration is associated with negative impacts on mental health. Probation, a form of community supervision, has been lauded as an alternative. However, the effect of probation versus incarceration on mental health is unclear. Our objective was to estimate the impact on mental health of reducing sentencing severity at individuals' first adult criminal-legal encounter. METHODS: We used the US National Longitudinal Survey on Youth 1997, a nationally representative dataset of youth followed into their mid-thirties. Restricting to those with an adult encounter (arrest, charge alone or no sentence, probation, incarceration), we used parametric g-computation to estimate the difference in mental health at age 30 (Mental Health Inventory-5) if (1) everyone who received incarceration for their first encounter had received probation and (2) everyone who received probation had received no sentence. RESULTS: Among 1835 individuals with adult encounters, 19% were non-Hispanic Black and 65% were non-Hispanic White. Median age at first encounter was 20. Under hypothetical interventions to reduce sentencing, we did not see better mental health overall (Intervention 1, incarceration to probation: RD = -0.01; CI = -0.02, 0.01; Intervention 2, probation to no sentence: RD = 0.00; CI = -0.01, 0.01) or when stratified by race. CONCLUSION: Among those with criminal-legal encounters, hypothetical interventions to reduce sentencing, including incremental sentencing reductions, were not associated with improved mental health. Future work should consider the effects of preventing individuals' first criminal-legal encounter.

Vivências de pais de pessoas com deficiência intelectual relacionadas à inclusão no trabalho / Experiences of parents of people with intellectual disabilities regarding their inclusion at work / Experiencias de padres de personas con discapacidad intelectual sobre inclusión laboral

A inclusão social de pessoas com deficiência intelectual (DI) vem ganhando destaque no Brasil, devido ao advento da Lei de Inclusão (13.146/2015) e de metodologias sociais como o Emprego Apoiado. Este estudo buscou compreender as concepções parentais a respeito da carreira profissional de seus filhos com DI. Participaram 10 casais de mães e pais de pessoas com DI de diferentes faixas etárias. O método foi qualitativo fenomenológico, com recurso de narrativas compreensivas. Quatro eixos estruturantes foram identificados: (a) condições estruturais que impactam a inclusão; (b) percepções e sentimentos a respeito da DI; (c) inclusão: uma corrida de obstáculos permanentes?; e (d) protagonismo familiar. Esses tópicos foram discutidos à luz do paradigma dos estigmas e da teoria de justificação do sistema. Foram descritos fatores que dificultam a inclusão, como contexto de trabalho individualista e competitivo, restrição de oportunidades profissionais, superproteção, falsa consciência, descrença implícita na mudança ou superação e ambiguidades quanto às reais possibilidades dos filhos. Evidenciou-se a importância do apoio, ainda que este não esteja livre de estruturas estigmatizantes, e também a centralidade da condição de pais de pessoas com DI como noção de identidade, elementos que dificultam sua ação como coadjuvantes na vida dos filhos. O contexto profissional foi reconhecido como ambiente de maior inclusão vivida, apesar das dificuldades. Ressalta-se a necessidade de orientação de familiares para um novo olhar a respeito das condições e potenciais de seus filhos, bem como do aprimoramento de políticas públicas em prol de uma sociedade mais inclusiva.(AU)

The inclusion of people with intellectual disabilities (ID) has been gaining prominence due to the advent of the Brazilian Inclusion Law (13.146/2015) and social methodologies such as supported employment. This study aimed to understand the view parents have regarding the professional career of their children with ID. Overall, 10 couples, mothers, and fathers of people with ID from different age groups participated in this study. A qualitative phenomenological method using comprehensive narratives was chosen. This study found four structuring axes: (a) structural conditions that affect inclusion; (b) perceptions and feelings about ID; (c) inclusion: a permanent obstacle course; and (d) families' leading role. The paradigm of stigmas and system justification theory were the references to discuss those topics. This study describes the factors that hinder inclusion, such as individualistic and competitive work contexts, restriction of professional opportunities, overprotection, false awareness, implicit disbelief in changing or overcoming difficulties, and ambiguities regarding the sons' and daughters' real possibilities. It is highlighted both the importance of support (even if it tied to stigmatizing structures) and the centrality of the condition of parents of people with ID as a notion of identity, elements that make it difficult for them to act as supporting actors in their sons' and daughters' lives. The work context constituted an environment of greater inclusion, despite difficulties. In conclusion, this study found an emphatic need for family members to have a new look at the conditions and potential of their children, as well as for the improvement of public policies in favor of a more inclusive society.(AU)

La inclusión social de personas con discapacidad intelectual (DI) viene ganando protagonismo debido al advenimiento de la Ley de Inclusión brasileña (13.146/2015) y de metodologías sociales como el Empleo con Apoyo. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo comprender las concepciones que los padres tienen sobre la carrera profesional de sus hijos con DI. Participaron 10 parejas, madres y padres de personas con DI de diferentes grupos de edad. El método fue cualitativo fenomenológico, utilizando narrativas comprensivas. Se identificaron cuatro ejes estructurantes: (a) condiciones estructurales que inciden en la inclusión; (b) percepciones y sentimientos sobre la DI; (c) ¿inclusión: una carrera de obstáculos permanentes?; y (d) protagonismo familiar. Estos temas se discutieron a la luz del paradigma de los estigmas y de la teoría de la justificación del sistema. Se describieron factores que dificultan la inclusión, como un contexto de trabajo individualista y competitivo, la restricción de oportunidades profesionales, la sobreprotección, la falsa conciencia, la incredulidad implícita en cambiar o superar las dificultades y las ambigüedades sobre las posibilidades reales de los hijos. Se destacó la importancia del apoyo, aunque no exento de estructuras estigmatizantes, y también la centralidad de la condición de padres de personas con DI como la noción de identidad, elementos que les dificultan actuar como actores secundarios en la vida de los hijos. El contexto profesional fue reconocido como un ambiente de mayor inclusión a pesar de las dificultades. Se concluye con el énfasis en la necesidad de que los familiares tengan una nueva mirada sobre las condiciones y potencialidades de sus hijos, así como la mejora de las políticas públicas a favor de una sociedad más inclusiva.(AU)

La conversación heurística en la enseñanza aprendizaje de leyes y principios de la dialéctica materialista / Heuristic Conversation in the Teaching-Learning of the Laws and Principles of Materialistic Dialectics

Introducción: La formación general de los profesionales, y para el nuevo paradigma social de la medicina, demanda la participación activa de los estudiantes en el aprendizaje de la filosofía marxista. Esta actividad les resulta difícil y poco significativa una vez que se inician en el nivel superior. La conversación heurística contribuye a la enseñanza de la filosofía marxista. Objetivo: Diseñar procedimientos didácticos que condicionan el desarrollo de la conversación heurística en la enseñanza aprendizaje de leyes y principios de la dialéctica materialista. Desarrollo: La psicología marxista de enfoque histórico cultural y la didáctica de la educación superior contemporánea fundamentan el aprendizaje desarrollador con la conversación heurística. Este tipo de conversación determina el aumento de capacidades para abordar el nivel superior en los estudiantes de primer año. La estrategia didáctica promueve procedimientos para que estos estudiantes descubran el significado de las leyes y los principios, y para que los momentos regresivos en el desarrollo social y su diferencia con el desarrollo biológico revelen las manifestaciones en el pensamiento y el diagnóstico médico hermenéutico. Conclusiones: Los procedimientos diseñados muestran la conversación heurística en la práctica pedagógica para un aprendizaje significativo de leyes y principios, la cual favorece el desarrollo de las capacidades para afrontar el nivel superior, e implica la apropiación de un método científico para la interpretación de la realidad y el fundamento de la práctica médica en su paradigma social(AU)

Introduction: The general training of professionals, and for the new social paradigm of medicine, demands the active participation of students in learning Marxist philosophy. This activity is difficult and not very meaningful to them once they start at the higher level. Heuristic conversation contributes to the teaching of Marxist philosophy. Objective: To design didactic procedures that condition the development of heuristic conversation in the teaching-learning of laws and principles of materialist dialectics. Development: Marxist psychology of a cultural-historical approach and contemporary higher education didactics make up the foundations of developmental learning through heuristic conversation. This type of conversation determines the increase of skills to approach the higher level in first-academic-year students. The didactic strategy promotes procedures for these students to discover the meaning of laws and principles, as well as for regressive moments in social development and their difference with respect to biological development to reveal manifestations in hermeneutic medical thinking and diagnosis. Conclusions: The designed procedures show heuristic conversation in the pedagogical practice for a meaningful learning of laws and principles, favoring the development of skills to face the higher level, and implies the appropriation of a scientific method for the interpretation of reality and the foundation of medical practice in its social paradigm(AU)

Reconceituação da jornada de trabalho semanal de médicos especialistas no SUS: perspectiva histórico-cultural de estudo de caso / Reconceptualization of the weekly work hours for specialist physicians in the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS): a historical-cultural case study

A escassez e a má distribuição geográfica de médicos no país (Stralen et al., 2017; Póvoa; Andrade, 2006; Scheffer et al., 2023), sua tradição de autonomia com múltiplos vínculos como profissionais liberais (Greer, 2008; Luiz; Bahia, 2009; Ney; Rodrigues; 2012) e os baixos salários praticados no setor público (Brasil, 1961, 2008b) estabeleceram uma realidade de disseminada inobservância ao cumprimento da jornada de trabalho definida pela nova legislação do Sistema Único de Saúde (Brasil, 1988, 1991, 2000, 2008a), gerando insegurança jurídica a gestores e médicos, com potenciais prejuízos na qualidade assistencial e na saúde ocupacional desses profissionais. A presente tese, na forma de três artigos, busca descrever e analisar esse cenário nacional, trazendo o estudo de caso de uma experiência municipal de nova legislação trabalhista (Praia Grande, 2015a) criada para o enfrentamento do problema. Em um primeiro artigo, investiga-se 20 anos de decisões exaradas nas bases informatizadas públicas dos Tribunais de Contas Estaduais das diversas regiões brasileiras, verificando-se que a adoção de medidas coercitivas ao descumprimento de jornada de trabalho médica no SUS está associada à formas de contratação irregular sem concurso público (p < 0,001), menor relação per capita de médicos (p = 0,003), menor porte populacional (p = 0,02) e distância dos centros urbanos da região sudeste do país (p < 0,0001). No segundo artigo, descreve-se os resultados de uma pesquisa etnográfica a usuários, gestores e trabalhadores do município objeto de estudo (Praia Grande, 2015b) colhendo-se, em 1012 min de entrevistas, a percepção dos atores sociais presentes na comunidade a respeito da nova legislação municipal (Praia Grande, 2015a). Finalmente, no terceiro artigo, analisa-se o cenário de contradição em âmbito nacional à luz da Teoria Histórico Cultural da Atividade (Leontiev, 1978) e apresenta o ciclo expansivo de reconceptualização da jornada de trabalho do ambulatório de especialidades médicas do município de Praia Grande/SP, sob a perspectiva da Teoria da Aprendizagem Expansiva (Engeström, 1987) e do modelo teórico-metodológico de Zona de Desenvolvimento Proximal (Engeström, 1987; Vygotsky, 1978)

The scarcity and uneven geographic distribution of physicians in the country (Stralen et al., 2017; Póvoa; Andrade, 2006; Scheffer et al., 2023), their tradition of autonomy with multiple professional affiliations as independent practitioners (Greer, 2008; Luiz; Bahia, 2009; Ney; Rodrigues; 2012), and the low salaries practiced in the public sector (Brazil, 1961, 2008b) have created a reality of widespread non-compliance with the work schedule defined by the new legislation of the Brazilian Unified Health System (Brazil, 1988, 1991, 2000, 2008a), leading to legal uncertainty for both managers and physicians, with potential implications for the quality of care and occupational health of these professionals. This thesis, in the form of three articles, aims to describe and analyze this national scenario, presenting a case study of a municipal experience with new labor legislation (Praia Grande, 2015a) designed to address the issue. In the first article, a 20-year investigation of decisions recorded in the public computerized databases of State Audit Courts across Brazilian regions is conducted. It is observed that the adoption of coercive measures against the non-compliance with medical work day in SUS is associated with forms of irregular hiring without public tender (p < 0.001), lower per capita physician ratios (p = 0.003), smaller population size (p = 0.02), and distance from urban centers in the Southeast region of the country (p < 0.0001). The second article presents the advantages and disadvantages identified in an ethnographic study of a municipal experience (Praia Grande, 2015b), which led to the retention of professionals and diversification of the offering of specialized medical services, receiving favorable feedback from the involved community. Finally, in the third article, the national contradictory scenario is analyzed in the light of the Cultural-Historical Activity Theory (Leontiev, 1978), and the expansive cycle of reconceptualization of the work schedule for the medical specialties outpatient clinic in the city of Praia Grande/SP is examined from the perspective of the Expansive Learning Theory (Engeström, 1987) and the theoretical-methodological model of the Zone of Proximal Development (Engeström, 1987; Vygotsky, 1978).

INCA edita nota pública contra “PL do Veneno”, que incentiva uso de agrotóxicos no Brasil

O Projeto de Lei 1.459, de 2022, que reduz as competências de órgãos fiscalizadores e flexibiliza o registro de produtos (agrotóxicos) mutagênicos, cancerígenos, teratogênicos e tóxicos para o sistema reprodutivo, foi aprovado pelo Senado no início do mês e seguiu para sanção presidente Lula da Silva. A aprovação pelo Senado ignorou consulta pública na qual 80% dos respondentes votaram contra o PL. A oposição do INCA ao PL do Veneno não é de agora, como o destaca a nota pública do Instituto: “Em 2015, o INCA publicou o seu primeiro posicionamento acerca dos agrotóxicos, ressaltando os impactos nocivos à saúde humana e ambiental decorrentes da exposição a esse contaminante químico. Na ocasião, recomendou a redução gradativa do seu uso até a sua eliminação por completo, bem como apoiou e incentivou a agricultura agroecológica, para a promoção da saúde e prevenção do câncer na população do campo e da cidade. Em 2018, manifestou-se oportunamente contrário ao PL 6.299/2002, destacando os problemas relacionados ao afrouxamento do processo de registros dos agrotóxicos no País para a saúde humana.”

Beyond Roe: Implications for End-of-Life Decision-Making During Pregnancy.

The end of Roe v. Wade has significant implications for the autonomy of pregnant patients at the end of life. At least thirty states restrict the choice to withhold/withdraw life-sustaining treatments from pregnant patients without decisional capacity, invalidating prior advance directives and prohibiting others from choosing these options for the patient. Many restrictions are based on the Roe framework, applying after "viability" or similar considerations of fetal development or prospect for live birth. Scholars have also relied on the abortion framework, arguing that the restrictions impose an undue burden. The end of Roe will free states from having to craft limited restrictions designed to work around prior abortion jurisprudence. Similarly, advocates will no longer be able to draw support from the abortion framework, forcing them to rely instead on cases supporting rights to autonomy/bodily integrity in medical decision-making.