Assuntos
Bexaroteno , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-ret , Humanos , Bexaroteno/uso terapêutico , Bexaroteno/farmacologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-ret/genética , Pirazóis/uso terapêutico , Mielofibrose Primária/tratamento farmacológico , Mielofibrose Primária/genética , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Tetra-Hidronaftalenos/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/genética , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Mutação , Piridinas/uso terapêutico , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-met/genética , Aprovação de Drogas , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/tratamento farmacológico , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/genética , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/patologia , Pirimidinas/uso terapêutico , Morfolinas/uso terapêutico , Tiazóis/uso terapêutico , Tiazóis/farmacologia , Éxons , BenzamidasRESUMO
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection is linked to the development of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and the neuroinflammatory disease, HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The HTLV-1 Tax oncoprotein regulates viral gene expression and persistently activates NF-κB to maintain the viability of HTLV-1-infected T cells. Here, we utilize a kinome-wide shRNA screen to identify the tyrosine kinase KDR as an essential survival factor of HTLV-1-transformed cells. Inhibition of KDR specifically induces apoptosis of Tax expressing HTLV-1-transformed cell lines and CD4 + T cells from HAM/TSP patients. Furthermore, inhibition of KDR triggers the autophagic degradation of Tax resulting in impaired NF-κB activation and diminished viral transmission in co-culture assays. Tax induces the expression of KDR, forms a complex with KDR, and is phosphorylated by KDR. These findings suggest that Tax stability is dependent on KDR activity which could be exploited as a strategy to target Tax in HTLV-1-associated diseases.
Assuntos
Sobrevivência Celular , Produtos do Gene tax , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano , NF-kappa B , Paraparesia Espástica Tropical , Receptor 2 de Fatores de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular , Humanos , Produtos do Gene tax/metabolismo , Produtos do Gene tax/genética , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano/patogenicidade , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano/genética , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano/fisiologia , Receptor 2 de Fatores de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo , Receptor 2 de Fatores de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/genética , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Paraparesia Espástica Tropical/virologia , Paraparesia Espástica Tropical/metabolismo , Apoptose , Infecções por HTLV-I/virologia , Infecções por HTLV-I/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/virologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Linfócitos T/virologia , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/virologia , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/metabolismo , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/genética , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/patologia , Fosforilação , Células HEK293RESUMO
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) occurs after human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) infection with a long latency period exceeding several decades. This implies the presence of immune evasion mechanisms for HTLV-1-infected T cells. Although ATL cells have a CD4+CD25+ phenotype similar to that of regulatory T cells (Tregs), they do not always possess the immunosuppressive functions of Tregs. Factors that impart effective immunosuppressive functions to HTLV-1-infected cells may exist. A previous study identified a new CD13+ Treg subpopulation with enhanced immunosuppressive activity. We, herein, describe the paired CD13- (designated as MT-50.1) and CD13+ (MT-50.4) HTLV-1-infected T-cell lines with Treg-like phenotype, derived from the peripheral blood of a single patient with lymphoma-type ATL. The cell lines were found to be derived from HTLV-1-infected non-leukemic cells. MT-50.4 cells secreted higher levels of immunosuppressive cytokines, IL-10 and TGF-ß, expressed higher levels of Foxp3, and showed stronger suppression of CD4+CD25- T cell proliferation than MT-50.1 cells. Furthermore, the CD13 inhibitor bestatin significantly attenuated MT-50.4 cell growth, while it did not for MT-50.1 cells. These findings suggest that CD13 expression may be involved in the increased Treg-like activity of MT-50.4 cells. Hence, MT-50.4 cells will be useful for in-depth studies of CD13+Foxp3+ HTLV-1-infected cells.
Assuntos
Antígenos CD13 , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto , Linfócitos T Reguladores , Humanos , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/metabolismo , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano/imunologia , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/imunologia , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/metabolismo , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/virologia , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/patologia , Antígenos CD13/metabolismo , Infecções por HTLV-I/imunologia , Infecções por HTLV-I/virologia , Linhagem CelularRESUMO
The Notch pathway is a key cancer driver and is important in tumor progression. Early research suggested that Notch activity was highly dependent on the expression of the intracellular cleaved domain of Notch-1 (NICD). However, recent insights into Notch signaling reveal the presence of Notch pathway signatures, which may vary depending on different cancer types and tumor microenvironments. Herein, we perform a comprehensive investigation of the Notch signaling pathway in adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) primary patient samples. Using gene arrays, we demonstrate that the Notch pathway is constitutively activated in ATL patient samples. Furthermore, the activation of Notch in ATL cells remains elevated irrespective of the presence of activating mutations in Notch itself or its repressor, FBXW7, and that ATL cells are dependent upon Notch-1 expression for proliferation and survival. We demonstrate that ATL cells exhibit the expression of pivotal Notch-related genes, including notch-1, hes1, c-myc, H19, and hes4, thereby defining a critical Notch signature associated with ATL disease. Finally, we demonstrate that lncRNA H19 is highly expressed in ATL patient samples and ATL cells and contributes to Notch signaling activation. Collectively, our results shed further light on the Notch pathway in ATL leukemia and reveal new therapeutic approaches to inhibit Notch activation in ATL cells.
Assuntos
Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto , MicroRNAs , RNA Longo não Codificante , Transdução de Sinais , Humanos , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/genética , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/metabolismo , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/patologia , MicroRNAs/genética , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , RNA Longo não Codificante/genética , RNA Longo não Codificante/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Receptor Notch1/metabolismo , Receptor Notch1/genética , Regulação Leucêmica da Expressão Gênica , Receptores Notch/metabolismo , Receptores Notch/genética , Proliferação de Células/genética , Proteína 7 com Repetições F-Box-WD/metabolismo , Proteína 7 com Repetições F-Box-WD/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , AdultoRESUMO
ABSTRACT: Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is a poor prognosis hematological malignancy originating from human T-cell leukemia virus 1 (HTLV-1)-infected CD4+ T cells. Flow cytometric plots of CADM1 and CD7 in CD4+ T cells are useful for separating HTLV-1-uninfected T cells and ATL cells. They are indicators of clonal evolution of HTLV-1-infected cells and disease progression of asymptomatic carriers or indolent ATL. However, the impacts of the plots on the clinical course or prognosis of ATL, especially in aggressive ATL, remain unclear. We focused on the N fraction (CD4+ CADM1+ CD7-) reflecting ATL cells and analyzed the flow cytometric profiles and clinical course of 497 samples from 92 HTLV-1-infected patients who were mainly aggressive ATL. The parameters based on N fractions showed significant correlations with known indicators of ATL disease status (soluble interleukin-2 receptor, lactate dehydrogenase, abnormal lymphocytes, etc.) and sensitively reflected the treatment response of aggressive ATL. The parameters based on N fractions significantly stratified the prognosis of aggressive ATL at 4 different time points: before treatment, after 1 course of chemotherapy, at the best response after chemotherapy, and before allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Even after mogamulizumab administration, which shows potent effects for peripheral blood lesions, the N fraction was still a useful indicator for prognostic estimation. In summary, this report shows that CADM1 vs CD7 plots in CD4+ T cells are useful indicators of the clinical course and prognosis of aggressive ATL. Therefore, this CADM1 and CD7 profile is suggested to be a useful prognostic indicator consistently from HTLV-1 carriers to aggressive ATL.
Assuntos
Antígenos CD7 , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos , Molécula 1 de Adesão Celular , Citometria de Fluxo , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto , Humanos , Molécula 1 de Adesão Celular/metabolismo , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/diagnóstico , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/mortalidade , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/tratamento farmacológico , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/patologia , Prognóstico , Antígenos CD7/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano , IdosoRESUMO
Epigenetic modifications, particularly through methylation of DNA packaging histones, play a pivotal role in controlling gene expression. Aberrant patterns of histone methylation have been associated with the development and progression of hematological malignancies. Unraveling the impact of aberrant histone marks on gene expression and leukemogenesis has spurred a concerted effort to develop clinically effective epigenetic therapies. In malignancies associated with the accumulation of histone H3 lysine trimethylation (H3K27me3), one such intervention involves preventing the deposition of this repressive histone mark by inhibiting the histone-modifying enzymes EZH1 and EZH2. While inhibition of EZH1/2 has demonstrated efficacy in both preclinical studies and clinical trials in various cancers, studies delineating the dynamic effect of EZH1/2 inhibition on H3K27me3 and disease relapse in clinical samples are lacking. In a recent publication, Yamagishi et al. explore how responses of a patient with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma to valemetostat, an EZH1/2 inhibitor, are associated with changes in H3K27me3, chromatin accessibility and gene expression, and how these changes can be circumvented in relapsed disease.
Assuntos
Epigênese Genética , Histonas , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto , Animais , Humanos , Proteína Potenciadora do Homólogo 2 de Zeste/metabolismo , Proteína Potenciadora do Homólogo 2 de Zeste/genética , Histonas/metabolismo , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/genética , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/patologia , Complexo Repressor Polycomb 2/metabolismo , Complexo Repressor Polycomb 2/genéticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine the role of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) in pathogenesis of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and the effects of its inhibition on the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway. METHODS: Cell proliferation, viability, cycle, and apoptosis were analyzed using WST-8 assays, flow cytometry, and Hoechst 33342 staining. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in the anti-ATL effects of DHODH knockdown and inhibition, RT-PCR and immunoblotting were conducted. RESULTS: HTLV-1-infected T-cell lines aberrantly expressed DHODH. Viral infection and the oncoprotein, Tax, enhanced DHODH expression, while knockdown of DHODH decreased HTLV-1-infected T-cell growth. In addition, BAY2402234, a DHODH inhibitor, exerted an anti-proliferative effect, which was reversed by uridine supplementation. BAY2402234 induced DNA damage and S phase arrest by downregulating c-Myc, CDK2, and cyclin A and upregulating p53 and cyclin E. It also induced caspase-mediated apoptosis by the upregulation of pro-apoptotic and downregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins. Furthermore, BAY2402234 induced caspase-independent ferroptosis and necroptosis. It decreased phosphorylation of IKK, IκBα, PTEN, Akt, and its downstream targets, suggesting that inhibition of NF-κB and Akt signaling is involved in its anti-ATL action. CONCLUSION: These findings highlight DHODH as a potential therapeutic target for treating ATL.
Assuntos
Apoptose , Proliferação de Células , Di-Hidro-Orotato Desidrogenase , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto , Oxirredutases atuantes sobre Doadores de Grupo CH-CH , Humanos , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/tratamento farmacológico , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/etiologia , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/metabolismo , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/patologia , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/genética , Oxirredutases atuantes sobre Doadores de Grupo CH-CH/antagonistas & inibidores , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Pirimidinas/farmacologia , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , NF-kappa B/metabolismoRESUMO
N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2), which is a tumour suppressor, is frequently lost in many types of tumours, including adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATL). The downregulation of NDRG2 expression is involved in tumour progression through the aberrant phosphorylation of several important signalling molecules. We observed that the downregulation of NDRG2 induced the translocation of protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) from the nucleus to the cytoplasm via the increased phosphorylation of PRMT5 at Serine 335. In NDRG2low ATL, cytoplasmic PRMT5 enhanced HSP90A chaperone activity via arginine methylation, leading to tumour progression and the maintenance of oncogenic client proteins. Therefore, we examined whether the inhibition of PRMT5 activity is a drug target in NDRG2low tumours. The knockdown of PRMT5 and binding partner methylsome protein 50 (MEP50) expression significantly demonstrated the suppression of cell proliferation via the degradation of AKT and NEMO in NDRG2low ATL cells, whereas NDRG2-expressing cells did not impair the stability of client proteins. We suggest that the relationship between PRMT5/MEP50 and the downregulation of NDRG2 may exhibit a novel vulnerability and a therapeutic target. Treatment with the PRMT5-specific inhibitors CMP5 and HLCL61 was more sensitive in NDRG2low cancer cells than in NDRG2-expressing cells via the inhibition of HSP90 arginine methylation, along with the degradation of client proteins. Thus, interference with PRMT5 activity has become a feasible and effective strategy for promoting cancer vulnerability in NDRG2low ATL.
Assuntos
Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto , Linfoma , Neoplasias , Adulto , Humanos , Proteína-Arginina N-Metiltransferases/metabolismo , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/patologia , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismo , Arginina/metabolismo , Metilação , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/metabolismoRESUMO
Mogamulizumab (MOG) is an antibody targeting the CCR4 receptor, authorized for relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell (PTCL) and cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL). Its adoption in guidelines and endorsement by FDA and EMA established it as a systemic treatment, especially for advanced disease stages due to its comparatively lower toxicity. Clinical trials and real-world evidence have underscored its efficacy in advanced CTCLs, including mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome; PTCLs; and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), showcasing positive outcomes. Notably, the drug has demonstrated significant response rates, disease stability, and extended periods of progression-free survival, suggesting its applicability in cases with multiple treatment lines. Its safety profile is generally manageable, with adverse events (AEs) primarily related to the skin, infusion-related reactions, drug eruptions, autoimmune diseases, and skin disorders. The latter seem to appear as CCR4 can promote the skin-specific homing of lymphocytes, and MOG is directed against this receptor. While combination with immunostimulatory agents like interferon alpha and interleukin 12 has shown promising results, caution is urged when combining with PD1 inhibitors due to the heightened risk of immune-mediated AEs. The introduction of MOG as a systemic treatment implies a significant advancement in managing these diseases, supported by its favorable safety profile and complementary mechanisms.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto , Linfoma Cutâneo de Células T , Micose Fungoide , Síndrome de Sézary , Neoplasias Cutâneas , Adulto , Humanos , Linfoma Cutâneo de Células T/tratamento farmacológico , Micose Fungoide/patologia , Síndrome de Sézary/patologia , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/tratamento farmacológico , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/patologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/patologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a rare aggressive T-cell leukemia/lymphoma associated with human T lymphotropic virus type 1 infection. The patients might present with skin rash before, at, or after the diagnosis. The dermatopathologic finding might be diagnostically very challenging. METHODS: We retrospectively identified 110 patients with ATLL at a single institution in a 19-year period, with 19 patients having skin biopsies. Clinical, dermatopathologic, immunophenotypic, and molecular findings were studied. RESULTS: The cohort included 13 skin-first (5 acute, 5 lymphomatous, 2 chronic, 1 smoldering), 6 skin-second (4 acute, 1 lymphomatous, 1 smoldering), and 91 patients without skin biopsy. Some nonphotoprotected areas of body such as the forearm and lower lip were also seen. Skin manifestations included papular (5), erythroderma (1), nodulotumoral (3), plaques (1), patches (1), and a combination of skin rashes (2). Histopathologic findings included large pleomorphic cells, angiocentrism, epidermal infiltration with large Pautrier-like microabscesses, and folliculotropism. Fifteen (78.9%) cases showed CD4+/CD7-/CD25+. Next-generation sequencing study was conducted on 5 patients using either blood or bone marrow samples, revealing multiple genetic mutations across multiple signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS: Pleomorphic large, atypical cells with CD4+/CD25+/CD7- immunophenotype from a non-"bathing trunk" location, especially in a patient from endemic regions, raise suspicion for ATLL. T-cell receptor gene rearrangement is almost always positive, and the neoplasm usually demonstrates multiple mutations by next-generation sequencing study.
Assuntos
Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto , Linfoma , Neoplasias Cutâneas , Adulto , Humanos , Estados Unidos , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/patologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Centros de Atenção Terciária , Neoplasias Cutâneas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Cutâneas/genéticaRESUMO
ABSTRACT: Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is an aggressive T-cell malignancy with a poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Programmed cell death ligand 1(PD-L1) is recognized to be involved in the pathobiology of ATLL. However, what molecules control PD-L1 expression and whether genetic or pharmacological intervention might modify PD-L1 expression in ATLL cells are still unknown. To comprehend the regulatory mechanisms of PD-L1 expression in ATLL cells, we performed unbiased genome-wide clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) screening in this work. In ATLL cells, we discovered that the neddylation-associated genes NEDD8, NAE1, UBA3, and CUL3 negatively regulated PD-L1 expression, whereas STAT3 positively did so. We verified, in line with the genetic results, that treatment with the JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib or the neddylation pathway inhibitor pevonedistat resulted in a decrease in PD-L1 expression in ATLL cells or an increase in it, respectively. It is significant that these results held true regardless of whether ATLL cells had the PD-L1 3' structural variant, a known genetic anomaly that promotes PD-L1 overexpression in certain patients with primary ATLL. Pevonedistat alone showed cytotoxicity for ATLL cells, but compared with each single modality, pevonedistat improved the cytotoxic effects of the anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody avelumab and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells targeting PD-L1 in vitro. As a result, our work provided insight into a portion of the complex regulatory mechanisms governing PD-L1 expression in ATLL cells and demonstrated the in vitro preliminary preclinical efficacy of PD-L1-directed immunotherapies by using pevonedistat to upregulate PD-L1 in ATLL cells.
Assuntos
Ciclopentanos , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto , Linfoma , Pirimidinas , Adulto , Humanos , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/tratamento farmacológico , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/genética , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/patologia , Repetições Palindrômicas Curtas Agrupadas e Regularmente Espaçadas , Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , Linfoma/genéticaRESUMO
Ferroptosis, a regulated cell death dependent on iron, has garnered attention as a potential broad-spectrum anticancer approach in leukemia research. However, there has been limited ferroptosis research on ATL, an aggressive T-cell malignancy caused by HTLV-1 infection. Our study employs bioinformatic analysis, utilizing dataset GSE33615, to identify 46 ferroptosis-related DEGs and 26 autophagy-related DEGs in ATL cells. These DEGs are associated with various cellular responses, chemical stress, and iron-related pathways. Autophagy-related DEGs are linked to autophagy, apoptosis, NOD-like receptor signaling, TNF signaling, and the insulin resistance pathway. PPI network analysis revealed 10 hub genes and related biomolecules. Moreover, we predicted crucial miRNAs, transcription factors, and potential pharmacological compounds. We also screened the top 20 medications based on upregulated DEGs. In summary, our study establishes an innovative link between ATL treatment and ferroptosis, offering promising avenues for novel therapeutic strategies in ATL.
Assuntos
Ferroptose , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto , Linfoma , Adulto , Humanos , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/genética , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/patologia , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/terapia , Ferroptose/genética , Transcriptoma , Linfócitos T , FerroRESUMO
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is an aggressive T cell leukemia/lymphoma caused by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-1). Acadesine or 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside (AICAR) is an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator that was recently shown to have tumor suppressive effects on B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, but not ATL. This study evaluated the cytotoxic effects of AICAR on ATL-related cell lines and its anti-tumor activity. Here, we demonstrated that AICAR induced cell death via apoptosis and the mitochondrial membrane depolarization of ATL-related cell lines (S1T, MT-1, and MT-2) but not non-HTLV-1-infected Jurkat cells. However, AICAR did not increase the phosphorylation levels of AMPKα. In addition, AICAR increased the expression of the death receptors (DR) DR4 and DR5, and necroptosis-related proteins including phosphorylated receptor-interacting protein family members and the mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein. Interestingly, HTLV-1 Tax, an HTLV-1-encoded oncogenic factor, did not affect AICAR-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, AICAR inhibited the growth of human ATL tumor xenografts in NOD/SCID/gamma mice in vivo. Together, these results suggest that AICAR induces AMPK-independent cell death in ATL-related cell lines and has anti-tumor activity, indicating that it might be a therapeutic agent for ATL.
Assuntos
Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto , Camundongos , Adulto , Animais , Humanos , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/metabolismo , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/tratamento farmacológico , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/patologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Camundongos SCID , ApoptoseRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a poor prognosis malignancy of peripheral T-cells caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). The low survival rates observed in the patients are the result of the lack of sufficient knowledge about the disease pathogenesis. METHODS: In the present study, we first identified differentially expressed genes in ATLL patients and the cellular signaling pathways affected by them. Then, genes of these pathways were subjected to more comprehensive evaluations, including WGCNA and module validation studies on five external datasets. Finally, potential biomarkers were selected for qRT-PCR validation. RESULTS: Thirteen signaling pathways, including Apoptosis, Human T-cell leukemia virus 1 infection, IL-17 signaling pathway, pathways in cancer, T cell receptor signaling pathway, Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation, and seven others were selected for deeper investigations. Results of our in-depth bioinformatics evaluations, highlighted pathways related to regulation of immune responses, T-cell receptor and activation, regulation of cell signaling receptors and messengers, Wnt signaling pathway, and apoptosis as key players in ATLL pathogenesis. MAPK3, PIK3CD, KRAS, NFKB1, TNF, PLCB3, PLCB2, PLCB1, MAPK11, JUN, ITPR1, ADCY1, GNAQ, ADCY3, ADCY4, CHEK1, CCND1, SOS2, BAX, FOS and GNA12 were identified as possible biomarkers. Upregulation of ADCY1 and ADCY3 genes was confirmed via qRT-PCR. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we performed a deep bioinformatic examination on a limited set of genes with high probabilities of involvement in the pathogenesis of ATLL. Our results highlighted signaling pathways and genes with potential key roles in disease formation and resistance against current treatment strategies. Further studies are required to test the possible benefits of highlighted genes as biomarkers and targets of treatment.
Assuntos
Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto , Linfoma , Adulto , Humanos , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/genética , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/patologia , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano/genética , Transcriptoma , Receptores de Superfície Celular/genética , Biomarcadores/metabolismoRESUMO
Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). HTLV-1 carriers have a lifelong asymptomatic balance between infected cells and host antiviral immunity; however, 5-10% of carriers lose this balance and develop ATL. Coinfection with Strongyloides promotes ATL development, suggesting that the immunological status of infected individuals is a determinant of HTLV-1 pathogenicity. As CD4+ T cells play a central role in host immunity, the deregulation of their function and differentiation via HTLV-1 promotes the immune evasion of infected T cells. During ATL development, the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations in key host immunity-related genes further disturbs the immunological balance. Various approaches are available for treating these abnormalities; however, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is currently the only treatment with the potential to cure ATL. The patient's immune state may contribute to the treatment outcome. Additionally, the activity of the anti-CC chemokine receptor 4 antibody, mogamulizumab, depends on immune function, including antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the immunopathogenesis of HTLV-1 infection in ATL and discuss the clinical findings that should be considered when developing treatment strategies for ATL.
Assuntos
Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto , Linfoma , Adulto , Humanos , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano/genética , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/patologia , Linfócitos T CD4-PositivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is a lymphoid malignancy caused by HTLV-1 infection, with distinct geographical distribution. Despite advances in cancer treatment, the average survival rate of ATL is low. Conferone is a natural coumarin extracted from Ferula species with a wide range of pharmaceutical effects. In search for a novel chemotherapeutic agent, we investigated the cytotoxicity of conferone on ATL cells. METHODS: To obtain conferone, the methanolic extract of the roots of F. flabelliloba was subjected to silica gel column chromatography, followed by 1H- and 13C-NMR to confirm its structure. For cytotoxicity assay, MT-2 cells were treated with different concentrations of conferone (2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 40 µM) for 24, 48, and 72 h, and viability was evaluated by a colorimetric assay using alamarBlue. Cell cycle was analyzed by PI staining and flow cytometry, and qPCR was used to study the expression of candidate genes. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Obtained findings indicated that conferone induced considerable cytotoxic effects on MT-2 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. In addition, accumulation of cells in the sub-G1 phase of the cell cycle was detected upon conferone administration. Moreover, conferone reduced the expression of CDK6, c-MYC, CFLIPL, and NF-κB (Rel-A) in MT-2 cells. Accordingly, conferone could be considered as a potent agent against ATL, although complementary investigations are required to define more precisely its mechanism of action.
Assuntos
Ferula , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto , Linfoma , Adulto , Humanos , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/tratamento farmacológico , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/patologia , Cumarínicos/farmacologia , Cumarínicos/uso terapêutico , NF-kappa BRESUMO
Adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATL) is a highly aggressive peripheral T-cell neoplasm caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection occurring in approximately 5% of patients after prolonged latent period. ATL relapses within a short period despite its transient response to multiagent chemotherapy and the prognosis is extremely poor due to anticancer drug resistance and immunodeficiency. Although novel agents with different mechanisms, such as molecular targeted agents, have improved the prognosis, the number of cured patients remains limited. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation resulted in long-term remission, whereas its indication is limited due to treatment-related mortality. As most ATL patients are of advanced age, development of a lesser toxic treatment is necessary. Therefore, we developed a novel therapeutic dendritic cell vaccine targeting the HTLV-1 Tax antigen. The safety profile has been confirmed in a pilot and phase I clinical studies, and a promising long-term clinical efficacy has also been obtained. This novel vaccine is a noninvasive, long-lasting therapy for ATL and can potentially be extended to different applications for low-grade ATL and high-risk HTLV-1 carriers.
Assuntos
Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto , Adulto , Humanos , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/terapia , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/patologia , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos , Células Dendríticas , Imunoterapia Ativa , Produtos do Gene taxRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Human lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the cause of two major diseases, ATLL and HAM/TSP in a percentage of carriers. Despite progress in understanding the pathogenesis of these two diseases, the exact pathogenesis mechanism is still not well understood. High-throughput technologies have revolutionized medical research. This study aims to investigate the mechanism of pathogenesis of these two diseases using the results of high-throughput analysis of microarray datasets. RESULTS: A total of 100 differentially expressed genes were found between ATLL and HAM/TSP. After constructing protein-protein network and further analyzing, proteins including ATM, CD8, CXCR4, PIK3R1 and CD2 were found as the hub ones between ATLL and HAM/TSP. Finding the modules of the subnetwork revealed the enrichment of two common pathways including FOXO signaling pathway and Cell cycle with two common genes including ATM and CDKN2D. Unlike ATLL, ATM gene had higher expressions in HAM/TSP patients. The expression of CDKN2D was increased in ATLL patients. The results of this study could be helpful for understanding the pathogenic mechanism of these two diseases in the same signaling pathways.
Assuntos
Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto , Paraparesia Espástica Tropical , Humanos , Paraparesia Espástica Tropical/patologia , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/patologia , Análise em Microsséries , Transdução de Sinais/genéticaRESUMO
Small RNAs (sRNAs) are epigenetic regulators of essential biological processes associated with the development and progression of leukemias, including adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) caused by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), an oncogenic human retrovirus originally discovered in a patient with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Here, we describe the sRNA profile of a 30-year-old woman with ATLL at the time of diagnosis and after maintenance therapy with the aim of correlating expression levels with response to therapy.