Exploring How Generating Metaphor Via Insight Versus Analysis Affects Metaphor Quality and Learning Outcomes.

Metaphor generation is both a creative act and a means of learning. When learning a new concept, people often create a metaphor to connect the new concept to existing knowledge. Does the manner in which people generate a metaphor, via sudden insight (Aha! moment) or deliberate analysis, influence the quality of generation and subsequent learning outcomes? According to some research, deliberate processing enhances knowledge retention; hence, generation via analysis likely leads to better concept learning. However, other research has shown that solutions generated via insight are better remembered. In the current study, participants were presented with science concepts and descriptions, then generated metaphors for the concepts. They also indicated how they generated each metaphor and rated their metaphor for novelty and aptness. We assessed participants' learning outcomes with a memory test and evaluated the creative quality of the metaphors based on self- and crowd-sourced ratings. Consistent with the deliberate processing benefit, participants became more familiar with the target science concept if they previously generated a metaphor for the concept via analysis compared to via insight. We also found that metaphors generated via analysis did not differ from metaphors generated via insight in quality (aptness or novelty) nor in how well they were remembered. However, participants' self-evaluations of metaphors generated via insight showed more agreement with independent raters, suggesting the role of insight in modulating the creative ideation process. These preliminary findings have implications for understanding the nature of insight during idea generation and its impact on learning.

Exploring mothers' metaphorical sensemaking of dyslexia.

Through a reflexive thematic analysis of a large online support group for dyslexia and a sensemaking lens, this study investigated how mothers made sense of their child's dyslexia through metaphors. Mothers used metaphors to characterise their feelings surrounding dyslexia, their school-based interactions and their identity as advocates. The language mothers use offers a generative, textured way to understand the lived experiences of supporting a child with learning differences. Whilst mothers articulated much frustration and anger, they also voiced encouragement, advice-giving, empathy and hope, illustrating how their sense of agency was both threatened and empowered by the experience of having a child with dyslexia. There is much mothers must process, understand and navigate surrounding their child's dyslexia and the findings underscore the need for early school-based screening, support and intervention.

How pupils of different ages perceive menus denoting metaphorical and metonymic expressions: Insights from eye-tracking.

The "embodied" position on language comprehension proposes that metaphor or metonymy understanding can be represented in a distributed network based on previous sensorimotor experience. The current study attempted to investigate how children understood metaphor and metonymy in the context of daily diet that provided rich sensory experience for children. We implemented an eye-tracking experiment where a 2 × 2 × 2 mixed design was employed. Thirty Chinese pupils aged from 6 to 12 were instructed to appreciate Chinese menus denoting metaphorical or metonymic expressions. Results of eye-tracking indicated that the dish images captioned with metaphorical names held the greatest attention of pupils, particularly for the juniors. Moreover, the inclusion of Chinese pinyin in the menu served as a distractor that reduced pupils' attention to other menu elements. This study adds to the state of the art on the embodied account of language by inspecting how the under-explored children perceived metaphorical and metonymic expressions. The context of everyday diet, abundant in sensory, provides a more vivid scenario for this topic. It also offers a practical insight into how to design menus to invoke particular sensory experience for children who are undergoing both physical and mental development.

The relationship between space and time perception: A registered replication of Casasanto and Boroditsky (2008).

Everything in our environment moves through both space and time, and to effectively act we must be aware of both spatial and temporal elements in relation to our own bodies. Thus, perceptions of space and time have an intimate relationship. Walsh's a theory of magnitude (ATOM) suggests that space and time perception rely on a general magnitude system and their relationship should be roughly symmetrical. Alternatively, metaphor theory, which is based on the philosophical work of Lakoff and Johnson, argues that we represent time using a spatial metaphor and thus the relationship should be asymmetrical (with space influencing time more than time influences space). A compelling line of evidence for metaphor theory comes from the work of Casasanto & Boroditsky. Cognition, 106(2), 579-593. (2008) who experimentally demonstrated this asymmetric effect. However, in our previous unpublished online replication attempt of this work, we found a roughly symmetrical relationship between space and time, more in line with the theoretical predictions of ATOM. Given this, we performed a registered replication of Casasanto & Boroditsky. Cognition, 106(2), 579-593. (2008) in both an online and laboratory environment.

The role of metaphor in the corporate political strategies of health harming industries: Comparing the concept of balance in the gambling and opioid industry discourses.

Scholars have identified notable similarities between the political strategies employed by health-harming industries. This includes similarities in the narratives employed by industry actors seeking to oppose public health regulations that threaten their commercial interests. This study seeks to examine the use of a specific concept - the balance metaphor - in the policy discourses of two health-harming industries. Namely, the pharmaceutical industry implicated in the prescription opioid crisis in the US, and the UK gambling industry, whose products and practices are associated with a serious, but largely neglected, series of harms. We first review research on metaphors, demonstrating how this provides additional theoretically-informed concepts with which to understand how industry discourse circumscribes the terrain of policy debates in ways amenable to commercial interests. Building from these insights, we conducted a rhetorical analysis, examining how the concept of balance is employed by different actors in distinct contexts to shape understandings of the social and policy problems associated with gambling and opioid products and to promote industry-favourable regulatory responses to these. This brings a micro-level of analysis to supplement previous meso- and macro-level scholarship in this space. We use our findings to argue that the depoliticization of the policy process and objectivization of the policy space - in ways that obscure its contingent and political nature - through discourses of balance is itself an arch political act. Examining the metaphors used in policy debates and their functions provides important insights that can be used to inform the construction of counter-narratives to industry-favourable discourses, including the creative use of novel metaphors in the service of public health goals.

Therapeutic potential of twenty-first century music for cancer survivorship: from music and conceptual metaphor perspectives to a synergetic effect approach.

This paper examines the therapeutic potential of twenty-first century music as a means of supplementary therapeutic care for cancer survivorship. It presents a study of songs by Rihanna, Beyoncé, Adele, Coldplay, and Imagine Dragons, which combines the analysis of relevant music features and conceptual metaphors in the lyrics to examine the effect of the songs on the audience. The main aim of this study was to highlight the emotional and cognitive impact of these songs on listeners and identify their potential role in improving the psychological condition of patients with cancer who are downtrodden or reeling from the pain of surgery, chemotherapy, and side effects of treatment. This article adopts the conceptual metaphorical framework proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and the metaphor identification procedure (MIP) (Pragglejazz group, 2007) to examine the targeted use of metaphors features in the lyrics of the selected songs. The findings show that although there is a therapeutic potential associated with the songs analyzed, there are also potential risks for patients with cancer. "".

Automatic metaphor processing in developmental dyslexia.

INTRODUCTION: Previous research found metaphor impairments with dyslexia; however, it is unclear if difficulties are due to initial activation of the metaphorical meaning or to subsequent discourse integration processes. The study examines the presence of early automatic processing of metaphors in adults with developmental dyslexia, considering the role of executive functions and metaphor familiarity. METHODS: Using a sentence recall task and a semantic judgment task from the Metaphor Interference Effect (MIE) paradigm, we evaluated two early stages of metaphor comprehension, namely the generation of the figurative meaning and the suppression of the literal meaning. High and low familiar metaphors, and their scrambled counterparts, were aurally presented to participants, who were asked to judge whether sentences were literally true or literally false. Afterwards, they were provided ten minutes to recall the sentences they heard to verify the depth of processing for each type of stimulus. A total of 26 participants with dyslexia were included in the experimental group, and 31 in the control group. RESULTS: Individuals with dyslexia showed a MIE and an accuracy rate that are similar to participants without dyslexia. Inhibition correlated with the MIE size only for high familiar metaphors, and working memory seemed to play no role in the process. In the recall task, both groups demonstrated a better encoding of the metaphorical sentences compared to scrambled metaphors, but participants with dyslexia recalled less metaphors than did the control group, showing that metaphors are no exception to the limitations in sentence retrieval typically found in dyslexia. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that individuals with dyslexia are comparable to participants without dyslexia in their ability to automatically compute metaphorical meanings. Thus, difficulties in metaphor comprehension in people with dyslexia that have been detected in previous studies might depend on meaning construction in context rather than online semantic processing.

The enemy within: The new war in medical education.

INTRODUCTION: War and military metaphors have long been used in clinical medicine to describe medicine's collective fight against disease. However, recently resistor trainees have used similar language to describe their acts of professional resistance against social harm and injustice. To understand the contours of this war, this study analyzes the metaphoric language these trainees use to describe their acts of resistance. METHODS: We recruited 18 resisting trainees using our personal and professional networks and snowball sampling. Participants were interviewed from July 2022-February 2023. Using methodological bricolage, we analyzed the data using Wickens' analytical approach, which draws on constant comparative analysis and discursive textual analysis. Data were analyzed in three phases that included a consult with a military historian, isolation of metaphoric language, and a textual analysis using context clues from participants' descriptions of their acts of professional resistance. RESULTS: Resisting trainees used metaphorical language to signal an insurgency to topple power. These trainees referenced two conflicts: the mistreatment of patients and the mistreatment of trainees. Enemies were conceptualized as anyone who actively protects institutions and the traditions of medicine, such as leaders of medical schools and hospitals, and physicians trained in a more traditional system. Trainees conceptualized the primary battlefield as medicine's process of socialization that integrates trainees into a profession, and accepts mistreatment as the norm. Weapons included LCME site visits and sympathetic faculty members. CONCLUSION: Whereas metaphorical language around war and the military was previously the purview of physicians, resistor trainees have adopted war metaphors for their own purposes. They do not use these metaphors accidently; they are meant to signal their intentions to restructure medical education. Leaders must begin working with trainees in sincere partnership to create widespread change.

The Embodied Effect in the Comprehension of Chinese Action-Verb Metaphors.

Embodied cognition holds that one's body, actions, perceptions, and situations are integrated into the cognitive process and emphasizes the fact that sensorimotor systems play a role in language comprehension. Previous studies verified the embodied effect in literal language processing but few of them paid attention to metaphors in embodied cognition. The present study aims to explore the embodied effect in the comprehension of Chinese action-verb metaphor. Participants watched a video containing icons and corresponding actions to learn the relationship between them and how to perform these actions in the learning phase and in the test phase, a series of action-describing metaphor phrases were presented to participants with either the icons as primes or no prime at all. The results confirmed the embodied effect as the reaction times (RTs) were significantly shorter when action prime matched the action-verb in the following action-verb metaphor than that of no-prime condition, which are consistent with the facilitation observed in previous relevant studies in embodied cognition. In conclusion, this study verified the embodied effect in the comprehension of Chinese action-verb metaphor, offering further support to embodied cognition and providing a new interpretation for the metaphoric meaning construction of Chinese action-verbs.

Nursing and midwifery students' perceptions of the elderly in nursing homes: a metaphor analysis.

BACKGROUND: Nursing and midwifery students' perceptions and attitudes toward older adults affect their behaviours, career choices and/or the quality of care provided to older adults after graduation. This study aimed to evaluate the perceptions of second year nursing and midwifery students toward elderly people staying in nursing homes through metaphor analysis. METHODS: This qualitative study has used the phenomenological approach. The sample of the study consisted of 128 nursing and midwifery students by purposive sampling method. Students were prompted to complete a sentence to express their perceptions about the elderly living in nursing homes: 'The elderly in the nursing home is similar to … because …' Participants were required to fill in their responses in two stages, providing metaphors in the first blank and reasons for their metaphors in the second blank. RESULTS: The results indicated that five main themes and 12 sub-themes were obtained from student metaphors: (i) needing help in meeting their needs (need for care and need for love); (ii) the emotional burden of a life away from loved ones (loneliness, abandonment, and helplessness); (iii) exhaustion at the end of the road (end, loss, and unproductive); (iv) holding on to life again (friendship and beginning); and (v) post-traumatic growth (strong and experienced). CONCLUSION: Students should question how to create opportunities and increase interaction for the elderly in the age of changing and developing technology before graduation and should be trained as professional individuals who are willing for this purpose.

Understanding Men's Lived Experience of Mental Distress Through Metaphors.

The use of tailored language, which involves a clinician's ability to adapt communication styles and employ accessible terms and concepts, has long been touted as key to engaging men with mental health services. Metaphors are one communication device that can provide men with ways through which to meaningfully express themselves and communicate their mental distress experiences. Using qualitative photovoice research, the current study examined how New Zealand-based men (n = 21) communicatively constructed their meaning of mental distress through metaphors. Analysis of interview data was used to derive three metaphor groupings men consistently drew on to articulate their lived experiences: metaphors of emotions (darkness and weight), metaphors of survival (battle and entity), and metaphors of disembodiments (debility and entrapment). The findings highlight the power of metaphors as a tool for men in communicating their experiences of mental distress and are valuable for health professionals to contemplate across an array of contexts. The implications and importance of a metaphor-enriched perspective for engaging men in professional health care settings and services are discussed.

The Human Body is the Collective Unconscious: Archetypal Images as Innate Embodied Metaphors.

For a significant part of its history, archetype theory has been undermined by criticisms containing unexamined Cartesian assumptions. Such assumptions treat all cognition as disembodied, consisting of mere manipulation of abstract, inherently meaningless signs mimicked from verbal instruction or cultural learning. Since the 1980s, due to the results of many independent disciplines, however, this view is being replaced with one of embodied cognition. This shift has important consequences for archetype theory, allowing us to provide a non-reductive biological anchor that explains many characteristics of the archetypal image.

Pendant une partie importante de son histoire, la théorie des archétypes a été discréditée par des critiques contenant des hypothèses cartésiennes qui n'étaient pas remises en question. De telles hypothèses considèrent que toute capacité cognitive est désincarnée et consiste en une simple manipulation de signes abstraits et intrinsèquement dépourvus de sens, imités à partir d'instructions verbales ou d'apprentissage culturel. Néanmoins depuis les années 1980, du fait de résultats provenant de plusieurs disciplines indépendantes, cette façon de voir est remplacée par une autre: celle de la capacité cognitive incarnée. Ce déplacement a des conséquences importantes pour la théorie des archétypes, nous permettant de fournir un ancrage biologique non­réducteur qui explique un grand nombre de caractéristiques de l'image archétypale.

Durante una parte significativa de su historia, la teoría de los arquetipos se ha visto afectada por críticas que contenían supuestos cartesianos no examinados. Dichos supuestos dan cuenta de toda cognición como incorpórea, consistiendo en la mera manipulación de signos abstractos e intrínsecamente carentes de significado, imitados a partir de la instrucción verbal o el aprendizaje cultural. Sin embargo, desde la década de 1980, gracias a los resultados de muchas disciplinas independientes, este punto de vista se está sustituyendo por el de la cognición encarnada. Este cambio tiene importantes consecuencias para la teoría de los arquetipos, ya que nos permite ofrecer un anclaje biológico no reductivo que explica muchas características de la imagen arquetípica.

Why We Need to Change How We Talk About Infectious Disease.

This article builds a case for raising occupational consciousness by critically questioning ahistorical and apolitical uses of battle language, especially when referring to infectious diseases. Words such as invasion, colonization, and resistance are particularly ethically troubling, and this article considers why the social practices our language brings about matter in health care. Dynamic relationships among humans and microbes, as well as metaphor, are considered here in historical context and through the lens of Derrida's portmanteau hostipitality, which invites reconsideration of an infectious disease notion of host and how conceptions of hospitality have been institutionalized and commodified. This article argues that language used in infectious disease care settings should be informed by coexistence as a guiding value of clinical and ethical relevance.

Older Adults' Metaphorical Perceptions of Aging in Turkey.

PURPOSE: To determine older adults' metaphorical perceptions of the concept of aging. METHOD: Participants in this qualitative study comprised 57 older adults as determined using convenience and criterion sampling methods. Data were obtained using a personal data form and the metaphor form and analyzed with descriptive and content analysis techniques. RESULTS: Fifty-seven metaphors were identified within three themes: 24 within Mental Aspect, 18 within Physical Aspect, and 15 within Psychosocial Aspect. CONCLUSION: The fact that most metaphors appeared within the Mental Aspect theme was interpreted as an indication that participants felt the effects of aging more in the mental dimension. Results of the research show that aging is perceived as experience and accumulation mentally, as inadequacy physically, and as the end or loneliness psychosocially. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 50(5), 27-34.].

Trees as a metaphor to understand relationships in biology.

The phylogenetic tree has been a core conceptual tool for evolutionary biology for nearly 200 years. This editorial explores the role of the tree as a metaphor, discussing two new PLOS Biology Essays that look to the future.

Metaphorical perceptions of surgical nurses regarding care for earthquake victims.

BACKGROUND: The physical, psychological, and social effects of the earthquake affect a person's functionality directly. It challenges individuals because it is often traumatizing, intense fear is experienced, and it is unpredictable, uncontrollable, and destructive. Nurses are one of the professional groups that have important duties in social disasters, and they are constantly exposed to the details of the traumatic situation, sometimes physically and sometimes by listening. To understand the severity of the trauma caused by this exposure, it is important to understand the emotions and thoughts that nurses feel while caring for earthquake victims. AIMS: This study was planned to reveal the perceptions of nurses, who were themselves earthquake victims, regarding caring for earthquake victims through metaphors. METHODS: This study was conducted as a phenomenological study with a qualitative research approach, in a province affected by the earthquake, with 85 surgical clinic nurses who were also earthquake victims and cared for earthquake victims. RESULTS: The metaphors produced were examined together with their reasons and grouped under 3 categories (positive, negative, both positive and negative). CONCLUSIONS: As a result, when the metaphors used by earthquake victims are evaluated, the effects of nurses being earthquake victims themselves can be seen in the metaphors. It is revealed through metaphors that nurses' earthquake-related traumas are triggered while caring for earthquake victims.

Research on consumers' purchase intention of cultural and creative products-Metaphor design based on traditional cultural symbols.

Chinese traditional cultural symbols possess great aesthetic and cultural value, and are widely utilized in product design. In this study, we explore the relationship between metaphor design based on traditional cultural symbols, customer experience and cultural identity, and further estimate how these three variables stimulate consumers' perceived value to generate consumers' purchase intention. Based on existing traditional cultural literature and Stimulus-organism-response theory (SOR), we proposed a theoretical research model to characterize the relationship among metaphor design based on traditional cultural symbols, customer experience, cultural identity, perceived value and consumers' purchase intention. A research survey was conducted and 262 questionnaires were collected in total with 241 valid. We used Smart PLS graph version 3.0 for data analysis. Results indicate that the cognition of metaphor design based on traditional cultural symbols and customer experience has a direct and significant impact on the emotional value thereby, eliciting consumers' purchase intention, metaphor design based on traditional cultural symbols is directly and indirectly (i.e., through customer experience or perceived value) positively associated with consumers' purchase intention, also customer experience is directly and indirectly (i.e., through perceived value) associated with consumer purchase intention, cultural identity mediates the indirect effect of customer experience and perceived value on purchase intention, the moderating role of cultural identity between customer experience and perceived value is not significant. Our findings help to expand the existing literature on consumer purchase intentions by rationally using traditional cultural symbols in the product metaphor design.

Storylines of family medicine VI: ways of being-in the office with patients.

Storylines of Family Medicine is a 12-part series of thematically linked mini-essays with accompanying illustrations that explore the many dimensions of family medicine, as interpreted by individual family physicians and medical educators in the USA and elsewhere around the world. In 'VI: ways of being-in the office with patients', authors address the following themes: 'Patient-centred care-cultivating deep listening skills', 'Doctor as witness', 'Words matter', 'Understanding others-metaphor and its use in medicine', 'Communicating with patients-making good use of time', 'The patient-centred medical home-aspirations for the future', 'Routine, ceremony or drama?' and 'The life course'. May readers better appreciate the nuances of patient care through these essays.

SEEING IS NOT UNDERSTANDING: Vygotsky, Halliday and Metaphor in Forming and Forgetting Middle School Science Concepts.

When teachers explain science concepts-for example, the solar wind, or plasma waves-some methods seem to be quick-acting and others long-lasting. Still others pose as many problems as they seem to solve. How, for example, does a parent explain how there can be solar wind without any air in space? How does a teacher explain how there can be plasma waves without any water? Locating metaphor between thinking and speech rather than within one or the other, we work out a single scheme to analyze two conversations with adult Koreans. These suggest that a text studied some ten years ago in middle school science class, replete with striking visual images, has left little more than everyday concepts. Instead of trying to use the striking visual images to refill gaps in the memory, however, the questions asked by a skilled science teacher suggest ways in which thinking could be freed from the middle school dogma of only three matter phases (solid, liquid, gas). To understand a metaphor like "solar wind", we need to replace fixed matters of fact with some more elusive facts of matter.