Facial soft-tissue shape changes after fixed edgewise treatment with premolar extraction in individual artificial-intelligence-classified facial profile patterns.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the patterns of pretreatment facial soft tissue shape in orthodontic cases with premolar extraction using artificial intelligence (AI) and to investigate the corresponding changes. METHODS: One hundred and fifty-two patients who underwent orthodontic treatment with premolar extraction were enrolled. Lateral cephalograms were obtained before and after the treatment. For each record, the outlines of the nose-lip-chin profile and corresponding 21 cephalometric variables were extracted. The AI method classified pretreatment records into three subject groups based on the feature variables extracted from the outline. Dentoskeletal and soft tissue facial form changes observed after treatment were compared statistically (P < 0.05) between the groups using ANOVA. Multivariate regression models were used for each group. RESULTS: Group 1 (n = 59) was characterized by Class II high-angle retrognathic mandible with an incompetent lip, group 2 (n = 55) by Class I malocclusion with retruded and thin lips, and group 3 (n = 38) by Class I malocclusion with an everted superior lip before treatment. The ratios of anteroposterior soft tissue to hard tissue movements in Group 1 were 56% (r = 0.64) and 83% (r = 0.75) for the superior and inferior lips, respectively, whereas those in Group 2 were 49% (r = 0.78) and 91% (r = 0.80), and 40% (r = 0.54) and 79% (r = 0.70), respectively, in Group 3. CONCLUSIONS: The modes of facial form changes differed depending on the pre-treatment profile patterns classified by the AI. This indicates that the determination of the pre-treatment profile pattern can help in the selection of soft tissue to hard tissue movement ratios, which helps estimate the post-treatment facial profile with a moderate to high correlation.

A 70-Year-Old Woman with a Sensation of Something Moving in Her Nose.

AbstractMorning Report is a time-honored tradition where physicians-in-training present cases to their colleagues and clinical experts to collaboratively examine an interesting patient presentation. The Morning Report section seeks to carry on this tradition by presenting a patient's chief concern and story, inviting the reader to develop a differential diagnosis and discover the diagnosis alongside the authors of the case.This report examines the case of a 70-year-old woman who sought evaluation for a sensation of something moving in her nose. The sensation began during a trip to South America and persisted after she returned home to Switzerland. Using questions, physical examination, and testing, an illness script for the presentation emerges. As the clinical course progresses, the differential is refined until a diagnosis is made.

How many phenotypes for the FBXO11 related disease? Report on a new patient with a tricho-rhino-phalangeal like phenotype.

Here we report the case of a young boy with developmental delay, thin sparse hair, early closure of the anterior fontanel, bilateral choanal atresia, brachyturicephaly; and dysmorphic features closely resembling those seen in trichorhinophalangeal syndrome (TRPS). These features include sparse hair, sparse lateral eyebrows, a bulbous pear shaped nose, a long philtrum, thin lips, small/hypoplastic nails, pes planovalgus; bilateral cone-shaped epiphyses at the proximal 5th phalanx, slender long bones, coxa valga, mild scoliosis, and delayed bone age. Given that TRPS had been excluded by a thorough genetic analysis, whole exome sequencing was performed and a heterozygous likely pathogenic variant was identified in the FBXO11 gene (NM_001190274.2: c.1781A > G; p. His594Arg), confirming the diagnosis of the newly individualized IDDFBA syndrome: Intellectual Developmental Disorder, dysmorphic Facies, and Behavioral Abnormalities (OMIM# 618,089). Our findings further delineate the clinical spectrum linked to FBXO11 and highlight the importance of investigating further cases with mutations in this gene to establish a potential genotype-phenotype correlation.

Correlating Jaw Bone Growth and Nasal Morphology Among Adult Patients With Cleft Lip and Palate: A Retrospective Cephalometric Study.

This retrospective cross-sectional study reviewed adult patients with operated cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) and normal control, and performed comprehensive craniofacial and nasal morphological analyses based on lateral cephalometric radiographs. Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficient assessed intraclass correlation. Seven hundred fifty-seven operated patients with CL/P, and 165 noncleft normal controls were enrolled. Among the normal and CL/P groups, S-N-A angle registered positive correlations with nasal base prominence (S-N'-Sn, degrees). Upper facial height (N-ANS, mm) had positive correlations with nasal dorsum length (N'-Prn, mm) and nasal bone length (N-Na, mm). Although in patients with bilateral cleft lip and palate, there were moderate negative correlations ( r =-0.541, P <0.05) with soft tissue facial profile angle (FH-N'Pog', degree) and nasolabial angle (Cm-Sn-ULA, degree). Correlation exists between the morphology of jaw bones and external nose among patients with CL/P. Maxillary sagittal insufficiency is associated with concave nasal profile, and maxilla height is associated with nasal length.

Endoscopic endonasal approach for olfactory groove meningioma resection: Strategies and outcomes in a retrospective case series.

OBJECTIVE: Though the endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) is a widely accepted treatment for skull base tumors, the specific use of EEA for olfactory groove meningiomas (OGMs) is debated, with variable outcomes reported in the literature. We review the surgical results of OGM resections for one surgeon including the operative approach, surgical nuances, and outcomes, with a focus on factors relating to patient selection which favor EEA over transcranial approaches. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed thirteen cases of endoscopic endonasal resection of olfactory groove meningiomas. Patient characteristics, clinical characteristics, surgical outcomes, and complications were analyzed. Extent of resection was determined based on volumetric analysis of pre- and postoperative MRI. RESULTS: Anatomic characteristics that render a tumor difficult to access fully are lateral extension beyond the mid-orbit and anterior extension to the falx. Simpson Grade I resection was achieved in 11/13 (84.6 %) cases. Mean pre-operative tumor volume was 8.99 cm3 (range 2.19-16.79 cm3), and 92 % of tumors were WHO grade I. We demonstrate 2 cases of smell preservation, possible with small unilateral tumors and tumors that are confined to either the anterior or posterior portion of the cribriform plate. The post-operative CSF leak rate was 7.7 %, without prophylactic lumbar CSF drainage. The mortality rate was 7.7 % (n = 1) after infectious complications following CSF leak. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic endonasal resection of olfactory groove meningiomas is an effective and safe operative method with outcomes and complication rates comparable to transcranial approaches. Key considerations include careful patient selection and familiarity with technical nuances of endoscopic endonasal approach for this specific tumor type.

Nasolabial morphological changes in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate using a Korat-modified nasoalveolar moulding appliance with primary correction.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to measure the morphological changes of the nose and lip in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate before and after cheiloplasty with primary rhinoplasty (primary correction) in conjunction with Korat-NAM usage. DESIGN: Longitudinal cohort study. SETTING: Cleft Center Maharat Nakhon Ratchasima Hospital, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand. SUBJECTS: Twenty-six patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate. INTERVENTIONS: Control group: only active obturator before primary correction. Experimental group: an active obturator and Korat-NAM I before primary correction. A customized endotracheal tube was retained in the nostril for 3 weeks before switching to Korat-NAM II for 1 year. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Six measurements comprising nostril rim length, nostril height, nostril sill width, columella angle, vertical lip height, and horizontal lip length were measured from the patients' photographs. All measurements, except the columella angle, were reported as the cleft side/non-cleft side value ratio. Measurements were taken at the initial appointment, immediately before, 3 weeks after, and 1 year after primary correction. RESULTS: Nostril rim length ratio, nostril height ratio, nostril sill width ratio, columella angle on the cleft side, and vertical lip height ratio were improved using Korat-NAM before and 3 weeks after primary correction. Nostril rim length and height ratios were significantly better than the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Korat-NAM improved nose and lip morphology before primary correction. An overcorrection improved the nose and lip morphology on the cleft side. The nostril rim length and vertical lip height on the cleft side also improved with Korat-NAM II 1 year after primary correction.

Trapdoor Deformity Correction Post Nasal Bilobed Flaps for Basal Cell Carcinoma Reconstruction With Multiple Laser Modalities.

ABSTRACT: In case of excision of nasal basal cell carcinoma (BCC), bilobed flaps are considered the criterion standard of reconstruction for defect less than 15 mm in size. However, there is still a risk of trapdoor deformity formation, of which its treatment is less discussed. A 44-year-old woman who was diagnosed with nasal BCC and underwent tumor excision with bilobed flap reconstruction presented with trapdoor deformity postoperatively. The computed Vancouver Scar Scale was 7. After early intervention of multiple laser modalities, including 2 sessions of 585-nm pulsed dye laser with a fluence of 9 J/cm2, pulse duration of 6 milliseconds, and spot size of 6 mm, 2940-nm Er-yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) laser with a pulse energy of 800-900 mJ, repetition rate of 8-9 Hz, and laser spot size of 3-7 mm, and 5 sessions of 1064-nm Nd:YAG fractional picosecond laser with a pulse energy of 2.30-2.70 mJ, repetition rate of 8 Hz, and laser spot size of 6 mm from 5 to 23 weeks postoperatively, the Vancouver Scar Scale score improved to 1, with significant reduction of trapdoor scar erythema and puffiness. Although BCC is often curable, tumor excision causes unsatisfactory appearance satisfaction problem, owing to the apparent location of the lesion. Factors, such as sebaceous tissue thickness, reconstruction over multiple aesthetic subunits of nose, and damage to nasal cartilage framework structure during tumor removal, may increase the risk of trapdoor formation. Early intervention with multiple laser treatment can significantly revise the deformity.

[Inverted papilloma of the nose and paranasal sinuses : Diagnosis, treatment, and malignant transformation]. / Invertiertes Papillom der Nase und Nasennebenhöhlen : Diagnostik, Therapie und maligne Transformation.

Inverted papilloma (IP) are benign tumors that show a locally aggressive behavior, a high rate of recurrence, and a potential for malignant transformation. Specific radiological signs such as hyperostosis at the origin of the IP and convoluted cerebriform patterns, as well as the typical endoscopic aspect, can lead to diagnosis and enable preoperative planning of surgical access and the extent of surgery. Endonasal endoscopic techniques are considered the gold standard and the introduction of extended surgical techniques such as the prelacrimal approach, frontal drillout, or orbital transposition facilitate complete subperiosteal resection with preservation of important physiological structures. There is a risk of synchronous and metachronous squamous cell carcinomas (IP-SCC). Research focuses on radiological criteria to differentiate benign IP from IP-SCC, genetic and epigenetic factors in the process of malignant transformation, and estimation of the risk of IP progressing to IP-SCC.

Dorsal rhinotomy in a dog with a chondro-osseous respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma: a case report.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical presentation, novel surgical approach, and outcome of a dog diagnosed with chondro-osseous respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma (COREAH). ANIMAL: 5-year-old castrated male Yorkshire Terrier. CLINICAL PRESENTATION, PROGRESSION, AND PROCEDURES: The dog was presented with chronic upper respiratory noise, congestion, facial swelling, ocular discharge, and an abscess on the nasal bridge. Two CT scans were performed 4 months apart. The CT scans yielded similar results: cyst-like nasal masses with severely destructive bilateral rhinitis with extensive polyostotic bony lysis. A dorsal rhinotomy with a turbinectomy and debridement of the nasal cavity were performed. A poorly defined but extensive lesion was found occupying the entirety of the left frontal sinus as well as the nasal cavity. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: Histopathology revealed a mass consistent with COREAH. The dog recovered well from surgery, except for self-limiting subcutaneous emphysema, and 3 weeks postoperatively was reportedly doing well, with mild nasal discharge. Stridor, nasal discharge, and sneezing episodes were reported postoperatively; however, these were improved. At 18 months postoperatively, the dog died from uncontrolled seizures while hospitalized for suspected acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome at a different hospital. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: COREAH should be considered a potential cause of destructive bilateral rhinitis and bony lysis in dogs. Dorsal rhinotomy can be a surgical treatment for dogs with possible COREAH with acceptable outcome, though complete remission of clinical signs may not be achieved. This is the first clinical description of COREAH in a dog.

Uninterrupted use of continuous positive airway pressure after endoscopic endonasal approach for pituitary tumors.

KEY POINTS: Resumption of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in the immediate postoperative period after endoscopic endonasal approaches (EEA) for pituitary adenomas can be safe.

Endoscopic Endonasal Approach to Intraconal Orbital Tumors: Outcomes and Lessons Learned.

BACKGROUND: Lesions involving the intraconal space of the orbit are rare and challenging to manage. Operative techniques and outcomes for the endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) to tumors in the medial intraconal space (MIS) remain poorly characterized. OBJECTIVE: We present our experience with a wide range of isolated intraconal pathology managed via an EEA. METHODS: A retrospective review of all cases (2014-2021) performed by a single skull base team in which the EEA was employed for the management of an intraconal orbital lesion. RESULTS: Twenty patients (13 men, 7 women) with a mean age of 59 years (range, 40-89 years) were included. All lesions were isolated to the MIS, pathology addressed included: cavernous hemangioma (6), schwannoma (4), lymphoma (4), inflammatory pseudotumor (2), chronic invasive fungal sinusitis (2), and metastatic disease (2). Either a biopsy (10/20) or a complete resection (10/20) was performed. In all cases, the MIS was accessed via an endonasal corridor between the medial and inferior rectus muscles. Retraction and safe, intra-orbital dissection of the lesion was performed using a two-surgeon, multi-handed technique. Gross total resection of benign lesions was achieved in 90% (9/10) of cases; a pathologic diagnosis was achieved in 100% (10/10) of biopsy cases. No orbital reconstruction was required. Visual acuity returned to normal in 80% (8/10) of planned resection cases and postoperative diplopia resolved by 3 months in 90%. Mean follow-up was 15 months. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that the EEA is safe and effective for accessing lesions in the MIS. This technique affords very favorable outcomes with minimal postoperative morbidity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 134:47-55, 2024.

A New Algorithm for Secondary Repair of Unilateral Cleft Lip Nasal Deformity.

OBJECTIVES: Following primary surgery for unilateral cleft lip palate (UCLP), cleft lip nasal deformities (CLNDs) (nasal asymmetry, collapsed nasal alae, and a widened alar base) are generally inevitable and often require secondary rhinoplasty. However, reconstructing a cleft nose with an alar tissue deficiency remains challenging for rhinoplasty surgeons. METHODS: The manifestations of common deformities are described herein, and a secondary rhinoplasty technique for unilateral CLNDs using a nasolabial flap (NLF) has been proposed for patients with alar tissue deficiency. Secondary rhinoplasties were performed in 12 patients with unilateral CLNDs between 2020 and 2021 using a NLF. Photogrammetric measurements were performed preoperatively and postoperatively. A total of 12 flaps were successfully transferred. Ten patients were followed up for >1 year. RESULTS: Significant postoperative decreases in nasal alar width were measured in both the base view (p < 0.050) and the frontal view (p < 0.050). Despite the additional facial scars that occurred in some cases, all patients were satisfied with the aesthetic effects. CONCLUSIONS: The NLF achieved satisfactory results in secondary rhinoplasty of unilateral CLND for patients with nasal tissue deficiencies in whom the surgeon weighed the potential benefits over postoperative scarring. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 134:1648-1655, 2024.

Air Quality, Allergic Rhinitis, and Asthma.

This review article highlights air pollution as a critical global health concern with emphasis on its effects and role in the development and exacerbation of upper airway and lower airway disease with a focus on allergic rhinitis and asthma. This review underscores the World Health Organization's recognition of air pollution as the biggest environmental threat to human health. It discusses the various components and categories of air pollutants and the evidence-based effects they have on asthma and allergic rhinitis, ranging from pathogenesis to exacerbation of these conditions across various age groups in different geographic locations.

Septal Nasopharyngeal "Kite Flap" for Long-Term Patency of Petrous Apex Cholesterol Granuloma.

Medial petrous apex cholesterol granuloma is a benign lesion which treatment is generally based on a trans-nasal marsupialization. When the artificial ostium is created, it is usually kept open with local flaps, like the septal nasopharyngeal "kite flap", a reliable local vascularized flap. Laryngoscope, 134:2111-2114, 2024.

Comparison of Patient's Procedural Tolerance of EBUS-TBNA Performed Through Nasal Versus Oral Route: The NO-EBUS Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is a commonly performed procedure by the bronchoscopist for the evaluation of mediastinal lesions. However, evidence directly comparing the nasal and oral routes to guide the choice of an optimal insertion approach is scanty. METHODS: In this prospective, parallel-group, open-label randomized clinical trial, adults posted for a linear EBUS-TBNA examination under conscious sedation were randomized to undergo the procedure via the nasal or oral route. The primary objective was to assess the equivalence of subject-rated tolerance of EBUS-TBNA procedure in the 2 groups. Key secondary objectives were to assess the equivalence of subject-rated overall experience, willingness for a repeat procedure, operator-rated subject's tolerance, and operator-rated ease of performing the procedure. RESULTS: One hundred and eighty subjects were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to the nasal (n=98) or oral (n=82) group. Outcome measures were assessed by both per-protocol (PP) and intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis. Subject-rated procedural tolerance, overall satisfaction and operator's ease of performing the procedure were found to be equivalent in the 2 groups ( P <0.05 in all cases for PP and ITT analysis). The operator-rated subject's tolerance was, however, nonequivalent ( P =0.0596, 0.1286 for PP and ITT, respectively). Subject's willingness to undergo a repeat procedure was similar in both groups [90% CI of difference in proportions: (-0.023, 0.121) in PP and (-0.028, 0.115) in ITT analysis]. CONCLUSION: Nasal route for EBUS-TBNA could be considered where it is feasible and preferable for the patient as well as the operator.

Nasopharyngeal myeloid sarcoma as a manifestation of acute monomyelocytic leukaemia.

This case report describes the case of a man in his seventies presenting with a nasopharyngeal deposit of myeloid sarcoma associated with acute monomyelocytic leukaemia. He presented with right nasal obstruction associated with unilateral pulsatile tinnitus. CT and MRI scans of sinuses identified a moderately restricting mucosal swelling of the right torus tubarius, and a biopsy of the lesion diagnosed a nasal deposit of myeloid sarcoma.

Endoscopic endonasal transclival clipping of a cerebellar arteriovenous malformation feeding vessel and associated aneurysm; a 2D operative video.

Positioned along the ventral surface of the pons, proximal superior cerebellar artery (SCA) aneurysms account for only 1.7% of all intracranial aneurysms [1]. Unlike more commonly encountered basilar artery aneurysms, patients often experience good outcomes when treated via endovascular coiling or surgical clipping [1,2]. These lesions frequently have a lateral projection and paucity of perforator arteries [2]. With further development of endoscopic endonasal techniques, access to this region is possible via a direct frontal exposure to the ventral brainstem, basilar artery and branching vessels. To date, there are only a limited number of reports describing an endoscopic endonasal transclival (EETC) approach for surgical clipping [3-5]. In this operative video, we detail the surgical clipping of a cerebellar arteriovenous malformation feeding vessel and an associated aneurysm using the EETC approach in a 59-year-old woman who presented with sudden onset of a severe headache. The feeding vessel and aneurysm's midline location, just below the take-off of the SCA made it a good candidate for this surgery. Major steps included in this video include 1) transsphenoidal exposure of and subsequent drilling of the clivus, 2) dural opening into the pre-pontine cistern and dissection of the aneurysm, 3) clipping of the aneurysm, and 4) multi-layered closure of the skull base defect. Overall, the patient tolerated the procedure well and was found to have no residual filling of the aneurysm or the AVM feeding vessel at 2-year follow-up. EETC is a viable surgical option for the treatment of aneurysm located along the midline of the pre-pontine cistern.