The plasma EBV DNA load with IL-6 and VEGF levels as predictive and prognostic biomarker in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is often diagnosed at a very advanced stage due to its location and non-specific initial symptoms. Moreover, no clinically useful serological marker has been established so far for early detection of NPC. In this study, we have investigated the clinical significance of plasma Epstein-Barr virus DNA load along with interleukin-6 (IL-6) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels to evaluate if these three all together can be useful as a strong serological marker for early detection and prediction of treatment response in patients with NPC. Plasma EBV DNA load, IL-6 level, VEGF expressions were measured in 24 patients with NPC at presentation and various time points during and after treatment. There was a positive correlation between high plasma EBV DNA load with higher IL-6 and VEGF expression, which was closely associated with therapeutic response as well. Persistent or recurrent plasma EBV load with higher IL-6 and VEGF levels can potentially predict disease progression and may be useful to select patients for additional therapy and longer follow-up.

The serological diagnostic value of EBV-related IgA antibody panels for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is diagnosed relatively late and has a poor prognosis, requiring early detection to reduce the disease burden. This diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis evaluated the serological diagnostic value of nine EBV-related IgA antibody panels (EBNA1-IgA, VCA-IgA, EA-IgA, Zta-IgA, EBNA1-IgA + VCA-IgA, VCA-IgA + EA-IgA, VCA-IgA + Rta-IgG, EBNA1-IgA + VCA-IgA + Zta-IgA and VCA-IgA + EA-IgA + Rta-IgG), aiming to identify suitable serological detection biomarkers for NPC screening. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Chinese BioMedical Literature Database were searched from January 1st, 2000 to September 30th, 2023, with keywords nasopharyngeal carcinoma, IgA, screening, early detection, early diagnosis, sensitivity and specificity. Articles on the diagnostic value of serum EBV-related IgA antibody panels for NPC were included. Study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment were performed independently by two researchers, and a third researcher was consulted in the case of disagreement. Bivariate models were used for statistical analysis. The quality of included studies was evaluated through Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies tool (QUADAS-2). RESULTS: A total of 70 articles were included, involving 11 863 NPC cases and 34 995 controls. Among the nine EBV-related IgA antibody panels, EBNA1-IgA + VCA-IgA [0.928 (0.898, 0.950)], VCA-IgA + Rta-IgG [0.925 (0.890, 0.949)], EBNA1-IgA + VCA-IgA + Zta-IgA [0.962 (0.909, 0.985)] and VCA-IgA + EA-IgA + Rta-IgG [0.945 (0.918, 0.964)] demonstrated higher pooled sensitivity (95%CI). In terms of diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) (95%CI), EBNA1-IgA + VCA-IgA [107.647 (61.173, 189.430)], VCA-IgA + Rta-IgG [105.988 (60.118, 186.857)] and EBNA1-IgA + VCA-IgA + Zta-IgA [344.450 (136.351, 870.153)] showed superior performance. Additionally, the SROC curves for EBNA1-IgA + VCA-IgA and VCA-IgA + Rta-IgG were more favorable. However, publication bias was detected for VCA-IgA (P = 0.005) and EBNA1-IgA + VCA-IgA (P = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS: In general, parallel detection of serum EBNA1-IgA, VCA-IgA and Zta-IgA antibodies using ELISA demonstrates better pooled sensitivity and DOR among the studied panels. In the cases where fewer indicators are used, serum VCA-IgA and EBNA1-IgA/Rta-IgG antibody panel exhibits a comparable performance. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews registration number: CRD42023426984, registered on May 28, 2023.

Establishment of a protocol for rapidly expanding Epstein-Barr-virus-specific cytotoxic T cells with enhanced cytotoxicity.

BACKGROUND: Lytic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). For patients with recurrent or metastatic NPC and resistant to conventional therapies, adoptive cell therapy using EBV-specific cytotoxic T cells (EBV-CTLs) is a promising option. However, the long production period (around 3 to 4 weeks) and low EBV-CTL purity (approximately 40% of total CD8 T cells) in the cell product limits the application of EBV-CTLs in clinics. Thus, this study aimed to establish a protocol for the rapid production of EBV-CTLs. METHODS: By culturing peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from EBV-seropositive donors with EBV-specific peptides and interleukin (IL)-2, IL-15, and interferon α (IFN-α) for 9 days, we identified that IL-15 can enhance IL-2-mediated CTL activation and significantly increase the yield of CTLs. RESULTS: When IFN-α was used in IL-2/IL-15-mediated CTL production from days 0 to 6, the productivity of EBV-CTLs and EBV-specific cytotoxicity significantly were reinforced relative to EBV-CTLs from IL-2/IL-15 treatment. Additionally, IFN-α-induced production improvement of virus-specific CTLs was not only the case for EBV-CTLs but also for cytomegalovirus-specific CTLs. CONCLUSION: We established a novel protocol to rapidly expand highly pure EBV-CTLs from PBMCs, which can produce EBV-CTLs in 9 days and does not require feeder cells during cultivation.

The role of microbiota in nasopharyngeal cancer: Where do we stand?

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common head and neck cancer with a poor prognosis. One of the crucial challenges regarding NPC is its pathogenesis. Recent findings highlight the significance of host microbiota in the development of NPC, affected locally by nasopharyngeal microbiota or remotely by oral microbiota. The oral microbiota can migrate to the nasopharyngeal space, thereby impacting the composition of the nasopharyngeal microbiota. Specific bacterial strains have been linked to the development of nasopharyngeal cancer, including Neisseria, Staphylococcus, Leptotrichia, Staphylococcaceae, Granulicatella, Corynebacterium, Fusobacterium, and Prevotella. Several mechanisms have been proposed to elucidate how microbiota dysbiosis contributes to the development of NPC, including triggering tumor-promoting inflammation, reactivating the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), inducing oxidative stress, weakening the immune system, and worsening tumor hypoxia. In addition, the composition of nasopharyngeal microbiota and the number of tumor-infiltrating microbiota can influence the prognosis and treatment response in patients with NPC. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review discussing the impacts of the host microbiota on nasopharyngeal cancer pathogenesis, progression, and treatment response.

Aquaporin-3 is down-regulated by LMP1 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells to regulate cell migration and affect EBV latent infection.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection has a strong correlation with the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Aquaporin 3 (AQP3), a member of the aquaporin family, plays an important role in tumor development, especially in epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In this study, the expression of AQP3 in EBV-positive NPC cells was significantly lower than that in EBV-negative NPC cells. Western blot and qRT-PCR analysis showed that LMP1 down-regulated the expression of AQP3 by activating the ERK pathway. Cell biology experiments have confirmed that AQP3 affects the development of tumor by promoting cell migration and proliferation in NPC cells. In addition, AQP3 can promote the lysis of EBV in EBV-positive NPC cells. The inhibition of AQP3 expression by EBV through LMP1 may be one of the mechanisms by which EBV maintains latent infection-induced tumor progression.

LncRNA BC200 promotes the development of EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma by competitively binding to miR-6834-5p to upregulate TYMS expression.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is closely related to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in cancers. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the roles of lncRNAs in EBV-associated NPC remains largely unclear. In this study, we confirmed that the expression of the lncRNA brain cytoplasmic 200 (BC200) was significantly increased in EBV-infected NPC cells and tissues. BC200 facilitated the growth and migration of NPC cells, suggesting that it participated in NPC progression by functioning as an oncogene. Mechanistically, BC200 was found to act as a ceRNA by sponging and inhibiting miR-6834-5p. Thymidylate synthetase (TYMS), whose high expression was reported to be an independent indicator of poor prognosis in NPC via an unknown mechanism, was identified as a target gene of miR-6834-5p in the present study. BC200 upregulated TYMS expression in a manner that depends on miR-6834-5p. TYMS was abnormally upregulated in EBV-positive NPC cells and tissues, and its ectopic expression contributed to the proliferation and migration of NPC cells. This study highlights the role of lncRNA BC200, which is upregulated by EBV, in promoting the development of NPC, suggesting that BC200-mediated ceRNA network may be valuable biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of EBV-associated NPC.

EBV-positive small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of nasopharynx as a probably unique subtype of neuroendocrine carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study of three cases and literature review.

BACKGROUND: There is currently scarcity of information on small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the nasopharynx (SCNEC-nasopharynx). It is believed that this type of cancer is not associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and is indistinguishable from classic SCNEC occurring in other organs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Herein we provided 3 cases of nasopharyngeal mass in our hospital, two males and one female. On admission, these patients were considered nasopharyngeal carcinoma with lymph node metastasis, and one of them had liver metastasis. The nasopharyngeal mucosal tissues were biopsied for pathological examination including immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. PubMed database was searched for articles about SCNEC-nasopharynx published up to April 2024 in any language. RESULT: The 3 cases had similar histological features of SCNEC in other organs but differed in rich- tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). All of them stained for pancytokeratin (panCK) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Case 1 and Case 2 diffusely expressed insulinoma-associated protein 1(INSM-1) and synaptophysin (Syn), Case 3 strongly stained for CD56 and Syn. Immunostaining of all 3 cases for p40, p63, TTF-1, CK20, S-100 and NUT showed negative. BRG-1, INI-1 and Rb were retained. And p53 all showed wild-type expression. The Ki-67 labeling indiced of case 1, 2, and 3 were 80%, 90%, and 80%, respectively. In situ hybridization showed strong and uniform nuclear positivity of EBV-encoded small RNAs (EBER) in the neoplastic cells of 3 cases. CONCLUSION: EBV-positive SCNEC-nasopharynx was exactly rare. The origin of this tumor is still controversial. It may originate from EBV-infected mucosal epithelium like nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Based on our cases and relevant literature, we found EBV-positive SCNEC-nasopharynx as a probably site-specific subtype of SCNEC with differing pathogenetic mechanism. The subtype not only virus positivity but also that it was associated with TILs and did not show p53 or Rb alterations by immunohistochemistry. It may be more responsive to treatment and have a better prognosis than classic SCNEC. We will continue to follow-up these patients and collect additional cases to further understand the unique biology of this rare solid tumor.

Prospective evaluation of the relevance of Epstein-Barr virus antibodies for early detection of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Chinese adults.

BACKGROUND: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a major cause of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and measurement of different EBV antibodies in blood may improve early detection of NPC. Prospective studies can help assess the roles of different EBV antibodies in predicting NPC risk over time. METHODS: A case-cohort study within the prospective China Kadoorie Biobank of 512 715 adults from 10 (including two NPC endemic) areas included 295 incident NPC cases and 745 subcohort participants. A multiplex serology assay was used to quantify IgA and IgG antibodies against 16 EBV antigens in stored baseline plasma samples. Cox regression was used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for NPC and C-statistics to assess the discriminatory ability of EBV-markers, including two previously identified EBV-marker combinations, for predicting NPC. RESULTS: Sero-positivity for 15 out of 16 EBV-markers was significantly associated with higher NPC risk. Both IgA and IgG antibodies against the same three EBV-markers showed the most extreme HRs, i.e. BGLF2 (IgA: 124.2 (95% CI: 63.3-243.9); IgG: 8.6 (5.5-13.5); LF2: [67.8 (30.0-153.1), 10.9 (7.2-16.4)]); and BFRF1: 26.1 (10.1-67.5), 6.1 (2.7-13.6). Use of a two-marker (i.e. LF2/BGLF2 IgG) and a four-marker (i.e. LF2/BGLF2 IgG and LF2/EA-D IgA) combinations yielded C-statistics of 0.85 and 0.84, respectively, which persisted for at least 5 years after sample collection in both endemic and non-endemic areas. CONCLUSIONS: In Chinese adults, plasma EBV markers strongly predict NPC occurrence many years before clinical diagnosis. LF2 and BGLF2 IgG could identify NPC high-risk individuals to improve NPC early detection in community and clinical settings.

Differential expression of host oncogenes in human papillomavirus-associated nasopharyngeal and cervical epithelial cancers.

Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cervical and nasopharyngeal cancers differ in molecular mechanisms underlying the oncogenic processes. The disparity may be attributed to differential expression of oncoproteins. The current study investigated the host oncogenes expression pattern in HPV-associated cervical and nasopharyngeal cancer. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues originating from the nasopharyngeal and cervical regions were screened using Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. Genomic DNA and total RNA were extracted from confirmed cancer biopsies and non-cancer tissues (NC). HPV was detected by PCR using MY09/GP5+/6+ primers. Protein expression levels of AKT, IQGAP1, and MMP16 in HPV-infected cancers and controls were determined by immunohistochemistry. RT-qPCR was used to profile mRNAs of the oncogenes. AKT and IQGAP1 proteins were highly expressed in the epithelial cancers compared with the non-cancer tissues (p < 0.05). IQGAP1 and MMP16 mRNAs level was significantly higher in the cancers than in the NC (p < 0.05), but not AKT mRNA levels. MMP16 protein was ubiquitously expressed in all tissues. AKT mRNA level was significantly elevated in CC compared with NPC (p < 0.001). However, the difference in AKT, IQGAP1 and MMP16 proteins level between CC and NPC was not significant (p > 0.05). The oncoproteins expression level between the HPV-positive and HPV-negative cancer biopsies showed no significant difference (p < 0.05). Current study reports AKT but not IQGAP1 and MMP16 mRNAs differentially expression in cervical and nasopharyngeal cancers, independent of HPV infection status.

Early change of plasma Epstein-Barr virus DNA load and the viral lytic genome level could positively predict clinical outcome in recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma receiving anti-programmed cell death 1 monotherapy.

PURPOSE: Patients with recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (RM-NPC) have proven benefit from anti-programmed cell death 1 (anti-PD-1) monotherapy. Here, we retrospectively analyze the association of plasma Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA load and tumor viral lytic genome with clinical outcome from 2 registered phase I trials. METHODS: Patients with RM-NPC from Checkmate 077 (nivolumab phase I trial in China) and Camrelizumab phase I trial between March 2016 and January 2018 were enrolled. Baseline EBV DNA titers were tested in 68 patients and EBV assessment was performed in 60 patients who had at least 3 post-baseline timepoints of EBV data and at least 1 post-baseline timepoint of radiographic assessment. We defined "EBV response" as 3 consecutive timepoints of load below 50% of baseline, and "EBV progression" as 3 consecutive timepoints of load above 150% of baseline. Whole-exome sequencing was performed in 60 patients with available tumor samples. RESULTS: We found that the baseline EBV DNA load was positively correlated with tumor size (spearman p < 0.001). Both partial response (PR) and stable disease (SD) patients had significantly lower EBV load than progression disease (PD) patients. EBV assessment was highly consistent with radiographic evaluation. Patients with EBV response had significantly improved overall survival (OS) than patients with EBV progression (log-rank p = 0.004, HR = 0.351 [95% CI: 0.171-0.720], median 22.5 vs. 11.9 months). The median time to initial EBV response and progression were 25 and 36 days prior to initial radiographic response and progression, respectively. Patients with high levels of EBV lytic genomes at baseline, including BKRF2, BKRF3 and BKRF4, had better progression-free survival (PFS) and OS. CONCLUSION: In summary, early clearance of plasma EBV DNA load and high levels of lytic EBV genes were associated with better clinical outcome in patients with RM-NPC receiving anti-PD-1 monotherapy.

Longitudinal on-treatment circulating tumor DNA as a biomarker for real-time dynamic risk monitoring in cancer patients: The EP-SEASON study.

Recurrence risks of cancer patient can change during treatment as a result of treatment-related tumor evolution. However, biomarkers that can monitor these changes are lacking. Here, we investigated whether tracking circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) dynamics through liquid biopsy can inform real-time recurrence risk. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) provides an ideal model where cell-free Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA (cfEBV DNA), a ctDNA, can be sensitively detected. We conducted the EP-SEASON study (NCT03855020) and prospectively recruited 1,000 NPC patients undergoing per-protocol cfEBV DNA assessments at 11 time points and receiving sequential chemo-radiotherapy. Longitudinal cfEBV DNA displayed distinct patterns during neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Despite the prognostic significance of cfEBV DNA at each time point, real-time recurrence risks changed in sync with cfEBV DNA dynamics. Furthermore, we identified phenotypes of whole-course ctDNA changing dynamics associated with different survival outcomes. In conclusion, tracking longitudinal on-treatment ctDNA can forecast real-time recurrence risk, facilitating risk-adapted, individualized patient management.

Specific immunological characteristics and risk factor of XBB variants re-infection in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients after BA.5 infection.

OBJECTIVES: The specific humoral immune response resulting from inactivated vaccination following by BA.5 infection, and predictors of XBB variants re-infection in BA.5 infection-recovered nasopharyngeal carcinoma (BA.5-RNPC) patients, were explored. METHODS: Serum SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody levels were assessed using enzyme-linked-immunosorbent-assay. Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with the magnitude of specific humoral immunity and susceptibility to re-infection by XBB variants. RESULTS: Our data demonstrates that SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody levels were comparable between BA.5-RNPC patients and BA.5 infection-recovered-non-cancerous (BA.5-RNC) individuals. Specifically, serum levels of anti-ancestral-S1-IgG, anti-ancestral-nucleocapsid-protein (NP)-IgG, anti-BA.5-receptor binding domain (RBD)-IgG and anti-XBB.1.1.6-RBD-IgG were higher in BA.5-RNPC patients compared to those without a prior infection. Compared to BA.5-RNPC patients without vaccination, individuals who received inactivated vaccination exhibited significantly higher levels of anti-ancestral-S1-IgG and anti-XBB.1.16-RBD-IgG. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that inactivated vaccination was the most significant predictor of all tested SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies response. Subsequent analysis indicated that a low globulin level is an independent risk factor for XBB re-infection in BA.5-RNPC patients. CONCLUSIONS: The SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies have been improved in vaccinated BA.5-RNPC patients. However, the baseline immunity status biomarker IgG is an indicators of XBB variant re-infection risk in BA.5-RNPC patients.

Impact of high-risk EBV strains on nasopharyngeal carcinoma gene expression.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is closely associated with Epstein-Barr Virus infection (EBV). Despite ubiquitous EBV infection worldwide, NPC displays a unique geographical distribution in Southern China and Southeast Asia. This observed phenomenon can be attributed to the interplay of different strains of EBV infection with host genetics and environmental factors. Polymorphisms on the EBV BALF2 gene have been shown to influence risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Notably, two non-synonymous EBV polymorphisms (162476T>C, 163364C>T) account for majority of NPC risk in endemic regions. These polymorphisms confer amino acid changes (I1613V, V317M) within the BALF2 protein. However, their impact on NPC tumor biology is unknown. We evaluated the distribution of BALF2 risk polymorphisms in five independent genomic datasets comprising 351 NPC clinical samples, confirming the high prevalence of high-risk EBV strains in NPC. Importantly, we observed two biologically distinct groups of tumors based on their gene expression profiles when grouped by their EBV risk strains. NPC tumors with the V317M substitution demonstrated increased proliferation processes including cell cycle (NES = 1.71, p = 5.64x10-24) and keratinization (NES = 2.42, p = 6.95x10-17). In contrast, NPC tumors without the V317M substitution demonstrated increased immune-related processes, including cell activation (NES = 1.85, p = 8.29x10-31), myeloid leukocyte activation (NES = 2.16, p = 6.51x10-24) and leukocyte mediated immunity (NES = 1.99, p = 1.05x10-23). These findings provide further insight on the influence of BALF2 variants on NPC tumor biology. EBV risk strains may have the potential to define biologically important groups in NPC.

The efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with different midpoint-radiotherapy Epstein-Barr virus DNA plasma loads.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) in patients with different midpoint-radiotherapy (mid-RT) Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA plasma loads for locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), and to provide decision-making regarding the use of AC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 675 consecutive patients diagnosed with stage III-IVa NPC were enrolled in this study. All patients underwent concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT), either with or without induction chemotherapy or AC, or a combination of both. The primary endpoint of this study was progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS: Among the 675 enrolled patients, 248 (36.7 %) received AC and 427 (63.3 %) were only observed after CCRT. In total, 149 (22.1 %) patients had detectable mid-RT EBV DNA levels, whereas 526 (77.9 %) had undetectable mid-RT EBV DNA levels. Patients with detectable mid-RT EBV DNA had worse 5-year PFS than those with undetectable mid-RT EBV DNA (74.8 % vs. 81.9 %, P = 0.045). AC group showed significantly better 5-year PFS than observation in patients with detectable mid-RT EBV DNA (82.8 % vs. 66.8 %; HR, 0.480; 95 % CI 0.250-0.919, P = 0.027). Multivariate analyses demonstrated that the treatment methods (AC vs. observation) were independent prognostic factors for PFS (HR, 0.37; 95 % CI 0.19-0.74, P = 0.005). However, in patients with undetectable mid-RT EBV DNA (5-year PFS: HR 0.873, 95 % CI 0.565-1.349, P = 0.52), AC group showed no survival benefit for observation. CONCLUSION: AC could reduce the risk of disease progression compared to observation in patients with detectable mid-RT EBV DNA. Our findings suggest that AC is effective in patients at a high risk of treatment failure.

Clinical significance of serum lactate dehydrogenase combined with a multivariate model for predicting the near-term outcome of primary nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This investigation explores the clinical significance of integrating serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) with a multivariate model for assessing the short-term prognosis of primary nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) quantification is a crucial prognostic indicator in NPC cases, but not all patients with NPC test positive for EBV. Furthermore, widespread adoption of EBV-DNA quantification remains challenging due to its high cost. Consequently, it is imperative to incorporate additional convenient and cost-effective prognostic markers to comprehensively evaluate patient outcomes. METHODS: This retrospective analysis included 203 newly diagnosed NPC cases treated at the Affiliated Qingyuan Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University between January 2018 and March 2022. The dataset included personal information and clinical data, and the treatment protocols followed the CSCO guidelines. Efficacy assessments were based on the RECIST 1.1 criteria and were conducted after induction chemotherapy and one week and three months after radiotherapy. RESULTS: A noteworthy correlation emerged between baseline serum LDH levels and treatment efficacy at one week after radiotherapy (P = 0.03) and at three months after radiotherapy (P < 0.01). Additionally, a prognostic model that incorporates age (P = 0.010), LDH (P < 0.001), C-reactive protein (P = 0.010), and alkaline phosphatase (P = 0.005) demonstrated robust predictive accuracy and clinical applicability. CONCLUSION: This investigation substantiates the significant correlation between baseline serum LDH levels and NPC outcomes. Furthermore, we introduce a refined prognostic model that holds promise for informing personalized treatment strategies, thereby contributing to the advancement of the diagnosis of NPC.

Small extracellular vesicle CA1 as a promising diagnostic biomarker for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a malignant cancer originating from the epithelial cells of the nasopharynx, presents diagnostic challenges with current methods such as plasma Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA testing showing limited efficacy. This study focused on identifying small extracellular vesicle (sEV) proteins as potential noninvasive biomarkers to enhance NPC diagnostic accuracy. We isolated sEVs from plasma and utilized 4D label-free proteomics to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) among healthy controls (NC = 10), early-stage NPC (E-NPC = 10), and late-stage NPC (L-NPC = 10). Eighteen sEV proteins were identified as potential biomarkers. Subsequently, parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) proteomic analysis preliminarily confirmed sEV carbonic anhydrase 1 (CA1) as a highly promising biomarker for NPC, particularly in early-stage diagnosis (NC = 15; E-NPC = 10; L-NPC = 15). To facilitate this, we developed an automated, high-throughput and highly sensitive CA1 immune-chemiluminescence chip technology characterized by a broad linear detection range and robust controls. Further validation in an independent retrospective cohort (NC = 89; E-NPC = 39; L-NPC = 172) using this technology confirmed sEV CA1 as a reliable diagnostic biomarker for NPC (AUC = 0.9809) and E-NPC (AUC = 0.9893), independent of EBV-DNA testing. Notably, sEV CA1 exhibited superior diagnostic performance compared to EBV-DNA, with a significant incremental net reclassification improvement of 27.61 % for NPC and 72.11 % for E-NPC detection. Thus, this study identifies sEV CA1 as an innovative diagnostic biomarker for NPC and E-NPC independent of EBV-DNA. Additionally, it establishes an immune-chemiluminescence chip technology for the detection of sEV CA1 protein, paving the way for further validation and clinical application.

EBV-positive glycoproteins associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is closely related to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, and glycosylation of proteins is associated with precancerous lesions and carcinogenesis of NPC, and viral glycoproteins mediates the fusion of viruses with B cells or epithelial cells in the infection stage, promoting the conversion of normal epithelial cells into cancer cells. In the process of occurrence and development of NPC, various glycoproteins in the body promote or inhibit the proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance of tumor cells, such as the tumor inhibitory effect of NGX6 and inhibin B (INHBB); the cancer-promoting effect of tenascin-C (TNC), fibronectin 1 (FN1), insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP3), serglycin, and its core protein; and some effects of glycosylation of immune proteins on immunotherapy in NPC. This article provides an overview of the research progress on the interaction of glycoproteins associated with EBV infection with the occurrence and development of NPC.

Kinetics of EBV antibody-based NPC risk scores in Taiwan NPC multiplex families.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) risk prediction models based on Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-antibody testing have shown potential for screening of NPC; however, the long-term stability is unclear. Here, we investigated the kinetics of two EBV-antibody NPC risk scores within the Taiwan NPC Multiplex Family Study. Among 545 participants with multiple blood samples, we evaluated the stability of a 2-marker enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay score and 13-marker multiplex serology score using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) by fitting a linear mixed model that accounted for the clustering effect of multiple measurements per subject and age. We also estimated the clustering of positive tests using Fleiss's kappa statistic. Over an average 20-year follow-up, the 2-marker score showed high stability over time, whereas the 13-marker score was more variable (p < .05). Case-control status is associated with the kinetics of the antibody response, with higher ICCs among cases. Positive tests were more likely to cluster within the same individual for the 2-marker score than the 13-marker score (p < .05). The 2-marker score had an increase in specificity from ~90% for single measurement to ~96% with repeat testing. The 13-marker score had a specificity of ~73% for a single measurement that increased to ~92% with repeat testing. Among individuals who developed NPC, none experienced score reversion. Our findings suggest that repeated testing could improve the specificity of NPC screening in high-risk NPC multiplex families. Further studies are required to determine the impact on sensitivity, establish optimal screening intervals, and generalize these findings to general population settings in high-risk regions.

Study on the value of Inhibin B in the diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and its correlation with traditional Chinese medicine syndromes: An observational study.

To investigate the expression of Inhibin B between various clinical stages, Chinese medicine dialectic typing, and in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) tissues and serum, and to evaluate the potential of Inhibin B as a new biomarker for NPC. Paraffin specimens of pathologically confirmed NPC tissues and paracancerous tissues were retrospectively collected, and the expression of Inhibin α (INHA) and Inhibin ßB (INHBB) was detected by SP method, and their relationship with clinicopathological indexes was analyzed; in addition, patients with NPC who had received radiotherapy were included as the study subjects, and Epstein-Barr virus DNA (EBV-DNA), INHA, and INHBB in patients were detected by using the fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and chemiluminescent immuno-sandwiching method, respectively. EBV-DNA, EBV-viral capsid antigen-immunoglobulin A (VCA IgA), INHA, and INHBB were detected in the patients, respectively, and their relationships with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) patterns were also analyzed. The expression of INHA and INHBB in NPC tissues was lower than that in paracancerous tissues, and the expression of INHA in NPC patients was correlated with lymphatic metastasis, clinical staging, and TCM staging; the levels of EBV-DNA and VCA IgA were higher than that of healthy populations in NPC patients and were higher than that of patients with stage III + IV than that of patients with stage I + II, and the levels of INHA and INHBB were lower than those of healthy populations and were lower than those of patients with stage III + IV than that of patients with stage I + II. The levels of INHA and INHBB in nasopharyngeal cancer patients were lower than those in healthy people, and the levels in stage III + IV patients were lower than those in stage I + II patients. The levels of EBV-DNA and VCA IgA in nasopharyngeal cancer patients were correlated with the Chinese medicine patterns, and had different patterns. The expression of Inhibin B may be related to the progression of NPC, and it has certain typing significance for different TCM syndromes of NPC, which is helpful for TCM typing diagnosis.