The effect of addition of calcium mineral in feed containing fishery wastes on egg production and hatching performance of Mojosari ducks.

Calcium (Ca) is an essential mineral for eggshell formation and muscle contraction, and a lack of it can result in poor egg quality and decreased egg output in laying ducks. This study aims to see how feeding the mineral Ca in a ration containing Shrimp head meal and Bilis fish head affects the laying performance and quality of hatching eggs in Mojosari ducks. A total of 105 female and 15 male Mojosari ducks, aged 78 weeks, were raised for three months and randomly divided into 15 flocks (each flock containing seven females and one male duck). There were three kinds of treatment, namely P0 (control, without mineral), P1 (ratio of Shrimp head meal and Bilis fish head 2:1 + 1% mineral), and P2 ((ratio of Shrimp head meal and Bilis fish head 1:2 + 1% mineral). The findings revealed that adding mineral Ca to feed, including Shrimp head meal and Bilis fish head, had no significant influence (P>0.05) on laying Mojosari duck performance in terms of feed intake, egg production, egg weight, egg quality, ducklings produced, and income over feed cost (IOFC). Furthermore, Ca addition in the ration did not result in substantial increases (P>0.05) in fertility, hatchability, or egg size characteristics. Based on the findings of this study, feeding ducks with shrimp head meal and Bilis fish head can be used as an alternate calcium-free feed formulation.

Nest box-mounted PIT tag readers reveal cryptic recruits of cavity-nesting waterfowl in south Louisiana.

Black-bellied Whistling-Ducks (Dendrocygna autumnalis; BBWD) are rapidly expanding northward into the core range of the eastern Wood Duck (Aix sponsa; WODU), yet little is known about BBWD nesting ecology. Typical field methods to study cavity-nesting waterfowl (i.e., weekly nest monitoring) preclude a full understanding of important breeding information, including nest prospecting and parasitic egg laying. To address this, we used subcutaneous passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags embedded in adults and PIT tag readers mounted on nest boxes with the objective to (1) identify individuals that used nest boxes but were not physically captured on a nest, (2) quantify box visitation, and (3) quantify BBWD pair and WODU hen behaviors during the prospecting, laying, and incubation periods. We deployed RFID readers on 40 nest boxes from March-December 2022 in Louisiana with the potential to detect BBWD and WODU marked with PIT tags in 2020-2022. We detected 48 (BBWD n = 26, WODU n = 22) adults of both species via RFID readers, and 33% (n = 16) of individuals (50% of BBWD, n = 12; 14% of WODU, n = 3) were never otherwise recaptured in 2022, meaning that traditional field methods for cavity-nesting waterfowl fail to document a substantial number of birds potentially contributing to the population via parasitism. We also used Bayesian generalized linear models to determine that both species visited a similar number of "new" (< 1 year old) and "old" (> 1 year old) nest boxes (ß = 0.66, CI = -0.30, 1.64). However, BBWD preferentially visited (and subsequently nested in) old boxes at a significantly higher rate than WODU (ß = 1.32, CI = 0.97, 1.66). Due to the generalist nature and rapid expansion of BBWD, an apparent aversion to newly installed boxes was unexpected, especially since there were several successful WODU nests in the new boxes before BBWD began nesting in 2022. Our study is one of the first to evaluate BBWD nesting behaviors within the core WODU breeding range, and the first to use nest box-mounted PIT tag readers to observe BBWD behavior.

Inefficacy of mallard flight responses to approaching vehicles.

Vehicle collisions with birds are financially costly and dangerous to humans and animals. To reduce collisions, it is necessary to understand how birds respond to approaching vehicles. We used simulated (i.e., animals exposed to video playback) and real vehicle approaches with mallards (Anas platyrynchos) to quantify flight behavior and probability of collision under different vehicle speeds and times of day (day vs. night). Birds exposed to simulated nighttime approaches exhibited reduced probability of attempting escape, but when escape was attempted, fled with more time before collision compared to birds exposed to simulated daytime approaches. The lower probability of flight may indicate that the visual stimulus of vehicle approaches at night (i.e., looming headlights) is perceived as less threatening than when the full vehicle is more visible during the day; alternatively, the mallard visual system might be incompatible with vehicle lighting in dark settings. Mallards approached by a real vehicle exhibited a delayed margin of safety (both flight initiation distance and time before collision decreased with speed); they are the first bird species found to exhibit this response to vehicle approach. Our findings suggest mallards are poorly equipped to adequately respond to fast-moving vehicles and demonstrate the need for continued research into methods promoting effective avian avoidance behaviors.

Advancing ecotoxicological studies: Utilizing new approach methodologies to enable cross-species extrapolation and reduce avian testing.

Ecological risk assessments of agrochemicals have traditionally depended on in vivo guideline tests using northern bobwhite and mallard to provide relevant endpoints for avian species. However, these studies have limitations, including animal welfare concerns, the time and cost involved, limited potential for extrapolation to more realistic exposure conditions, and the lack of mechanistic understanding. The proof-of-concept work presented a case study for thiamethoxam in three avian species, demonstrating the potential of physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modeling to enable dosimetry extrapolations that inform hazard characterization in risk assessment, and reduce the use of avian testing. The model structure for northern bobwhite and mallard contained ten compartments, while an additional ovulation model was included for chicken in the physiological state of egg-laying. The model was first parameterized and evaluated for chicken and northern bobwhite using in vitro kinetic measurements and in vivo toxicokinetic (TK) data. The chicken model was then extrapolated to mallard based on allometric scaling. The models were then used to map the TK profiles across species by simulating internal dose metrics in different avian toxicology studies. These metrics, including peak blood concentrations (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC) for blood concentration, were determined for acute, subacute, or chronic toxicity endpoints for mallard and northern bobwhite, enabling a quantitative cross-species and cross-route comparison of dosimetry. The results suggested that the chronic toxicological response of birds exposed to thiamethoxam is highly dependent on internal exposure, while mallard appeared to be more dynamically sensitive to thiamethoxam on an acute oral exposure basis. The case study increases the confidence in using new approach methodologies (NAMs) for interpreting avian toxicity studies and facilitating in vitro-in silico-based ecological risk assessments of agrochemicals.

Genome-wide association study reveals 2 copy number variations associated with the variation of plumage color in the white duck hybrid population.

Plumage color is an intuitive external poultry characteristic with rich manifestations and complex genetic mechanisms. In our previous study, we observed that there were more dark variations in plumage color in the F2 population derived from the hybridization of 2 white duck varieties. Therefore, based on the statistics of plumage color of 308 F2 populations, we further used the resequencing data of these individuals to detect copy number variations (CNVs) in the whole genome and conducted genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to determine the genetic basis related to plumage color traits. The CNV detection revealed 9,337 CNVs, with an average length of 15,950 bp and a total length of 142.02 MB, accounting for approximately 12.91% of the reference genome. The CNV distribution on the chromosomes was relatively uniform, and the number of CNVs on each chromosome positively correlated with the length of the chromosome. In the pure black plumage group, 2,101 CNVs were only identified, and 1,714 were specifically identified in the pure white plumage group. Ten CNVs were randomly selected for validation using quantitative real-time PCR, and 9 CNVs had the same CNV types as predicted, with an accuracy of 90%. Based on GWAS, we identified 2 CNVs potentially associated with plumage color variations, with the associated CNV regions covering 9 genes. Enrichment analysis of these 9 candidate genes showed significant enrichment of 3 pathways (ribosome biogenesis in eukaryotes, RNA transport, and protein export) and 17 gene ontology terms. Among these, VWA5A can downregulate MITF by binding to the regulatory factors SOX10. The occurrence of CNV may indirectly contribute to duck plumage color variation by affecting the regulatory factors of the switch gene MITF in the melanogenesis pathway. These findings have improved the understanding of the genetic basis of duck plumage color variation and have been beneficial for developing and using plumage color traits in subsequent poultry breeding.

Effects of potassium diformate on growth performance, apparent digestibility of nutrients, serum biochemical indices, and intestinal microflora in Cherry Valley ducks.

This study was performed to investigate the effects of potassium diformate (KDF) on growth performance, apparent digestibility of nutrients, serum biochemical indices, and intestinal microflora of Cherry Valley ducks. In total, 144 female healthy 1-day-old Cherry Valley ducks were divided into 3 groups with 6 replicates per group and 8 ducks per replicate according to the principle of similar body weight. The control group was fed a basic diet. In the 2 experimental groups, 0.8% and 1.2% KDF was added to the basic diet, respectively. The trial period was 6 wk and the pretrial period was 3 wk. The final weight and ADG were significantly higher in the 0.8% KDF group than in the control group (P < 0.05). The feed-to-gain ratio was significantly lower in both KDF groups than in the control group (P < 0.05). The apparent digestibility of CP was significantly higher in both KDF groups than in the control group (P < 0.05). The apparent digestibility of calcium was also significantly higher in the 0.8% KDF group (P < 0.05). The serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, and total protein were significantly lower in the 0.8% KDF group than in the control group (P < 0.05), the IgM content was significantly higher (P < 0.05), the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and urea levels were significantly lower (P < 0.01), and the glucose level was significantly higher (P < 0.01). The serum total protein level was significantly higher in the 1.2% KDF group than in the control group (P < 0.05). The relative abundance of Firmicutes and Patescibacteria in the gut of ducks was significantly higher in the 0.8% KDF group than in the control group (P < 0.05), the relative abundance of unclassified Erysipelotrichaceae and Lactobacillus was significantly higher (P < 0.01), and the relative abundance of Fusobacteriota was significantly lower (P < 0.05). However, the relative abundance of Firmicutes in the gut of ducks was significantly higher in the 1.2% KDF group than in the control group (P < 0.05). The relative abundance of unclassified Erysipelotrichaceae and Clostridium sensu stricto 1 was significantly higher (P < 0.01), as was the relative abundance of Fusobacteriota and Proteobacteria (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that the addition of 0.8% KDF to the diet can improve the growth performance of Cherry Valley ducks, promote the absorption of nutrients, change the structure of the microflora in the cecum, and increase the relative abundance of dominant bacteria. It was also shown that there was a significant difference between the 0.8% and 1.2% KDF levels which suggest that the safety margin for overdosing is quite low.

Improving duckling hatchability and quality by optimization of egg turning angle during incubation.

Egg turning in incubation is crucial to the development of embryos and hatching performance. We aimed to develop a high performance duck egg incubation technique by enlarging and changing egg turning angles. Increasing turning angle from 45 to 75° did not affect the embryo early mortality during the first 15 d of incubation, which ranged from 3.5 to 4.0%, but accelerated chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) development by 17 h, and significantly (P < 0.01) reduced the late mortality from 9.4 ± 0.98% to 5.31 ± 0.63%. As the result, fertile egg hatchability increased from 91.03 ± 0.97% to 94.64 ± 0.61% (P < 0.05), so was healthy duckling rate from 87.24 ± 1.17% to 92.08 ± 0.55% (P < 0.05), and duckling live weight from 60.74 ± 0.63 g to 63.15 ± 0.35 g (P < 0.05). Changing turning angle from 75°to 60°during incubation d 15 to 25 further reduced late embryo mortality to 3.88 ± 0.47 and increased hatchability to 96.58 ± 0.68%. This changing angle turning hatched ducklings exhibited the highest growth performance during rearing than those hatched by 45 and 75° egg turning. The enhanced growth rate was paralleled by upregulations of somatotropic axis genes mRNA expression levels of the hypothalamus GHRH, liver GHR and IGF-1 during embryo incubation and duckling rearing. In conclusion, a changing angle egg turning incubation technique, 75°in the first 15 d and 60°thereafter, can enhance CAM development, upregulate somatotropic axis genes expressions, and can maximally improve embryo livability, duckling hatchability and growth performance.

Effect of different LED light colors on welfare, performance, some behavioral patterns, and blood parameters of Muscovy ducks.

BACKGROUND: The current study was conducted to assess the impact of different LED light colors on welfare indicators in Muscovy ducks. These welfare parameters encompassed growth performance, specific behaviors, tonic immobility (TI), feather score, haematological, and serum biochemical parameters. Eighty-four healthy unsexed Muscovy ducklings aged two weeks were randomly assigned to four groups (3replicates/group; each replicate contains 7 birds) based on different LED light colors. The first group was raised under white light, the second under red light, the third under blue light, and the fourth under yellow light. To assess the impact of various LED light colors on welfare, growth performance indicators (body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio) were measured. Behavioral patterns including feeding, drinking, standing, walking, sitting, feather pecking, and other activities were recorded. Tonic immobility test (TI) and feather condition scoring were conducted at 3, 6, and 10 weeks of age. At the end of the study blood samples were collected for hematological and serum biochemical analyses. RESULTS: The results revealed that using blue, yellow, and red colors had no adverse effect on the final body weight of the ducks (P > 0.05). Unlike to red light, blue light significantly reduced feather pecking, TI time and cortisol concentrations and improved the feather condition score (P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The current findings suggest that the application of blue light effectively improves welfare indices and has no detrimental impact on the growth performance of Muscovy ducks thereby positively contributing to their welfare.

Consistent changes in muscle phenotype and mitochondrial abundance underlie dive performance across multiple lineages of diving ducks.

Diving animals must sustain high muscle activity with finite oxygen (O2) to forage underwater. Studies have shown that some diving mammals exhibit changes in the metabolic phenotype of locomotory muscles compared with non-divers, but the pervasiveness of such changes across diving animals is unclear, particularly among diving birds. Here, we examined whether changes in muscle phenotype and mitochondrial abundance are associated with dive capacity across 17 species of ducks from three distinct evolutionary clades (tribes) in the subfamily Anatinae: the longest diving sea ducks, the mid-tier diving pochards and the non-diving dabblers. In the gastrocnemius (the primary swimming and diving muscle), mitochondrial volume density in both oxidative and glycolytic fiber types was 70% and 30% higher in sea ducks compared with dabblers, respectively. These differences were associated with preferential proliferation of the subsarcolemmal subfraction, the mitochondria adjacent to the cell membrane and nearest to capillaries, relative to the intermyofibrillar subfraction. Capillary density and capillary-to-fiber ratio were positively correlated with mitochondrial volume density, with no variation in the density of oxidative fiber types across tribes. In the pectoralis, sea ducks had greater abundance of oxidative fiber types than dabblers, whereas pochards were intermediate between the two. These data suggest that skeletal muscles of sea ducks have a heightened capacity for aerobic metabolism and an enhanced ability to utilize O2 stores in the blood and muscle while diving.

Genome-wide association study identified candidate genes for egg production traits in the Longyan Shan-ma duck.

Egg production is an important economic trait in layer ducks and understanding the genetics basis is important for their breeding. In this study, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for egg production traits in 303 female Longyan Shan-ma ducks was performed based on a genotyping-by-sequencing strategy. Sixty-two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with egg weight traits were identified (P < 9.48 × 10-5), including 8 SNPs at 5% linkage disequilibrium (LD)-based Bonferroni-corrected genome-wide significance level (P < 4.74 × 10-6). One hundred and nineteen SNPs were associated with egg number traits (P < 9.48 × 10-5), including 13 SNPs with 5% LD-based Bonferroni-corrected genome-wide significance (P < 4.74 × 10-6). These SNPs annotated 146 target genes which contained known candidate genes for egg production traits, such as prolactin and prolactin releasing hormone receptor. This study identified that these associated genes were significantly enriched in egg production-related pathways (P < 0.05), such as the oxytocin signaling, MAPK signaling, and calcium signaling pathways. It was notable that 18 genes were differentially expressed in ovarian tissues between higher and lower egg production in Shan-ma ducks. The identified potential candidate genes and pathways provide insight into the genetic basis underlying the egg production trait of layer ducks.

Identification of potential candidate miRNAs related to semen quality in seminal plasma extracellular vesicles and sperms of male duck (Anas Platyrhynchos).

Semen quality is an important indicator that can directly affect fertility. In mammals, miRNAs in seminal plasma extracellular vesicles (SPEVs) and sperms can regulate semen quality. However, relevant regulatory mechanism in duck sperms remains largely unclear. In this study, duck SPEVs were isolated and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), western blot (WB), and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). To identify the important molecules affecting semen quality, we analysed the miRNA expression in sperms and SPEVs of male ducks in high semen quality group ((DHS, DHSE) and low semen quality group (DLS, DLSE). We identified 94 differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs in the comparison of DHS vs. DLS, and 21 DE miRNAs in DHSE vs. DLSE. Target genes of SPEVs DE miRNAs were enriched in ErbB signaling pathway, glycometabolism, and ECM-receptor interaction pathways (P < 0.05), while the target genes of sperm DE miRNAs were enriched in ribosome (P < 0.05). The miRNA-target-pathway interaction network analyses indicated that 5 DE miRNAs (miR-34c-5p, miR-34b-3p, miR-449a, miR-31-5p, and miR-128-1-5p) targeted the largest number of target genes enriched in MAPK, Wnt and calcium signaling pathways, of which FZD9 and ANAPC11 were involved in multiple biological processes related to sperm functions, indicating their regulatory effects on sperm quality. The comparison of DE miRNAs of SPEVs and sperms found that mir-31-5p and novel-273 could potentially serve as biomarkers for semen quality detection. Our findings enhance the insight into the crucial role of SPEV and sperm miRNAs in regulating semen quality and provide a new perspective for subsequent studies.

Temporal variation in production performance, biochemical and oxidative stress markers, and gut microbiota in Pekin ducks during the late growth stage.

In the late growth stage of commercial Pekin ducks, a significant increase in feed intake and a decline in body weight gain have been observed, leading to impaired feed conversion efficiency. To address this issue, we investigated alterations in production performance, blood biochemical indices, ileum tissue architecture, and microbial community structure in Pekin ducks. The primary objective was to provide robust data supporting the improvement of meat duck production efficiency during the late growth stage (28-42-days-old). Forty 28-day-old Pekin ducks were randomly assigned to 8 replicates, with five ducks per replicate. The rearing period lasted 14 days, with feed and water provided ad libitum. Our findings indicated a significant increase in Pekin duck body and heart weights with advancing age (P < 0.05). Moreover, serum antioxidant enzyme and high-density lipoprotein concentrations significantly increased, whereas triglyceride levels decreased (P < 0.05). Notably, the height of the ileal villi was significantly reduced (P < 0.05). The microbial community structure of the ileum exhibited significant changes as ducks aged, accompanied by a substantial increase in microbial flora diversity, particularly with the formation of more tightly connected microbial network modules. Time-dependent enrichment was observed in microbial gene functions related to energy metabolism pathways. At the genus level, Sphingomonas and Subdoligranulum have emerged as crucial players in microbial differential functional pathways and network formation. These bacteria likely serve as the key driving factors in the dynamic microbial changes that occur in Pekin ducks over time. Overall, our findings suggest a potential decline in the absorption function of the small intestine and fat deposition performance of Pekin ducks during later growth stages, which may be attributed to the maturation and proliferation of the gut microbial community.

Testing the form-function paradigm: body shape correlates with kinematics but not energetics in selectively-bred birds.

A central concept of evolutionary biology, supported by broad scale allometric analyses, asserts that changing morphology should induce downstream changes in locomotor kinematics and energetics, and by inference selective fitness. However, if these mechanistic relationships exist at local intraspecific scales, where they could provide substrate for fundamental microevolutionary processes, is unknown. Here, analyses of selectively-bred duck breeds demonstrate that distinct body shapes incur kinematic shifts during walking, but these do not translate into differences in energetics. A combination of modular relationships between anatomical regions, and a trade-off between limb flexion and trunk pitching, are shown to homogenise potential functional differences between the breeds, accounting for this discrepancy between form and function. This complex interplay between morphology, motion and physiology indicates that understanding evolutionary links between the avian body plan and locomotor diversity requires studying locomotion as an integrated whole and not key anatomical innovations in isolation.

Proximity among protected area networks promotes functional connectivity for wintering waterfowl.

The equilibrium theorem provided a fundamental framework for understanding species' distributions and movement in fragmented ecosystems. Wetland-dependent avian species are model organisms to test insular predictions within protected area networks because their mobility allows surveillance of isolated patches without landscape barriers. We hypothesized size and isolation would influence functional connectivity of sanctuaries by GPS-marked wintering mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) within a mesocosm protected sanctuary area network. We evaluated functional connectivity and sanctuary use, measured by movements between sanctuaries, using a multistate modeling framework. Proximity drove connectivity, underscoring that patch isolation-not size-influenced connectivity, even for an avian species with no ascertainable landscape resistance or barriers. We also found that sanctuary use increased overwintering survival by reducing harvest mortality. Our test of equilibrium theory predictions demonstrated that isolation of protected sanctuary areas supersedes their size in determining functional connectivity for mallards and access to these areas may have direct fitness consequences. Our findings could refine land acquisition, restoration, and management practices with equal or greater emphasis on adjacency in protected area network design, especially for wetland-dependent migratory gamebirds.

Genetic parameters of feeding behaviour traits in ducks bred for foie gras production.

The mule duck accounts for over 90% of French foie gras production, a sector where feed represents two-thirds of production costs. This study focuses on analysing the feeding behaviours of the mule duck and its parental populations (Pekin and Muscovy) using automated feeders. To assess feed efficiency, feed conversion ratio and residual feed intake were analysed, along with six traits derived at the daily and meal levels. Genetic parameters were estimated separately in purebred populations, as well as with a joint crossbred model that estimated the parental contributions to the hybrid crossbred performances. In relation to higher feed intakes and much-reduced feeding times (P < 0.001), the feeding rate in the Pekin population was twice as high as in the Muscovy population (19 g/min vs 9 g/min), while the mule duck exhibited a large heterosis for this trait (29 g/min). Feeding traits exhibited moderate (0.38 ± 0.11) to high (0.65 ± 0.11) heritabilities. Similar correlation patterns were observed between feeding traits in the two parental populations. In the Pekin line, the feed conversion ratio did not significantly correlate with feeding traits except for daily feed intake. However, in the Muscovy population, it was negatively correlated with the number of meals (-0.51 ± 0.21) and positively with meal feed intake and meal duration (+0.79 ± 0.17 and + 0.71 ± 0.26, respectively). The contributions of the two parental species to the hybrid's performance differed, with the Pekin contributing more to feeding and meat traits compared to the Muscovy. They were similar only for liver weight. Additionally, unfavourable correlations between meat traits and liver traits were estimated in both pathways. Genetic relationships between feeding traits and slaughter traits varied by parental origin, suggesting different strategies for improving hybrid performance in the two parental species. However, in both pathways, genetic correlations between feed conversion ratio and meat traits (breast muscle and thigh weights) were favourable (<-0.42 ± 0.18), whereas they were unfavourable (>0.41 ± 0.20) for fatty liver weight. Altogether, improving liver traits and feed efficiency in the hybrid through selection in the parental populations could be enhanced by considering feeding traits recorded with electronic feeders, provided that adverse correlations are properly accounted for in a multitrait index.

Parenting in a changing environment: A long-term study of prolactin, parental effort and reproductive success in common eiders.

Parental care is regulated by multiple endocrine mechanisms. Among these hormones, prolactin (PRL) is involved in the expression of parental behaviors. Despite the consensus that PRL mediates variation in parental effort with age and body condition, its role in the adjustment of parental effort to fluctuating environmental conditions, including changing predation pressure, still awaits further investigation. To shed light on this knowledge gap, we relied on a long-term monitoring of female common eiders Somateria mollissima (n = 1277 breeding attempts, 2012-2022) incubating under fluctuating predation risk to investigate the link between baseline PRL levels and female minimum age, body condition, clutch size, environmental parameters (predation pressure, climate, nest microhabitat) and hatching success. We predicted that PRL would be higher in older females, those in better condition or incubating larger clutches. We also predicted that females would reduce parental effort when nesting under challenging environmental conditions (high predation pressure or poor climatic conditions), translated into reduced baseline PRL levels. We also explored how variation in PRL levels, female characteristics and environmental parameters were related to hatching success. Following our predictions, PRL levels were positively associated with body condition and female age (before showing a senescent decline in the oldest breeders). However, we did not observe any population-level or individual-level reduction in PRL levels in response to increasing predation pressure. Population-level baseline PRL levels instead increased over the study period, coincident with rising predation threat, but also increasing female body condition and age. While we did not provide evidence for a direct association between baseline PRL levels and predation risk, our results support the idea that elevated baseline PRL levels promote hatching success under internal constraints (in young, inexperienced, breeders or those incubating a large clutch) or constraining environmental conditions (during years of high predation pressure or poor climatic and foraging conditions). Finally, the low repeatability of baseline PRL levels and high interannual variability highlight considerable within-individual flexibility in baseline PRL levels. Further research should explore flexibility in parental effort to changing environmental conditions, focusing on both baseline and stress-induced PRL levels.

Effects of residual feed intake on the economic traits of fast-growing meat ducks.

Feed efficiency (FE) is a crucial economic indicator of meat duck production. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of residual feed intake (RFI), defined as the difference between the actual and expected feed intake based on animal's production and maintenance requirements, on the growth performance (GP), slaughter and internal organ characteristics of fast-growing meat ducks. In total, 1,300 healthy 14-day-old male fast-growing meat ducks were housed in individual cages until slaughter at the age of 35 d. The characteristics of the carcass and internal organs of 30 ducks with the highest RFI (HRFI) and the lowest RFI (LRFI) were respectively determined. RFI, the feed conversion ratio (FCR), and average day feed intake (ADFI) were significantly lower in the LRFI group than the HRFI group (P < 0.001), while there were no significant differences in marketing BW or BW gain (BWG) (P > 0.05). The thigh muscle and lean meat yields were higher, and the abdominal fat content was lower (P < 0.001) in the LRFI group, while there were no significant differences in other carcass traits between the groups (P > 0.05). The liver and gizzard yields were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the LRFI group, while there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in intestinal length between the groups. RFI was highly positively correlate with FCR and ADFI (P < 0.01), but negatively correlated the yields of thigh muscle, lean meat, liver, and gizzard, and positively correlated with abdominal fat content. These results indicate that selection for low RFI could improve the FE of fast-growing meat ducks without affecting the marketing BW and BWG, while increasing yields of thigh muscle and lean meat and reducing abdominal fat content. These findings offer useful insights into the biological processes that influence FE of fast-growing meat ducks.

Modeling the growth curve in ducks: a sinusoidal model as an alternative to classical nonlinear models.

The present study aimed to apply a sinusoidal model to duck body weight records in order to introduce it to the field of poultry science. Using 8 traditional growth functions as a guide (Bridges, Janoschek, logistic, Gompertz, Von Bertalanffy, Richards, Schumacher, and Morgan), this study looked at how well the sinusoidal equation described the growth patterns of ducks. By evaluating statistical performance and examining model behavior during nonlinear regression curve fitting, models were compared. The data used in this study came from 3 published articles reporting 1) body weight records of Kuzi ducks aged 1 to 70 d, 2) body weight records for Polish Peking ducks aged 1 to 70 d, and 3) average body weight of Peking ducks aged 1 to 42 d belonging to 5 different breeds. The general goodness-of-fit of each model to the various data profiles was assessed using the adjusted coefficient of determination, root mean square error, Akaike's information criterion (AIC), and Bayesian information criterion. All of the models had adjusted coefficient of determination values that were generally high, indicating that the models generally fit the data well. Duck growth dynamics are accurately described by the chosen sinusoidal equation. The sinusoidal equation was found to be one of the best functions for describing the age-related changes in body weight in ducks when the growth functions were compared using the goodness-of-fit criteria. To date, no research has been conducted on the use of sinusoidal equations to describe duck growth development. To describe the growth curves for a variety of duck strains/lines, the sinusoidal function employed in this study serves as a suitable substitute for conventional growth functions.

Comparative genome-wide association study on body weight in Chinese native ducks using four models.

The Jinling White duck represents a newly developed breed characterized by a rapid growth rate and a superior meat quality, offering significant economic value and research potential; however, the genetic basis underlying their body weight traits remains less understood. Here, we performed whole-genome resequencing for 201 diverse Jinling White male ducks and conducted population genomic analyses, suggesting a rich genetic diversity within the Jinling White duck population. Equipped with our genomic resources, we applied genome-wide association analysis for body weight on birth (BWB), body weight on 1 wk (BW1), body weight on 3 wk (BW3), body weight on 5 wk (BW5) and body weight on 7 wk (BW7) using 4 statistical models. Comparative studies indicated that factored spectrally transformed linear mixed models (FaST-LMM) demonstrated the most superior efficiency, yielding more results with the minimal false positives. We discovered that PUS7, FBXO11, FOXN2, MSH6, and SLC4A4 were associated with BWB. RAG2, and TMEFF2 were candidate genes for BW1, and STARD13, Klotho, ZAR1L are likely candidates for BW3 and BW5. PLXNC1, ATP1A1, CD58, FRYL, OCIAD1, and OCIAD2 were linked to BW7. These findings provide a genetic reference for the selection and breeding of Jinling White ducks, while also deepened our understanding of Growth and development phenotypic in ducks.

Genetic analysis of a Kaijiang duck conservation population through genome-wide scan.

1. The Kaijiang duck is a native Chinese breed known for its excellent egg laying performance, killing-out percentage (88.57%), and disease resistance. The assessment of population genetic structure is the basis for understanding the genetics of indigenous breeds and for their protection and management.2. In this study, whole-genome sequencing was performed on 60 Kaijiang ducks to identify genetic variations and investigate the population structure. Homozygosity (ROH) analysis was conducted to assess inbreeding levels in the population.3. The study revealed a moderate level of inbreeding, indicated by an average inbreeding coefficient of 0.1043. This may impact the overall genetic diversity.4. Genomic Regions of Interest identified included 168 genomic regions exhibiting high levels of autozygosity. These regions were associated with processes including muscle growth, pigmentation, neuromodulation, and growth and reproduction.5. The significance of these pathways indicated their potential role in shaping the desirable traits of the Kaijiang duck. These findings provide insights into the genetic basis of the Kaijiang duck's desirable traits and can inform future breeding and conservation efforts.