Clinically Relevant Topics and New Tendencies in Childhood Nutrition during the First 2 Years of Life: A Survey among Primary Care Spanish Paediatricians.

A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted among 245 experienced Spanish paediatricians, who completed an online survey based on clinically relevant topics in nutrition during the first two years of life and their recommendations to parents in daily clinical practice. Most participants advise about the choking risk associated with baby-led weaning (BLW) and more than 60% consider that infants can receive an insufficient variety and quantity of nutrients with this practice. The general opinion is that there is a lack of evidence for delaying the introduction of gluten and other allergenic foods in the complementary feeding of healthy infants. Most participants agree/strongly agree that two servings of dairy products are the adequate daily amount in a diversified diet and 93.4% disagree/strongly disagree with the use of vegetal beverages under 1 year of life. There is a general agreement to avoid added salt and sugar before 12 months of life, the consideration that organic foods do not have a better nutritional profile than non-organic ones, and the limitations of vegetarian diets especially for adequate provision of micronutrients. Overall, there is an adequate knowledge of the new trends by paediatricians and younger ones seemed more in favor of them and interested in receiving more information on most topics.

Female genital mutilation and cutting: a survey of child abuse pediatricians.

BACKGROUND: As global immigration from countries with a high prevalence of female genital mutilation and cutting (FGM/C) has grown in the United States (US), there is need for pediatricians to have adequate training to care for these patients. The objective of this study is to determine the level of knowledge and attitudes of child abuse pediatricians (CAPs) towards FGM/C in the US. METHODS: This cross-sectional study distributed a peer-reviewed survey to US CAPs-members of the Helfer Society-to assess their attitudes, knowledge, clinical practice, and education about FGM/C. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis tests, and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Most of the 65 respondents were aware that FGM/C is illegal (92%) and agreed that it violated human rights (99%). Individuals reporting previous training related to FGM/C were significantly more likely to correctly identify World Health Organization types of FGM/C (p < 0.05) and report confidence in doing so (p < 0.05). Only 21% of respondents felt comfortable discussing FGM/C with parents from countries with a high prevalence of FGM/C. Sixty-three percent were not aware of the federal law, and 74% were not aware of their own state's laws about FGM/C. CONCLUSIONS: US CAPs have high rates of training related to FGM/C; however, they need additional training to increase confidence and ability to identify FGM/C. FGM/C remains a topic that CAPs find difficult to discuss with families. With culturally sensitive training, CAPs have the opportunity to help manage and prevent the practice by serving as educators and experts for general pediatricians.

Primary care perspectives on prescribing anti-obesity medication for adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Recent pediatric guidelines recommend clinicians offer anti-obesity medication (AOM) as an adjunct to intensive lifestyle intervention. OBJECTIVE: To investigate pediatricians' perspectives about prescribing AOM, including barriers and facilitators. METHODS: An investigator-developed survey was emailed to primary care pediatric physicians (n = 187) and advanced practice providers (n = 190) within an academic-affiliated network. The survey evaluated how willing clinicians were to prescribe AOM and their agreement with 25 statements about barriers and facilitators. Three vignettes explored AOM decision-making. Multinomial logistic regression was used to determine relative risk ratios for willingness to prescribe by agreement with each statement. RESULTS: Among 74 respondents (20% response rate), 24% were willing, 42% uncertain and 34% unwilling to prescribe. Most (64%) agreed that AOM should be managed only by specialists. Willingness to prescribe was associated with clinician motivation and belief in guideline practicality and applicability. Unwillingness was associated with beliefs that patients would not continue AOM long enough for benefit and that there was insufficient time or resources to implement. In vignettes, 52% were willing to prescribe AOM for a patient with severe obesity and metabolic complications, versus 11% for a patient with obesity and possible disordered eating. CONCLUSIONS: Willingness to prescribe AOM was low and was associated with perceived practicality and appropriateness for patients.

Association Between Gender and Salary Among Pediatric Hospital Medicine Physicians.

OBJECTIVES: Gender-based disparities in salary exist in multiple fields of medicine. However, there is limited data examining gender inequities in salary in pediatric hospital medicine (PHM). Our primary objective was to assess whether gender-based salary differences exist in PHM. The secondary objective was to assess if, among women, the differences in salary varied on the basis of leadership positions or self-identified race and ethnicity. METHODS: We conducted a survey-based, cross-sectional study of pediatric hospitalists in December 2021. Our primary outcomes were base and total salary, adjusted for the reported number of average weekly work hours. We performed subanalyses by presence of a leadership position, as well as race. We used a weighted t test using inverse probability weighting to compare the outcomes between genders. RESULTS: A total of 559 eligible people responded to our survey (51.0%). After propensity score weighting, women's mean base salary was 87.7% of men's base (95% confidence interval [CI] 79.8%-96.4%, P < .01), and women's total salary was 85.6% of men's total (95% CI 73.2%-100.0%, P = .05) salary. On subgroup analysis of respondents with a leadership position, women's total salary was 80.6% of men's total salary (95% CI 68.7%-94.4%, P < .01). Although women who identified as white had base salaries that were 86.6% of white men's base salary (95% CI 78.5%-95.5%, P < .01), there was no gender-based difference noted between respondents that identified as nonwhite (88.4% [69.9%-111.7%] for base salary, 80.3% [57.2% to 112.7%]). CONCLUSIONS: Gender-based discrepancies in salary exists in PHM, which were increased among those with leadership roles. Continued work and advocacy are required to achieve salary equity within PHM.

Drivers of district-level differences in outpatient antibiotic prescribing in Germany: a qualitative study with prescribers.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have identified substantial regional variations in outpatient antibiotic prescribing in Germany, both in the paediatric and adult population. This indicates inappropriate antibiotic prescribing in some regions, which should be avoided to reduce antimicrobial resistance and potential side effects. The reasons for regional variations in outpatient antibiotic prescribing are not yet completely understood; socioeconomic and health care density differences between regions do not fully explain such differences. Here, we apply a behavioural perspective by adapting the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) to examine regional factors deemed relevant for outpatient antibiotic prescriptions by paediatricians and general practitioners. METHODS: Qualitative study with guideline-based telephone interviews of 40 prescribers (paediatricians and general practitioners) in outpatient settings from regions with high and low rates of antibiotic prescriptions, stratified by urbanity. TDF domains formed the basis of an interview guide to assess region-level resources and barriers to rational antibiotic prescription behaviour. Interviews lasted 30-61 min (M = 45 min). Thematic analysis was used to identify thematic clusters, and relationships between themes were explored through proximity estimation. RESULTS: Both paediatricians and general practitioners in low-prescribing regions reported supporting contextual factors (in particular good collegial networks, good collaboration with laboratories) and social factors (collegial support and low patient demand for antibiotics) as important resources. In high-prescribing regions, poor coordination between in-patient and ambulatory health services, lack of region-level information on antimicrobial resistance, few professional development opportunities, and regional variations in patient expectations were identified as barriers to rational prescribing behaviour. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions targeting professional development, better collaboration structures with laboratories and clearer and user-friendly guidelines could potentially support rational antibiotic prescribing behaviour. In addition, better networking and social support among physicians could support lower prescription rates.

Actions speak louder than words; pediatricians, gynecologists, nurses, and other mothers' perspectives on the human papillomavirus vaccine: an Istanbul multicenter study.

Introduction: Gynecologists and pediatricians have an essential duty to prevent cervical cancer. In this study, we compared the compliance of gynecologists (n = 22) and pediatricians (n = 49) with nurse/midwife (n = 66) and non-medical moms (n = 120) with regards to cervical cancer precautions. Methods: A questionnaire was used to gather data on their demographics, personal vaccination and screening practices, children's immunization status, and awareness of cervical cancer prevention. Results: The findings demonstrated that gynecologists and pediatricians were better than others at understanding the risk factors and prevention of cervical cancer. It was noted that compared to other groups, physician mothers and their offspring had higher vaccination rates (n = 13, 18.3%; n = 10, 29.4%, respectively). Medical professionals typically provided thorough and accurate answers to informational questions. More frequent Pap smear tests were performed by gynecologists. It was noted that mothers who worked as pediatricians and nurses/midwives neglected their own screening needs. Discussion: This questionnaire survey sought to ascertain Istanbul's health professionals' present opinions regarding HPV vaccination. Healthcare professionals should be the first to receive information on HPV vaccination and cervical cancer incidence reduction. The public could then readily use them as an example.

Differences between parents' and paediatricians' perceptions of mild respiratory infections in childhood: contrast study.

Introduction: Mild respiratory infections are a common reason for consultation in paediatrics, both in the emergency department and in primary care clinics. These conditions, mostly viral and self-limiting, have a significant impact on the healthcare system, school and work absenteeism, and family routines. Despite being common and banal illnesses from a medical perspective, they involve a significant concern in families. The main objective of the contrast study was to compare the perceptions of parents and paediatricians regarding mild respiratory infections in childhood and their impact on family conciliation. Materials and methods: Two online, cross-sectional surveys were conducted among Spanish paediatricians and parents with children aged 6 months to 12 years, involving 504 paediatricians and 1,447 families, with questions on attitudes towards visits to the paediatric consultation, care burden of minor pathologies, work, and family conciliation, and treatment and prevention of these illnesses. Results: Results showed significant differences in paediatricians' and parents' perceptions in many aspects. According to 34.5% of paediatricians and 27% of parents, families regularly go to the paediatrician without a scheduled visit. Only 4% of parents report having self-medicated their child, while paediatricians raise this percentage significantly to 48%. Regarding the question: "it is normal for a child to have an average of 4 colds a year," only 25.5% of the surveyed families "strongly agree" unlike to 70.2% of paediatricians. 72.8% of paediatricians "strongly agree" with: "in my opinion, it is good for children to get sick to improve their immune system" reduced to 45.9% of parents. Consultations for minor pathologies represent a "high workload" for 60.9% of paediatricians, while this opinion is agreed by only 18.9% of the parents. Conclusion: Mild respiratory infections in childhood are perceived differently by paediatricians and parents. While paediatricians perceive them as a common and manageable phenomenon, parents tend to show higher concern and demand for medical attention. This study underlines the need to improve communication between paediatricians and parents to align perceptions, optimise the use of the health system resources, and improve the efficiency in the management of these common paediatric illnesses.

Chinese and Belgian pediatricians' perspectives toward pediatric palliative care: an online survey.

BACKGROUND: As pediatricians play a vital role in pediatric palliative care (PPC), understanding their perspectives toward PPC is important. PPC is established for a long time in Belgium, but has a shorter tradition in China, although it is growing in the last decade. Sampling and comparing the perspectives of these pediatricians could be insightful for both countries. Therefore, we sampled and compared perspectives of pediatricians in China and Belgium toward PPC, and explored factors influencing their perspectives. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional online survey using the validated Pediatric Palliative Care Attitude Scale (PPCAS). Over a five-month period, we recruited pediatricians practicing in China (C) and Flanders (F), Belgium. Convenience sampling and snowballing were used. We analyzed data with descriptive statistics, and evaluated group differences with univariate, multivariate and correlation tests. RESULTS: 440 complete surveys were analyzed (F: 115; C: 325). Pediatricians in both regions had limited PPC experience (F: 2.92 ± 0.94; C: 2.76 ± 0.92). Compared to Flemish pediatricians, Chinese pediatricians perceived receiving less unit support (F: 3.42 ± 0.86; C: 2.80 ± 0.89); perceived PPC less important (F: 4.70 ± 0.79; C: 4.18 ± 0.94); and faced more personal obstacles while practicing PPC (F: 3.50 ± 0.76; C: 2.25 ± 0.58). Also, select socio-demographic characteristics (e.g., experiences caring for children with life-threatening condition and providing PPC) influenced pediatricians' perspectives. Correlational analyses revealed that pediatricians' PPC experiences significantly correlated with perceived unit support (ρF = 0.454; ρC=0.661). CONCLUSIONS: Chinese pediatricians faced more barriers in practicing PPC. Expanding PPC experiences can influence pediatricians' perspectives positively, which may be beneficial for the child and their family.

Making it "EASI" for pediatricians to determine when toddler tantrums are "more than the terrible twos": Proof-of-concept for primary care screening with the Multidimensional Assessment Profiles-Early Assessment Screener for Irritability (MAPS-EASI).

BACKGROUND: Up to 20% of youth have impairing mental health problems as early as age 3. Early identification and intervention of mental health risks in pediatric primary care could mitigate this crisis via prevention prior to disease onset. The purpose of this study was to establish the feasibility and acceptability of implementing a brief transdiagnostic screening instrument in pediatric primary care for irritability and corollary impairment. METHOD: Five pediatric clinicians in a Midwest clinic implemented the Multidimensional Assessment Profiles-Early Assessment Screener of Irritability (MAPS-EASI) for toddlers (24-30 months) and their families. MAPS-EASI (psychometrically derived from the well-validated MAPS-Scales) includes six items (scored 0-5) about symptoms (e.g., tantrums, grumpy mood), context, and frequency and two items (scored 0-3) assessed impairment. Positive screens (MAPS-EASI ≥ 5 plus impairment ≥ 2) were referred to an evidence-based parenting intervention. We assessed reach and outcomes of MAPS-EASI screening. Follow-up interviews with clinicians assessed perspectives on irritability screening and MAPS-EASI implementation. RESULTS: Of 201 eligible families, 100 (49.8%) completed the screener for a 24- or 30-month well-child visit. Mean MAPS-EASI scores were 5.8 (SD = 3.2), mean impairment scores were 0.9 (SD = 0.9), and 24 (24.0%) screened positive. Clinicians indicated that irritability screening for toddlers was aligned with their prevention-oriented, developmentally based practice. MAPS-EASI had face validity and increased clinician decision-making confidence. Finally, clinicians identified barriers and facilitators to large-scale implementation. CONCLUSIONS: MAPS-EASI proved to be feasible and acceptable in pediatric primary care. Further tailoring will be needed as the MAPS-EASI processes are scaled out to new contexts and populations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

National survey conducted among Italian pediatricians examining the therapeutic management of croup.

OBJECTIVES: Practice-to-recommendations gaps exist in croup management and have not been critically investigated. This study examined the therapeutic management of croup among a national sample of Italian pediatric providers. METHODS: A survey was administered online to a sample of primary care and hospital-based pediatricians. Demographic data, perception regarding disease severity, treatment and knowledge of croup, choices of croup treatment medications, and knowledge of and adherence to treatment recommendations were compared between hospital and primary care pediatricians. Oral corticosteroids alone, oral corticosteroids with or without nebulized epinephrine and nebulized epinephrine plus oral or inhaled corticosteroids were considered the correct management in mild, moderate and severe croup, respectively. The determinants for correct management were examined using multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Six hundred forty-nine pediatricians answered at least 50% of the survey questions and were included in the analysis. Providers reported extensive use of inhaled corticosteroids for mild and moderate croup. Recommended treatment for mild, moderate and severe croup was administered in 46/647 (7.1%), 181/645 (28.0%) and 263/643 (40.9%) participants, respectively. Provider's age and knowledge of Westley Croup Score were significant predictors for correct management of mild croup. Being a hospital pediatrician and perception of croup as a clinically relevant condition were significant for moderate croup. CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences exist between recommended guidelines and clinical practice in croup management. This study suggests wide variability in both the treatment of croup and clinical decision making strategies among hospital and primary care pediatricians. Addressing this issue could lead to noteworthy clinical and economic benefits.

Primary care doctors retirements in the context of an ageing population in Italy.

Background: Ongoing shortages in primary care doctors/primary care paediatricians and increasing healthcare needs due to ageing of the population represent a great challenge for healthcare providers, managers, and policymakers. To support planning of primary healthcare resource allocation we analyzed the geographic distribution of primary care doctors/primary care paediatricians across Italian regions, accounting for area-specific number and age of the population. Additionally, we estimated the number of primary care doctors/primary care paediatricians expected to retire over the next 25 years, with a focus on the next five years. Study design: Ecological study. Methods: We gathered the list of Italian general practitioners and primary care paediatricians and combined them with the data from the National Federation of Medical Doctors, Surgeons and Dentists. Using data from the National Institutes of Statistics, we calculated the average number of patients per doctor for each region using the number of residents above and under 14 years of age for general practitioners and primary care paediatricians respectively. We also calculated the number of residents over-65 and over-75 years of age per general practitioner, as elderly patients typically have higher healthcare needs. Results: On average the number of patients per general practitioner was 1,447 (SD: 190), while for paediatricians it was 1,139 (SD: 241), with six regions above the threshold of 1,500 patients per general practitioner and only one region under the threshold of 880 patients per paediatrician. We estimated that on average 2,228 general practitioners and 444 paediatricians are going to retire each year for the next five years, reaching more than 70% among the current workforce for some southern regions. The number of elderly patients per general practitioner varies substantially between regions, with two regions having >15% more patients aged over 65 years compared to the expected number. Conclusions: over 65 years compared to the expected number. Conclusions. The study highlighted that some regions do not currently have the required primary care workforce, and the expec-ted retirements and the ageing of the population will exacerbate the pressure on the already over-stretched healthcare services. A response from healthcare administrations and policymakers is urgently required to allow equitable access to quality primary care across the country.

Factors impacting complementary feeding advice given by paediatricians in Cyprus.

BACKGROUND: Complementary feeding has long-term effects on health but there is heterogeneity in recommendations across Europe. Recommendations include responsive feeding practices and nutritional needs but there is a debate in primary paediatricians as to which one should be the main criterion for complementary feeding. This pilot study investigated (i) the factors affecting the recommendations of paediatricians in Cyprus for starting complementary feeding, (ii) whether their main criterion is the developmental readiness or the nutritional needs of the infant and (iii) how this priority influences recommendations. METHODS: The 11-item questionnaire was completed by 73 Cypriot paediatricians. RESULTS: Approximately 66% of paediatricians recommended starting complementary feeding between 5 and 6 months, 29% between 4 and 5 and 3% between 6 and 7 months. Predefined schemes were recommended by ∼25% of paediatricians, baby-led weaning by 14% and 58% of paediatricians recommended either modality depending on the family circumstances whilst 4% involve the mother in the decision process. Approximately 64% of paediatricians recommended the introduction of parent's diet after the first year of life. Approximately 55% of paediatricians chose developmental readiness and 45% nutritional needs of the infant as their primary criterion for starting complementary feeding. Paediatricians who prioritized developmental readiness were more likely to be younger, less likely to advice on meat quantity and less likely to follow good nutritional practice. CONCLUSIONS: The younger the paediatrician the more likely they are to prioritize developmental readiness over nutritional needs of the infant for complementary feeding. Paediatricians who prioritized developmental readiness were also less likely to provide nutritional advice.

[Differences in Billing Patterns Between GPs and Pediatricians Using Early Diagnostics in Children and Adolescents as an Example: Analysis of Nationwide Data from Statutory Health Insurance Physicians]. / Kompensation von Leistungen zwischen Hausärzten und Kinder- und Jugendmedizinern am Beispiel der Früherkennungsuntersuchungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen ­ Analyse von bundesweiten KBV-Daten.

BACKGROUND: Despite a 13.1% increase in the number of pediatricians between 2011 - 2020, the capacity of pediatric care has largely stagnated. This is due to increasing flexibility in working hours and a declining willingness of doctors to establish practices. In addition, there is an imbalance in the distribution of pediatric medical care capacities. While metropolitan areas are often characterized by oversupply, there is an increasing shortage of pediatricians, especially in rural areas. As a result, general practitioners in rural areas are increasingly taking over part of pediatric care. We quantify this compensation effect using the example of examinations of general health and normal child development (U1-U9). METHODS: Basis of the analysis was the Doctors' Fee Scale within the Statutory Health Insurance Scheme (Einheitlicher Bewertungsmaßstab, EBM) from 2015 (4th quarter). Nationwide data from the National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians (KBV) for general practitioners and pediatricians from 2015 was evaluated. In the first step, the EBM was used to determine the potential overlap of services between the two groups of doctors. The actual compensation between the groups was quantified using general health and normal child development as an example. RESULTS: In section 1.7.1 (early detection of diseases in children) of the EBM, there is a list of 16 options for services that can be billed (fee schedule positions, GOP) by general practitioners and pediatricians. This particularly includes child examinations U1 to U9. The analysis of the national data of the KBV for the early detection of diseases in children showed significant differences between rural and urban regions in the billing procedure. Nationwide, general practitioners billed 6.6% of the services in the area of early detection of diseases in children in 2015. In rural regions this share was 23% compared to 3.6% in urban regions. The analysis of the nationwide data showed that the proportion of services billed by general practitioners was higher in rural regions than in urban regions. CONCLUSION: The EBM allows billing of services by both general practitioners and pediatricians, especially in the area of general GOP across all medical groups. The national billing data of the KBV shows that general practitioners in rural regions bill more services from the corresponding sections than in urban regions.

Covid-19 en trabajadores de la Salud: Experiencia en la Residencia de Pediatría de un hospital de La Plata, Argentina / Covid-19 in health workers: Experience in the Pediatric Residence of a hospital in La Plata, Argentina

Introducción: Los trabajadores de la salud (TS) poseen la mayor exposición laboral al contagio SARS-CoV-2. Los residentes forman parte fundamental de los servicios de salud por lo que no se encuentran exentos del impacto físico, psíquico, social y económico negativo producido por la pandemia por COVID-19. Objetivo: : Describir el impacto epidemiológico de la enfermedad profesional por COVID-19 en médicos residentes de pediatría. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en médicos residentes de pediatría del H.I.A.E.P "Sor María Ludovica". El período comprendido en el estudio fue del 01/10/2020 al 30/09/2021. Se evaluaron los siguientes datos: género, edad, antecedentes personales, vacunación, cuadro clínico, métodos diagnósticos, aislamientos epidemiológicos, evolución y licencias tramitadas. Los datos fueron registrados por la jefatura de residentes. Resultados: 143 casos sospechosos de COVID-19, de ellos 30 resultaron confirmados de COVID-19. La edad media de los enfermos fue de 31 años (26-46 años) de los cuales 14 (47%) no estaban vacunados contra SARS COV-2, 11 (36%) estaban completamente inmunizados y 5 (17%) tenían calendario incompleto. 2 casos (6,6%) reportaron comorbilidad previa. Se realizaron pruebas de laboratorio en 130 de los 143 casos. 13 casos se descartaron por criterio clínico. La tasa de positividad fue 23,1%. 26 casos fueron confirmados por laboratorio y 4 casos mediante criterio clínico epidemiológico. Todos los casos fueron leves y evolucionaron favorablemente. Fueron gestionadas 326 licencias relacionadas a la pandemia por COVID-19 que significaron la pérdida de 2.830 días laborales. Conclusión: En el presente estudio se evidenció una alta tasa de incidencia de COVID-19 en residentes de pediatría en un año: 23,1%

Introduction: Health workers (HCWs) have the highest occupational exposure to SARS-CoV-2 contagion. Residents are a fundamental part of health services, so they are not exempt from the negative physical, psychological, social and economic impact caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Objectives: To describe the epidemiological impact of the occupational disease by COVID-19 in resident pediatricians. Material and methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study in pediatric residents of the H.I.A.E.P "Sor María Ludovica". The period covered by the study was from 10/01/2020 to 09/30/2021. The following data were evaluated: gender, age, personal history, vaccination, clinical picture, diagnostic methods, epidemiological isolates, evolution and licenses processed. The data was recorded by the head of residents. Results: 143 suspected cases of COVID-19, of which 30 were confirmed to be COVID-19. The mean age of the patients was 31 years (26-46 years), of which 14 (47%) were not vaccinated against SARS COV.-2, 11 (36%) were fully immunized and 5 (17%) had an incomplete schedule. 2 cases (6.6%) reported previous comorbidity. Laboratory tests were performed in 130 of the 143 cases. 13 cases were ruled out based on clinical criteria. The positivity rate was 23.1%. 26 cases were confirmed by laboratory and 4 cases by clinical epidemiological criteria. All cases were mild and evolved favorably. 326 licenses related to the COVID-19 pandemic were managed, which meant the loss of 2,830 working days. Conclusion: In the present study, a high rate of incidence of COVID-19 was evidenced in pediatric residents in one year: 23.1%

Pediatric Neurologists' Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health Care for Adolescent and Young Adult Women With Epilepsy and Intellectual Disability.

OBJECTIVE: To explore perspectives of pediatric neurologists regarding sexual and reproductive health care for adolescent women with epilepsy (WWE) and intellectual disability. METHODS: We interviewed pediatric neurologists regarding sexual and reproductive health for WWE with intellectual disability. We audio-recorded and transcribed interviews and conducted qualitative analysis. RESULTS: 16 pediatric neurologists participated. Themes included the following: (1) Pediatric neurologists have differing perspectives about how intellectual disability affects WWE's sexual and reproductive health needs, (2) pediatric neurologists provide sexual and reproductive health counseling variable in content and frequency to this population, (3) pediatric neurologists tend to recommend longer-term methods of contraception for this population, and (4) pediatric neurologists are asked to be involved in decision-making around sterilization, yet express ethico-legal reservations. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest pediatric neurologists provide variable, often suboptimal, sexual and reproductive health care for WWE and intellectual disability. Themes reveal ethical concerns among neurologists about sexual and reproductive health practices including sterilization. More tailored clinical guidelines and provider training on sexual and reproductive health for this population may be beneficial.

Parenthood, Parental Benefits, and Career Goals Among Pediatric Residents: 2008 and 2019.

OBJECTIVES: Examine reported availability of parental benefits for pediatric residents and impact of parenthood on reported importance of characteristics of post-training positions and career goals in 2008 and 2019. METHODS: We analyzed data from American Academy of Pediatrics surveys of graduating residents in 2008 and 2019 querying (1) parenthood, (2) benefits during residency, (3) importance of parental benefits and job characteristics in post-training position, and (4) subspecialty career goal. Logistic regression was used to estimate independent effects of gender, partner status, and parenthood via derived predicted values (PVs). RESULTS: Of 1021 respondents, three-fourths were women. Respondents in 2019 were less likely than in 2008 to have children (24.5% vs 33.8%, P < .01). In 2019, respondents were less likely to report availability of maternity (PV = 78.5% vs 89.5%, P < .001) or parental leave (PV = 42.5% vs 59.2%, P < .001) and more likely to report availability of lactation space (PV = 77.8% vs 56.1%, P < .001.). Most residents reported control over work hours, family considerations, and number of overnight calls per month as essential or very important characteristics in post-training positions. Controlling for resident characteristics, parenthood was associated with importance of family considerations and overnight calls in post-training position. Parenthood did not associate with subspecialty career goals, but gender did. CONCLUSIONS: Residents are less likely to report availability of parental benefits during residency training in 2019. Most residents, both those with children and those without, consider parent friendly characteristics important in post-training positions. Parenthood does not correlate with subspecialty career goals independent from gender.

Pediatric Providers' Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, and Barriers to Firearms Safety Counseling.

OBJECTIVES: Firearms-related injuries and deaths are a leading cause of death in children and young adults ages 5 to 24 years. This study evaluated the counseling practices and barriers to providing safe firearms storage education by pediatricians and advance practice providers. METHODS: An online survey was sent to 296 pediatric outpatient providers in Houston, Texas. Pediatric providers were asked about demographics, knowledge, attitudes, and current practices regarding firearms safety counseling. Descriptive and comparative analyses were performed. RESULTS: Survey respondents (N = 76) were 86% women and 87% physicians. Most (86%) agree that they should discuss firearms safety with parents, whereas only 32% report routine counseling. The most frequent barrier to providing education was insufficient time (63%), followed by unfamiliarity with guns (26%). CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric providers are interested in firearms safety counseling, but few incorporate it into their practice. Addressing barriers of time and comfort level around firearms are potential first steps to curbing a leading cause of injury death among children. Further research is needed to develop counseling methods that are time efficient and culturally competent for the pediatric office.

Provider and Practice Characteristics and Perceived Barriers Associated With Different Levels of Adolescent SBIRT Implementation Among a National Sample of US Pediatricians.

Pediatrician Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) practices vary widely, though little is known about the correlates of SBIRT implementation. Using data from a national sample of US pediatricians who treat adolescents (n = 250), we characterized self-reported utilization rates of SBIRT among US pediatricians and identified provider- and practice-level characteristics and barriers associated with SBIRT utilization. All participants completed an electronic survey querying the demographics, practice patterns, and perceived barriers related to SBIRT practices. Our results showed that 88% of respondents reported screening for substance use annually, but only 26% used structured/validated screening instruments. Furthermore, 40% of respondents provided evidence-based brief interventions, and only 11% implemented all core SBIRT practices. Common barriers (eg, confidentiality and insufficient time) and unique provider- and setting-specific barriers to implementation were identified. These findings indicate that although most pediatricians deliver some SBIRT components in their practice, few implement the full SBIRT model, and barriers persist.