Age- and height-dependent bias of underweight and overweight assessment standards for children and adolescents.

Background: Precision in evaluating underweight and overweight status among children and adolescents is paramount for averting health and developmental issues. Existing standards for these assessments have faced scrutiny regarding their validity. This study investigates the age and height dependencies within the international standards set by the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF), relying on body mass index (BMI), and contrasts them with Japanese standards utilizing the percentage of overweight (POW). Method: We scrutinized a comprehensive database comprising 7,863,520 children aged 5-17 years, sourced from the School Health Statistics Research initiative conducted by Japan's Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology. Employing the quantile regression method, we dissected the structure of weight-for-height distributions across different ages and sexes, quantifying the potentially biased assessments of underweight and overweight status by conventional criteria. Results: Applying IOFT criteria for underweight assessment revealed pronounced height dependence in males aged 11-13 and females aged 10-11. Notably, a discernible bias emerged, wherein children in the lower 25th percentile were classified as underweight five times more frequently than those in the upper 25th percentile. Similarly, the overweight assessment displayed robust height dependence in males aged 8-11 and females aged 7-10, with children in the lower 25th percentile for height deemed obese four or five times more frequently than their counterparts in the upper 25th percentile. Furthermore, using the Japanese POW criteria for assessment revealed significant age dependence in addition to considerably underestimating the percentage of underweight and overweight cases under the age of seven. However, the height dependence for the POW criterion was smaller than the BMI criterion, and the difference between height classes was less than 3-fold. Conclusion: Our findings underscore the intricacies of age-dependent changes in body composition during the growth process in children, emphasizing the absence of gold standards for assessing underweight and overweight. Careful judgment is crucial in cases of short or tall stature at the same age, surpassing sole reliance on conventional criteria results.

Adherence to the Planetary Health Diet and Its Association with Diet Quality in the Young Adult Population of Türkiye: A Large Cross-Sectional Study.

To advance both human health and environmental sustainability, it's crucial to assess the adaptation to new dietary trends emerging in this field. This study aimed to explore the relationship between diet quality and the principles of planetary health diet in young adults studying at university. This cross-sectional study consisted of 945 young adults with a mean age of 20.1 ± 1.34 y (582 females, 363 males). A questionnaire form containing socio-demographic information (age, gender, education level), anthropometric measurements (body weight and height), and a 24 h dietary record form for three consecutive days was applied. The scores of the Planetary Health Diet Index (PHDI) and the Healthy Eating Index-2020 (HEI-2020) were calculated according to the dietary records. The mean total scores of the PHDI and HEI-2020 were 59.9 ± 14.16 and 54.2 ± 10.87, respectively. The association between the HEI-2020 score and the PHDI score was significant (p = 0.003). A one-unit increase in the unadjusted HEI-2020 score caused a 0.429 unit decrease in the PHDI score (95% CI: -0.709; -0.149). The findings underscore the imperative for targeted interventions and educational programs to enhance the PHDI and HEI-2020 scores, promoting individual well-being and environmental sustainability in the university.

Phenotypic characterisation and production system of the Nordestino horse from a multivariate perspective.

Zootechnical data is a big challenge in the extensive rearing system of Brazilian locally adapted breeds once smallholdings with limited resources and funds rear them. So, information on Brazil's breeding system of locally adapted breeds is still scarce; this situation is more challenging for equine breeds. The present study aimed to describe the local rearing systems and the phenotypic profile of the Nordestino horse breed in Paraíba state and contribute to breed conservation. Data from males (entire and castrated) and females from 50 municipalities in Paraíba state were used. Two hundred sixty-nine animals (111 females, 121 castrated males, and 37 entire males) from 129 breeders were analyzed. A questionnaire consisting of direct and objective questions was applied to understand the breeding system adopted. There was a predominance of the extensive breeding system (85%), which reflects the adaptation of the Nordestino Horse to the region's natural conditions. The lower frequency of use of cultivated pastures may be related to issues of economic viability since the maintenance of cultivated pastures may require additional investments compared to the use of natural pastures. Entire males had a minimum withers height (WH) of 135 cm. Of the 11 morphometric measurements, only five were considered discriminating by the stepwise analysis. The remaining Nordestino horses have morphological characteristics within the breed standard.

Fatores socioeconômicos, clínicos e nutricionais no ganho de peso interdialítico em usuários de hemodiálise / Factores socioeconómicos, clínicos y nutricionales en el aumento de peso interdialítico en usuarios de hemodiálisis / Socioeconomic, clinical and nutritional factors on interdialytic weight gain in haemodialysis users

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar os fatores associados ao ganho de peso interdialítico em usuários de serviços de hemodiálise em uma Região Metropolitana do Brasil. Métodos Estudo epidemiológico transversal envolvendo 1.024 indivíduos com doença renal crônica em hemodiálise no Brasil. O ganho de peso interdialítico foi avaliado pelo percentual de ganho de peso entre uma sessão de hemodiálise e outra. As variáveis incluídas na análise de regressão logística binária foram selecionadas considerando p< 0,10 no teste bivariado. Resultados Demonstramos que ter mais anos de estudo (OR=0,537;IC 95% = 0,310-0,931; p=0,027) e sobrepeso (OR=0,661;IC 95% = 0,461-0,948; p=0,024) ou obesidade ( OR=0,387;IC 95% = 0,246-0,608; p=<0,001) reduziu as chances de os usuários apresentarem alto ganho de peso interdialítico. Usuários sem trabalho remunerado (OR=2,025; IC 95% = 1,218-3,365; p=0,007) e que não adotavam medidas para reduzir o sal (OR=1,694; IC 95% = 1,085-2,645; p=0,020) tiveram maiores chances de ganho de peso interdialítico. Conclusão Os resultados apontam para associação entre o aumento do ganho de peso interdialítico e a ausência de trabalho remunerado e a não adoção de medidas para reduzir a ingestão de sal na dieta. Portanto, o conhecimento sobre esses fatores associados pode ser uma alternativa importante para o direcionamento individualizado dessa população.

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar los factores asociados al aumento de peso interdialítico en usuarios de servicios de hemodiálisis en una región metropolitana de Brasil. Métodos Estudio epidemiológico transversal que incluyó 1.024 individuos con enfermedad renal crónica en hemodiálisis en Brasil. El aumento de peso interdialítico se evaluó mediante el porcentaje de aumento de peso entre una sesión de hemodiálisis y otra. Las variables incluidas en el análisis de regresión logística binaria fueron seleccionadas considerando p< 0,10 en la prueba bivariada. Resultados Se demostró que tener más años de estudio (OR=0,537;IC 95 % = 0,310-0,931; p=0,027) y sobrepeso (OR=0,661;IC 95 % = 0,461-0,948; p=0,024) u obesidad ( OR=0,387;IC 95 % = 0,246-0,608; p=<0,001) redujo las chances de que los usuarios presenten un elevado aumento de peso interdialítico. Usuarios sin trabajo remunerado (OR=2,025; IC 95 % = 1,218-3,365; p=0,007) y que no adoptaban medidas para reducir la sal (OR=1,694; IC 95 % = 1,085-2,645; p=0,020) tuvieron más chances de aumento de peso interdialítico. Conclusión Los resultados señalan una relación entre el aumento de peso interdialítico y la ausencia de trabajo remunerado y la no adopción de medidas para reducir la ingesta de sal en la dieta. Por lo tanto, el conocimiento sobre estos factores asociados puede ser una alternativa importante para la orientación individualizada de esta población.

Abstract Objectives The study aimed to evaluate the factors associated with interdialytic weight gain in users of haemodialysis services in a metropolitan region of Brazil. Methods This is an cross-sectional epidemiological study with 1,024 individuals with chronic kidney disease on haemodialysis in Brazil. Interdialytic weight gain was evaluated by the percentage weight gain between one haemodialysis session and another. The variables included in the binary logistic regression analysis were selected by considering p< 0.10 in the bivariate test. Results We demonstrated that having more years of study (OR=0.537;CI 95% = 0.310-0.931; p=0.027) and be overweight (OR=0.661;CI 95% = 0.461-0.948; p=0.024) or obese (OR=0.387;CI 95% = 0.246-0.608; p=<0.001) reduced the chances of users having high interdialytic weight gain. Those who did not have paid work (OR=2.025;CI 95% = 1.218-3.365; p=0.007) and not adopting measures to reduce salt increased (OR=1.694;CI 95% = 1.085-2.645; p=0.020) increased the chances of interdialytic weight. Conclusion The results point to an association between the increase in interdialytic weight gain and the absence of paid work and the non-adoption of measures to reduce salt intake in the diet. Therefore, the need for knowledge about these associated factors can be an important alternative for the individual targeting of this population.

Avaliação do risco de sarcopenia em pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 / Assessment of the risk of sarcopenia in individuals with type 2 diabetes

Introdução: Diabéticos podem apresentar perda de força e massa muscular de forma acentuada. Assim, as triagens SARC-F e SARC-CALF são úteis na investigação do risco de sarcopenia. Objetivo: Associar o risco de sarcopenia em pacientes diabéticos com as variáveis sociodemográficas, econômicas, clínicas, antropométricas e de estilo de vida. Método: Estudo do tipo série de casos realizado com adultos diabéticos tipo 2, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 20 e 59 anos. A avaliação do risco de sarcopenia se deu pela aplicação dos questionários SARC-F e SARC-CALF. Para caracterização da amostra e associação com o risco de sarcopenia, foram coletados dados sociodemográficos e econômicos, medidas antropométricas, condições clínicas e estilo de vida. Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 69 pacientes, com média de idade de 53±7,5 anos e maior proporção de mulheres (63,8%; IC95%: 50,7-75,4). A frequência do risco positivo para sarcopenia segundo o SARC-F e o SARC-CALF foi de 43,48% e 46,38%, respectivamente. O SARC-F não mostrou associação significativa com as variáveis estudadas; já o SARC-CALF associou-se com índice de massa corporal (p <0,001), circunferência da cintura (p <0,001) e hábito de fumar (p = 0,027). Conclusão: O risco de sarcopenia foi observado em aproximadamente metade dos pacientes avaliados. O instrumento SARC-CALF apresentou associação com as variáveis antropométricas e o hábito de fumar, podendo ser considerado satisfatório para avaliar o risco de sarcopenia e intervir de forma precoce e efetiva.

Introduction: Individuals with diabetes often experience an accentuated loss of muscle mass and strength. Thus, the SARC-F and SARC-CALF screening tools are useful for the investigation of the risk of sarcopenia. Objective: Associate the risk of sarcopenia with sociodemographic, economic, clinical, anthropometric and lifestyle variables in individuals with diabetes. Methods: A case-series study was conducted involving male and female adults with type 2 diabetes between 20 and 59 years of age. The assessment of the risk of diabetes was performed using the SARC-F and SARC-CALF instruments. Data were collected on sociodemographic-economic variables, anthropometric measures, clinical conditions and lifestyle for the characterization of the sample and to test associations with the risk of sarcopenia. Results: The sample was composed of 69 patients, with a mean age of 53 ± 7.5 years and a predominance of women (63.8%; 95%CI: 50.7-75.4). The prevalence of risk of sarcopenia was 43.48% and 46.38% based on the SARC-F and SARC-CALF, respectively. Using the SARC-F, no significant associations were found with the variables of interest. Using the SARC-CALF, however, the risk of sarcopenia was associated with body mass index (p < 0.001), waist circumference (p < 0.001) and smoking habit (p = 0.027). Conclusion: Approximately half of the individuals analyzed were at risk of sarcopenia. The SARC-CALF questionnaire was associated with anthropometric variables and the smoking habit and can be considered adequate for the assessment of the risk of sarcopenia, enabling early, effective interventions.

Prevalence of malnutrition in children under five years old in Beira city, Mozambique, 2019 / Prevalência da má nutrição em crianças menores de cinco anos na cidade da Beira, Moçambique, 2019

Abstract Objectives: to describe the prevalence of malnutrition (underweight, low height, and overweight) in children aged six to 59 months and its spatial distribution in the city of Beira, Mozambique. Methods: an exploratory cross-sectional study was conducted between October and November 2019, involving 407 children aged six to 59 months. The sample size calculation was based on the prevalence of height-for-age deficit. Anthropometric data were analyzed using Anthro version and the prevalence of malnutrition was presented through thematic maps generated in Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS). Results: the main findings revealed a prevalence of 27.0% for low height/age, 7.9% for underweight/height, and 4.7% for overweight. Conclusions: the spatial distribution highlighted that both urban and peri-urban areas of the city showed similar prevalence rates for the three forms of malnutrition. The prevalence of malnutrition in Beira is high, with deficit height/age being the most significant expression, while overweight is diffusely distributed.

Resumo Objetivos: descrever a prevalência da má nutrição (baixo peso, baixa estatura e excesso de peso) em crianças de seis a 59 meses e sua distribuição espacial na cidade de Beira, Moçambique. Métodos: estudo transversal exploratório, realizado entre outubro e novembro de 2019, incluindo 407 crianças de seis a 59 meses. O cálculo da amostra foi baseado na prevalência do déficit estatura/idade. Os dados antropométricos foram analisados no Anthro e a prevalência de má nutrição apresentada por meio de mapas temáticos no Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS). Resultados: os principais resultados mostram uma prevalência de 27,0% de baixa estatura/idade, 7,9% de baixo peso/estatura e 4,7% de excesso de peso. Conclusões: a distribuição espacial evidenciou que as áreas urbanas e periurbanas da cidade apresentavam prevalências similares das três formas de má nutrição. A prevalência da má nutrição em Beira é alta, embora o déficit estatura/idade seja a sua maior expressão, estando o excesso de peso difusamente distribuído.

Sociodemographic and nutritional situation of children under six years of age in the Nasa Indigenous Reservation, Iquira, Colombia / Situación sociodemográfica y nutricional de menores de seis años del Resguardo Indígena Nasa, Iquira, Colombia

Abstract Objectives: identify the sociodemographic conditions of the community and determine the prevalence of the nutritional status of children under six years of age in the Nasa Paéz Indigenous Reserve, Rionegro-Huila, Colombia. Methods: cross-sectional descriptive study whose data was obtained from two databases, one of sociodemographic conditions and other anthropometric measurements of children under six years of age. The sample corresponded to the total population of less than six years. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics using the R Studio 3.4 software. Results: 98.6% of the population is enrolled in the health system. Water consumption comes from 71.6% of non-potable sources. 25.5% of the population has access to wastewater disposal systems. Regarding nutritional status, the prevalence of delay in growth and risk of delay in growth is 43.3% in the population under six months and 69.4% in those aged between six months and six years. Furthermore, 34.3% of children under six months of age are at risk of being overweight. Conclusions: sociodemographic conditions are determined by different inequities, low education levels, inadequate housing, drinking water consumption, as well as a high prevalence of child malnutrition.

Resumen Objetivos: identificar las condiciones sociodemográficas de la comunidad y determinar la prevalencia del estado nutricional de niños menores de seis años en el Resguardo Indígena Nasa Paéz, Rionegro-Huila, Colombia. Métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal cuyos datos se obtuvieron de dos bases de datos, una de las condiciones sociodemográficas y otra de medidas antropométricas de niños menores de seis años. La muestra correspondió a la totalidad población menor seis años. Los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva utilizando el software R Studio 3.4. Resultados: el 98,6% de la población está inscrito en el sistema de salud. El consumo de agua proviene en un 71,6% de fuentes no potables. El 25,5% de la población tiene acceso a sistemas de eliminación de aguas residuales. En cuanto al estado nutricional, la prevalencia de retraso en el crecimiento y riesgo de retraso en el crecimiento es del 43,3% en la población menor de seis meses y del 69,4% en edad entre los seis meses a seis años. Además, el 34,3% de los niños menores de seis meses estaban en riesgo de tener sobrepeso. Conclusiones: las condiciones sociodemográficas están determinadas por diferentes inequidades, bajos niveles de educación, vivienda inadecuada, consumo de agua no potable, así como por una alta prevalencia de malnutrición infantil.

Application of the infant and young child feeding index and the evaluation of its relationship with nutritional status in 6-24 months children / Aplicação do índice de alimentação de lactentes e crianças pequenas e avaliação de sua relação com o estado nutricional de crianças de 6 a 24 meses

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the complementary feeding practices of mothers in infant and child nutrition using Infant and Young Child Feeding Indicator and Infant and Child Feeding Index and to determine their relationship with nutritional status. Methods Study data were collected through an online questionnaire administered to 141 parents on healthy 6-24 month infants/children. Complementary feeding practices for infants/children were evaluated in line with the Infant and Child Feeding Index and Infant and Young Child Feeding Indicator. In the evaluation of growth, weight for age z-scores, length for age z-scores, and weight for length z-scores of infants/children were calculated with the World Health Organization Anthro program. Results 74.5% of 141 infants and children (71 boys, 70 girls) evaluated in the study are breastfed. The prevalence of stunting, wasted, and underweight was determined as 6.4%, 0.7%, and 4.3%, respectively. When evaluated using Infant and Young Child Feeding Indicator, it was determined that 82.3% of children met the minimum meal frequency, 80.9% met the minimum dietary diversity, and 67.4% met the minimum acceptable diet. Regarding Infant and Child Feeding Index evaluations of the children, while there was no difference between 9-11 and 12-24 month age groups, the mean Infant and Child Feeding Index score in the 6-8 month group was significantly lower than the other age groups (p=0.000). The Infant and Child Feeding Index scores used to evaluate complementary feeding practices in our study were found to be high in most infants/children. No clear relationship was found between stunting and minimum acceptable diet, minimum dietary diversity or minimum meal frequency, which are indicators of both Infant and Child Feeding Index scores and World Health Organization, Infant and Young Child Feeding Indicator. Conclusion The Infant and Child Feeding Index scores used to evaluate complementary feeding practices in our study were high in most infants/children. In addition, the high rates of MMF, minimum dietary diversity, and minimum acceptable diet coverage in evaluating infants/children in terms of World Health Organization indicators show that they have appropriate complementary feeding practices. However, study found no clear relationship between stunting and minimum acceptable diet, minimum dietary diversity or MMF, which are indicators of both Infant and Child Feeding Index I scores and WHO Infant and Young Child Feeding Indicator. It was concluded that World Health Organization Infant and Young Child Feeding Indicator indicators may be better than length for age z-scores in the weight for length z-scores explanation.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar as práticas de alimentação complementar das mães na nutrição de lactentes e crianças utilizando o Indicador de Alimentação de Lactentes e Crianças Pequenas e o Índice de Alimentação de Lactentes e Crianças e determinar sua relação com o estado nutricional. Métodos Os dados do estudo foram coletados por meio de um questionário online administrado a 141 pais de bebês/crianças saudáveis de 6 a 24 meses. As práticas de alimentação complementar de lactentes/crianças foram avaliadas de acordo com o Índice de Alimentação de Lactentes e Crianças e o Indicador de Alimentação de Lactentes e Crianças Pequenas. Na avaliação do crescimento, os escores z de peso para idade, escores z de comprimento para idade e escores z de peso para comprimento de bebês/crianças foram calculados com o programa Organização Mundial da Saúde Anthro. Resultados Quando avaliadas por meio do Indicador de Alimentação de Lactentes e Crianças Pequenas, constatou-se que 82,3% das crianças atendiam à frequência mínima de refeições, 80,9% atingiam a diversidade alimentar mínima e 67,4% atingiam a dieta mínima aceitável. Em relação às avaliações do Índice de Alimentação de Lactentes e Crianças das crianças, embora não tenha havido diferença entre as faixas etárias de 9 a 11 e 12 a 24 meses, a pontuação média do Índice de Alimentação de Lactentes e Crianças no grupo de 6 a 8 meses foi significativamente menor do que nas outras faixas etárias (p=0,000). Os escores do Índice de Alimentação de Lactentes e Crianças utilizados para avaliar as práticas de alimentação complementar em nosso estudo foram elevados na maioria dos bebês/crianças. Não foi encontrada nenhuma relação clara entre o atraso no crescimento e a dieta mínima aceitável, diversidade alimentar mínima ou frequência mínima de refeição ,que são indicadores tanto das pontuações do Índice de Alimentação de Lactentes e Crianças como do Indicador de Alimentação de Lactentes e Crianças Pequenas da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Conclusão Escores altos do Índice de Alimentação de Lactentes e Crianças na maioria dos bebês/crianças são um bom indicador de Indicador de Alimentação de Lactentes e Crianças Pequenas nessa população. No entanto, nenhuma relação clara foi encontrada entre o déficit de estatura e os escores do Índice de Alimentação de Lactentes e Crianças e do Indicador de Alimentação de Lactentes e Crianças Pequenas neste estudo.

Comparison of measurements made on dry bone and digital measurements in Anatomage for the sacral bone in a Spanish population.

The use of osteometry for human identification is a key element in the field of forensic sciences. Currently, the osteometry focuses on the use of digital techniques such as photography or 3D scans, to study and measure bones, offering advantages like easy access, preservation of bones, and worldwide collaboration possibilities. The study aims to analyze whether digital tools such as Anatomage can be used to collect reliable data. The study compares measurements of the sacral bone from 41 individuals from Orgiva Collection using both traditional and digital methods. The variables analyzed were described previously, including landmarks and positions, and were coded by differentiating the measurements between dry bone (caliper) and digital measurement (Anatomage). Results indicate minimal differences between digital and dry bone measurements, with only one variable showing a significant differences in the effect size analysis (d > 0.80). The TEM analysis showed four variables as non-acceptable (rTEM > 1.5), possibly due to the landmark location or the experience using the tool to locate landmarks. Digital resources are valuable for morphometric evaluations and human identification within forensic sciences. However, caution is necessary to ensure accurate landmark localization and validate these tools across various bone types and larger sample sizes.

Phylogenetic structure of body shape in a diverse inland ichthyofauna.

Body shape is a fundamental metric of animal diversity affecting critical behavioral and ecological dynamics and conservation status, yet previously available methods capture only a fraction of total body-shape variance. Here we use structure-from-motion (SFM) 3D photogrammetry to generate digital 3D models of adult fishes from the Lower Mississippi Basin, one of the most diverse temperate-zone freshwater faunas on Earth, and 3D geometric morphometrics to capture morphologically distinct shape variables, interpreting principal components as growth fields. The mean body shape in this fauna resembles plesiomorphic teleost fishes, and the major dimensions of body-shape disparity are similar to those of other fish faunas worldwide. Major patterns of body-shape disparity are structured by phylogeny, with nested clades occupying distinct portions of the morphospace, most of the morphospace occupied by multiple distinct clades, and one clade (Acanthomorpha) accounting for over half of the total body shape variance. In contrast to previous studies, variance in body depth (59.4%) structures overall body-shape disparity more than does length (31.1%), while width accounts for a non-trivial (9.5%) amount of the total body-shape disparity.

Thigh-hip ratio is significantly associated with all-cause mortality among Japanese community-dwelling men.

Anthropometric evaluation is a simple yet essential indicator of muscle and fat mass when studying life prognosis in aging. This study aimed to investigate the contributions of anthropometric measurements, independent of body mass index, to measures of all-cause mortality. We examined data for 1,704 participants from the 2014 Nomura Cohort Study who attended follow-ups for the subsequent eight years (follow-up rate: 93.0%). Of these, 765 were male (aged 69 ± 11 years) and 939 were female (aged 69 ± 9 years). The Japanese Basic Resident Registry provided data on adjusted relative hazards for all-cause mortality. The data were subjected to a Cox regression analysis, wherein the time variable was age and the risk factors were gender, age, anthropometric index, smoking habits, drinking habits, exercise habits, cardiovascular history, hypertension, lipid levels, diabetes, renal function, and serum uric acid. Of the total number of participants, 158 (9.3%) were confirmed to have died, and of these, 92 were male (12.0% of all male participants) and 66 were female (7.0% of all female participants). The multivariable Cox regression analysis revealed that a smaller thigh-hip ratio predicted eight-year all-cause mortality in male participants, but only baseline body mass index was associated with all-cause mortality in female participants. Thigh-hip ratio is a useful predictor of death in Japanese community-dwelling men.

Development of optimal sizing system for tactical gloves applying empirical loss coefficient ratio.

This study aims to improve Korean male soldiers' mission performance and protect them from safety accidents by establishing an optimal sizing system that considers the fit of tactical gloves and production and supply efficiency. First, the wearing condition of tactical gloves was investigated through in-depth interviews and surveys. The optimal glove fit and loss coefficient ratio was then analyzed through a glove size selection experiment. Finally, the sizing system was optimized and verified by comparing the coverage rate to the current sizing system. The empirically derived loss coefficient ratio was 0.075, and the optimal sizing system for tactical gloves was S-hand length: 168 mm, hand width: 81 mm, M-hand length: 177 mm, hand width: 83 mm, L-hand length: 184 mm, hand width: 86 mm, XL-hand length: 191 mm, and hand width: 89 mm. The coverage rate of the optimal sizing system proposed in this study was 86.4%, showing an improvement of approximately 21.1% compared to the current sizing system (65.3%). In conclusion, the optimal sizing system for tactical gloves proposed in this study can realistically solve current sizing issues, as it improved the coverage rate by 21.1% without incurring additional costs for production or hindering the supply efficiency.

Growth Parameters in Adolescents With Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome Diagnosed at the Age of 1-6 Years.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of impaired growth parameters (height and BMI z scores) among adolescents aged 10-19 years, with onset of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome between the age of 1 and 6 years. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among adolescents aged 10-19 years with onset of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome between the age of 1-6 years, and under regular follow-up at our center. The data were retrieved for a 10-year period (2012-2022). The current weight, height and body mass index (BMI) were recorded and interpreted as per world Health Organization (WHO) growth standards. RESULTS: 116 adolescents [60 Frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome (FRNS)/Steroid dependent nephrotic syndrome (SDNS), and 56 Steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS)] patients were enrolled with median (IQR) age of 133 (120,168) months and age at disease onset of 48 (26,68) months. The proportion of children with overweight (BMI for age >1z and cushingoid features), obesity (BMI for age >2z), stunting (height for age (HFA) <2z), and severe stunting (HFA <3z) were 29 (25%), 3 (2.6%), 31 (26.7%), and 7 (6%), respectively. The median (IQR) cumulative steroid dose for FRNS/SDNS and SRNS group was 19986.96 (14597.1, 26181.96) mg/m2 and 14385 (10758.82, 21355.95) mg/m2, respectively (P=0.003). CONCLUSION: The proportion of short stature and overweight was high among adolescents with nephrotic syndrome, emphasizing the need for measures to reduce steroid use and other measures to support growth.