Carotid artery vascular stenosis causes the blood-CSF barrier damage and neuroinflammation.

BACKGROUND: The choroid plexus (ChP) helps maintain the homeostasis of the brain by forming the blood-CSF barrier via tight junctions (TJ) at the choroid plexus epithelial cells, and subsequently preventing neuroinflammation by restricting immune cells infiltration into the central nervous system. However, whether chronic cerebral hypoperfusion causes ChP structural damage and blood-CSF barrier impairment remains understudied. METHODS: The bilateral carotid stenosis (BCAS) model in adult male C57BL/6 J mice was used to induce cerebral hypoperfusion, a model for vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID). BCAS-mediated changes of the blood-CSF barrier TJ proteins, apical secretory Na+-K+-Cl- cotransporter isoform 1 (NKCC1) protein and regulatory serine-threonine kinases SPAK, and brain infiltration of myeloid-derived immune cells were assessed. RESULTS: BCAS triggered dynamic changes of TJ proteins (claudin 1, claudin 5) accompanied with stimulation of SPAK-NKCC1 complex and NF-κB in the ChP epithelial cells. These changes impacted the integrity of the blood-CSF barrier, as evidenced by ChP infiltration of macrophages/microglia, neutrophils and T cells. Importantly, pharmacological blockade of SPAK with its potent inhibitor ZT1a in BCAS mice attenuated brain immune cell infiltration and improved cognitive neurological function. CONCLUSIONS: BCAS causes chronic ChP blood-CSF damage and immune cell infiltration. Our study sheds light on the SPAK-NKCC1 complex as a therapeutic target in neuroinflammation.

Serum Biomarker Signatures of Choroid Plexus Volume Changes in Multiple Sclerosis.

Increased choroid plexus (CP) volume has been recently implicated as a potential predictor of worse multiple sclerosis (MS) outcomes. The biomarker signature of CP changes in MS are currently unknown. To determine the blood-based biomarker characteristics of the cross-sectional and longitudinal MRI-based CP changes in a heterogeneous group of people with MS (pwMS), a total of 202 pwMS (148 pwRRMS and 54 pwPMS) underwent MRI examination at baseline and at a 5-year follow-up. The CP was automatically segmented and subsequently refined manually in order to obtain a normalized CP volume. Serum samples were collected at both timepoints, and the concentration of 21 protein measures relevant to MS pathophysiology were determined using the Olink™ platform. Age-, sex-, and BMI-adjusted linear regression models explored the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between MRI CP outcomes and blood-based biomarkers. At baseline, there were no significant proteomic predictors of CP volume, while at follow-up, greater CP volume was significantly associated with higher neurofilament light chain levels, NfL (standardized ß = 0.373, p = 0.001), and lower osteopontin levels (standardized ß = -0.23, p = 0.02). Higher baseline GFAP and lower FLRT2 levels were associated with future 5-year CP % volume expansion (standardized ß = 0.277, p = 0.004 and standardized ß = -0.226, p = 0.014, respectively). The CP volume in pwMS is associated with inflammatory blood-based biomarkers of neuronal injury (neurofilament light chain; NfL) and glial activation such as GFAP, osteopontin, and FLRT2. The expansion of the CP may play a central role in chronic and compartmentalized inflammation and may be driven by glial changes.

Enhanced choroid plexus segmentation with 3D UX-Net and its association with disease progression in multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: The choroid plexus (CP) is suggested to be closely associated with the neuroinflammation of multiple sclerosis (MS). Segmentation based on deep learning (DL) could facilitate rapid and reproducible volume assessment of the CP, which is crucial for elucidating its role in MS. PURPOSE: To develop a reliable DL model for the automatic segmentation of CP, and further validate its clinical significance in MS. METHODS: The 3D UX-Net model (3D U-Net used for comparison) was trained and validated on T1-weighted MRI from a cohort of 216 relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients and 75 healthy subjects. Among these, 53 RRMS with baseline and 2-year follow-up scans formed an internal test set (dataset1b). Another 58 RRMS from multi-center data served as an external test set (dataset2). Dice coefficient was computed to assess segmentation performance. Compare the correlation of CP volume obtained through automatic and manual segmentation with clinical outcomes in MS. Disability and cognitive function of patients were assessed using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT). RESULTS: The 3D UX-Net model achieved Dice coefficients of 0.875 ± 0.030 and 0.870 ± 0.044 for CP segmentation on dataset1b and dataset2, respectively, outperforming 3D U-Net's scores of 0.809 ± 0.098 and 0.601 ± 0.226. Furthermore, CP volumes segmented by the 3D UX-Net model aligned consistently with clinical outcomes compared to manual segmentation. In dataset1b, both manual and automatic segmentation revealed a significant positive correlation between normalized CP volume (nCPV) and EDSS scores at baseline (manual: r = 0.285, p = 0.045; automatic: r = 0.287, p = 0.044) and a negative correlation with SDMT scores (manual: r = -0.331, p = 0.020; automatic: r = -0.329, p = 0.021). In dataset2, similar correlations were found with EDSS scores (manual: r = 0.337, p = 0.021; automatic: r = 0.346, p = 0.017). Meanwhile, in dataset1b, both manual and automatic segmentation revealed a significant increase in nCPV from baseline to follow-up (p < 0.05). The increase of nCPV was more pronounced in patients with disability worsened than stable patients (manual: p = 0.023; automatic: p = 0.018). Patients receiving disease-modifying therapy (DMT) exhibited a significantly lower nCPV increase than untreated patients (manual: p = 0.004; automatic: p = 0.004). CONCLUSION: The 3D UX-Net model demonstrated strong segmentation performance for the CP, and the automatic segmented CP can be directly used in MS clinical practice. CP volume can serve as a surrogate imaging biomarker for monitoring disease progression and DMT response in MS patients.

Choroid plexus volume as a novel candidate neuroimaging marker of the Alzheimer's continuum.

BACKGROUND: Enlarged choroid plexus (ChP) volume has been reported in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and inversely correlated with cognitive performance. However, its clinical diagnostic and predictive value, and mechanisms by which ChP impacts the AD continuum remain unclear. METHODS: This prospective cohort study enrolled 607 participants [healthy control (HC): 110, mild cognitive impairment (MCI): 269, AD dementia: 228] from the Chinese Imaging, Biomarkers, and Lifestyle study between January 1, 2021, and December 31, 2022. Of the 497 patients on the AD continuum, 138 underwent lumbar puncture for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hallmark testing. The relationships between ChP volume and CSF pathological hallmarks (Aß42, Aß40, Aß42/40, tTau, and pTau181), neuropsychological tests [Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), and Activities of Daily Living (ADL) scores], and multimodal neuroimaging measures [gray matter volume, cortical thickness, and corrected cerebral blood flow (cCBF)] were analyzed using partial Spearman's correlation. The mediating effects of four neuroimaging measures [ChP volume, hippocampal volume, lateral ventricular volume (LVV), and entorhinal cortical thickness (ECT)] on the relationship between CSF hallmarks and neuropsychological tests were examined. The ability of the four neuroimaging measures to identify cerebral Aß42 changes or differentiate among patients with AD dementia, MCI and HCs was determined using receiver operating characteristic analysis, and their associations with neuropsychological test scores at baseline were evaluated by linear regression. Longitudinal associations between the rate of change in the four neuroimaging measures and neuropsychological tests scores were evaluated on the AD continuum using generalized linear mixed-effects models. RESULTS: The participants' mean age was 65.99 ± 8.79 years. Patients with AD dementia exhibited the largest baseline ChP volume than the other groups (P < 0.05). ChP volume enlargement correlated with decreased Aß42 and Aß40 levels; lower MMSE and MoCA and higher NPI and ADL scores; and lower volume, cortical thickness, and cCBF in other cognition-related regions (all P < 0.05). ChP volume mediated the association of Aß42 and Aß40 levels with MMSE scores (19.08% and 36.57%), and Aß42 levels mediated the association of ChP volume and MMSE or MoCA scores (39.49% and 34.36%). ChP volume alone better identified cerebral Aß42 changes than LVV alone (AUC = 0.81 vs. 0.67, P = 0.04) and EC thickness alone (AUC = 0.81 vs.0.63, P = 0.01) and better differentiated patients with MCI from HCs than hippocampal volume alone (AUC = 0.85 vs. 0.81, P = 0.01), and LVV alone (AUC = 0.85 vs.0.82, P = 0.03). Combined ChP and hippocampal volumes significantly increased the ability to differentiate cerebral Aß42 changes and patients among AD dementia, MCI, and HCs groups compared with hippocampal volume alone (all P < 0.05). After correcting for age, sex, years of education, APOE ε4 status, eTIV, and hippocampal volume, ChP volume was associated with MMSE, MoCA, NPI, and ADL score at baseline, and rapid ChP volume enlargement was associated with faster deterioration in NPI scores with an average follow-up of 10.03 ± 4.45 months (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: ChP volume may be a novel neuroimaging marker associated with neurodegenerative changes and clinical AD manifestations. It could better detect the early stages of the AD and predict prognosis, and significantly enhance the differential diagnostic ability of hippocampus on the AD continuum.

Choroid plexus enlargement in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.

OBJECTIVES: The function of choroid plexus is to produce cerebrospinal fluid, which is critical for the glymphatic system function. In this study, we aimed to analyze the differences in choroid plexus volume between patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and healthy controls, with the goal of discovering the glymphatic system dysfunction in patients with OSA. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled 40 patients with OSA confirmed by polysomnography and 38 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. All participants underwent three-dimensional T1-weighted brain imaging, which was suitable for volumetric analysis. We compared choroid plexus volumes between patients with OSA and healthy controls, and analyzed the association between choroid plexus volume and polysomnographic findings in patients with OSA. RESULTS: Choroid plexus volumes were significantly larger in patients with OSA than in healthy controls (2.311 % vs. 2.096 %, p = 0.005). However, no significant association was detected between choroid plexus volume and polysomnographic findings. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated enlargement of the choroid plexus in patients with OSA compared with healthy controls. This finding could be related with glymphatic system dysfunction in patients with OSA.

Choroid plexus volumes and auditory verbal learning scores are associated with conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease.

PURPOSE: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) can be the prodromal phase of Alzheimer's disease (AD) where appropriate intervention might prevent or delay conversion to AD. Given this, there has been increasing interest in using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and neuropsychological testing to predict conversion from MCI to AD. Recent evidence suggests that the choroid plexus (ChP), neural substrates implicated in brain clearance, undergo volumetric changes in MCI and AD. Whether the ChP is involved in memory changes observed in MCI and can be used to predict conversion from MCI to AD has not been explored. METHOD: The current study used data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database to investigate whether later progression from MCI to AD (progressive MCI [pMCI], n = 115) or stable MCI (sMCI, n = 338) was associated with memory scores using the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) and ChP volumes as calculated from MRI. Classification analyses identifying pMCI or sMCI group membership were performed to compare the predictive ability of the RAVLT and ChP volumes. FINDING: The results indicated a significant difference between pMCI and sMCI groups for right ChP volume, with the pMCI group showing significantly larger right ChP volume (p = .01, 95% confidence interval [-.116, -.015]). A significant linear relationship between the RAVLT scores and right ChP volume was found across all participants, but not for the two groups separately. Classification analyses showed that a combination of left ChP volume and auditory verbal learning scores resulted in the most accurate classification performance, with group membership accurately predicted for 72% of the testing data. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that volumetric ChP changes appear to occur before the onset of AD and might provide value in predicting conversion from MCI to AD.

Cytological features of ependymal and choroid plexus tumours.

Ependymal and choroid plexus tumours arise in anatomically related regions. Their intraoperative differential diagnosis is large and depends on factors such as age, tumour site and clinical presentation. Squash cytology can provide valuable information in this context. Cytological features of conventional ependymomas, subependymomas and myxopapillary ependymomas as well as choroid plexus tumours are reviewed and illustrated. Differential diagnostic considerations integrating morphological and clinical information are discussed.

Volumetric Changes in the Choroid Plexus Associated with Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension in Patients with Spinal CSF Leak.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The choroid plexus contains specialized ependymal cells responsible for CSF production. Recent studies have demonstrated volumetric and perfusion changes in the choroid plexus with age and neurodegenerative disorders, however, volumetric changes in the choroid plexus in low pressure states is not known. The purpose of this study is to evaluate volumetric differences in choroid plexus size in patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) resultant from spinal CSF leaks compared with healthy controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective, institutional review board-approved study. Patients with MRI evidence of SIH and a spinal CSF leak diagnosed on myelography and subsequently confirmed at surgery were included in this study. All patients included in this study including age-matched healthy controls had a brain MRI performed on a either a 1.5 or 3T scanner with acquisition of 3D T1 postcontrast (eg, BRAVO, MPRAGE, etc). In all patients, the trigonum ventriculi volume, in the atria of the lateral ventricles, was contoured by using Visage-7 segmentation tools on the volumetric postcontrast T1 sequence. A basic 2-tailed t test was used to compare choroid plexus volumes between the 2 groups. RESULTS: Thirty-four patients were included with 17 patients with SIH with spinal CSF leak and 17 healthy control patients who were age- and sex-matched. The mean age of patients was 45 years, standard deviation 14 years. The mean volume of the choroid plexus for patients with SIH with spinal CSF leak was 1.2 cm3 (standard deviation = 0.26) compared with 0.63 cm3 (standard deviation = 0.31) in the control group (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study demonstrate a higher choroid plexus volume in patients with SIH with spinal CSF leak compared with age- and sex-matched healthy controls. This likely reflects compensatory mechanisms to counteract intracranial hypotension by increasing CSF production as well as increased vascularity of the choroid plexus through expansion of the intracranial blood pool.

Choroid plexus defects in Down syndrome brain organoids enhance neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2.

Why individuals with Down syndrome (DS) are more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2-induced neuropathology remains elusive. Choroid plexus (ChP) plays critical roles in barrier function and immune response modulation and expresses the ACE2 receptor and the chromosome 21-encoded TMPRSS2 protease, suggesting its substantial role in establishing SARS-CoV-2 infection in the brain. To explore this, we established brain organoids from DS and isogenic euploid iPSC that consist of a core of functional cortical neurons surrounded by a functional ChP-like epithelium (ChPCOs). DS-ChPCOs recapitulated abnormal DS cortical development and revealed defects in ciliogenesis and epithelial cell polarity in ChP-like epithelium. We then demonstrated that the ChP-like epithelium facilitates infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2 in cortical neurons and that this is increased in DS. Inhibiting TMPRSS2 and furin activity reduced viral replication in DS-ChPCOs to euploid levels. This model enables dissection of the role of ChP in neurotropic virus infection and euploid forebrain development and permits screening of therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2-induced neuropathogenesis.

Glymphatic dysfunction mediates the influence of choroid plexus enlargement on information processing speed in patients with white matter hyperintensities.

Glymphatic dysfunction has been correlated with cognitive decline, with a higher choroid plexus volume (CPV) being linked to a slower glymphatic clearance rate. Nevertheless, the interplay between CPV, glymphatic function, and cognitive impairment in white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) has not yet been investigated. In this study, we performed neuropsychological assessment, T1-weighted three-dimensional (3D-T1) images, and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in a cohort of 206 WMHs subjects and 43 healthy controls (HCs) to further explore the relationship. The DTI analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) index, as a measure of glymphatic function, was calculated based on DTI. Severe WMHs performed significantly worse in information processing speed (IPS) than other three groups, as well as in executive function than HCs and mild WMHs. Additionally, severe WMHs demonstrated lower DTI-ALPS index and higher CPV than HCs and mild WMHs. Moderate WMHs displayed higher CPV than HCs and mild WMHs. Mini-Mental State Examination, IPS, and executive function correlated negatively with CPV but positively with DTI-ALPS index in WMHs patients. Glymphatic function partially mediated the association between CPV and IPS, indicating a potential mechanism for WMHs-related cognitive impairment. CPV may act as a valuable prognostic marker and glymphatic system as a promising therapeutic target for WMHs-related cognitive impairment.

SARS-CoV-2 induces blood-brain barrier and choroid plexus barrier impairments and vascular inflammation in mice.

The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to more than 700 million confirmed cases and nearly 7 million deaths. Although severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus mainly infects the respiratory system, neurological complications are widely reported in both acute infection and long-COVID cases. Despite the success of vaccines and antiviral treatments, neuroinvasiveness of SARS-CoV-2 remains an important question, which is also centered on the mystery of whether the virus is capable of breaching the barriers into the central nervous system. By studying the K18-hACE2 infection model, we observed clear evidence of microvascular damage and breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Mechanistically, SARS-CoV-2 infection caused pericyte damage, tight junction loss, endothelial activation and vascular inflammation, which together drive microvascular injury and BBB impairment. In addition, the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier at the choroid plexus was also impaired after infection. Therefore, cerebrovascular and choroid plexus dysfunctions are important aspects of COVID-19 and may contribute to neurological complications both acutely and in long COVID.

Choroid plexus imaging in multiple sclerosis management - a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system (CNS) disease associated with inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. It affects more than 2 million people globally, and usually occurs in young adults, three-quarters of whom are women. Importantly, accurate diagnosis and treatment are essential, as this disease can lead to the rapid development of disability. The choroid plexus (CP) is a structure widely known as the main cerebrospinal fluid source. However, it is also involved in immune cell trafficking to the cerebrospinal fluid, which is increased in different neurological disorders, particularly those associated with neuroinflammation. As MS is generally thought to be caused by an autoimmune process, it has been suggested that the choroid plexus may play a significant role in its pathogenesis, manifesting via changes in imaging characteristics. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Although research regarding this topic has been very limited, the results of the available studies appear promising. To further investigate this subject, we performed a systematic literature review according to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The PubMed and Embase databases were searched for relevant articles, and after thorough analysis, 16 studies were included in our review. RESULTS: CP volume was significantly increased in MS patients compared to healthy individuals. Furthermore, some studies found that CP enlargement occurs even before a definite diagnosis. Moreover, a few articles reported correlations between CP volume and brain atrophy, or even disease severity. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show that CP imaging has the potential to become a novel and valuable tool in multiple sclerosis management.

Choroid plexus enlargement is associated with future periventricular neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: The choroid plexus (CP), located within the ventricles of the brain and the primary producer of cerebrospinal fluid, has been shown to be enlarged in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and linked to periventricular remyelination failure. Atrophied T2-lesion volume (aT2-LV), a promising neurodegenerative imaging marker in progressive MS (PMS), reflects the volume of periventricular lesions subsumed into cerebrospinal fluid over the follow-up. METHODS: In a cohort of 143 people with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and 53 with PMS, we used 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to quantify CP volume (CPV) at baseline and aT2-LV over an average of 5.4 years of follow-up. Partial correlations, adjusting for age and sex, and linear regression analyses were used to assess the relationships between imaging measures. RESULTS: In both cohorts, CPV was associated with aT2-LV in both the RRMS group (r = 0.329, p < 0.001) as well as the PMS group (r = 0.522, p < 0.001). In regression analyses predicting aT2-LV, ventricular volume (final adjusted R2 = 0.407, p < 0.001) explained additional variance beyond age, sex, and T2-lesion volume in the RRMS group while CPV (final adjusted R2 = 0.446, p = 0.009) was retained in the PMS group. CONCLUSION: Findings from this study suggest that the CP enlargement is associated with future neurodegeneration, with a particularly relevant role in PMS.

Enlargement of the choroid plexus in pediatric multiple sclerosis.

Some studies have suggested an inflammatory role of the choroid plexus (CP) in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS), but mainly in adult patients. We aimed to evaluate clinical and MRI parameters in patients with pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (POMS). We included 10 patients with POMS and 16 healthy controls (HC), evaluating clinical and neuroimaging variables (cerebral cortex, CP, deep gray matter structures, and demyelinating lesions). Most patients were girls (80%), with a mean age of 15.3 years. POMS individuals had a higher CP volume (p = 0.012) and lower thalamic volume (p = 0.038) compared to HC. This study shows an enlargement of the CP and lower thalamic volume in POMS patients compared to HC.

Ectopic CD4+ T cells in choroid plexus mediate neuropsychiatric lupus symptoms in mice via interferon-γ induced microglia activation.

Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) is a disabling and potentially life-threatening complication of SLE. This study aims to investigate whether ectopic CD4+ T cells in the choroid plexus mediate NPSLE in mice. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of anti-CD4 antibody effectively depleted CP-resident CD4+ T cells and alleviated NPSLE-like symptoms in MRL/lpr mice. Following ICV injection, the majority of isolated lupus CD4+ T cells from donor MRL/lpr mice predominantly stayed in the CP for at least 28 days in recipient C57BL/6 mice, while nearly all isolated CD4+ T cells from MRL/MpJ mice disappeared within 7 days. ICV injection of lupus CD4+ T cells resulted in NPSLE-like symptoms, including impaired behavioral performances, increased microglial activation, and abnormal microstructure changes. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that the majority of isolated lupus CD4+ T cells were positive for IFN-γ. Neutralizing intracerebral IFN-γ alleviated NPSLE-like symptoms in MRL/lpr mice. Moreover, ICV injection of anti-IFN-γ antibody or microglial depletion by PLX3397 benefited most NPSLE-like symptoms in lupus CD4+ T-treated mice, while ICV injection of IFN-γ mimicked most NPSLE-like symptoms. In conclusion, CP-resident lupus CD4+ T cells contribute to NPSLE-like symptoms in mice via Interferon-γ induced microglia activation. Depleting CP-resident lupus CD4+ T cells, interferon-γ, or activated microglia may be potential therapeutic targets for NPSLE.

Choroid plexus calcifications are not associated with putative markers of glymphatic dysfunction: A population study in middle-aged and older adults.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Recent studies have suggested an association between dysfunction of the choroid plexus and the glymphatic system. However, information is inconclusive. Following a population-based study design, we aimed to assess the association between choroid plexus calcifications (CPCs)-as a surrogate of choroid plexus dysfunction-and severity and progression of putative markers of glymphatic dysfunction, including white matter hyperintensities (WMH) of presumed vascular origin and abnormally enlarged basal ganglia perivascular spaces (BG-PVS). METHODS: This study recruited community-dwellers aged ≥40 years living in neighboring Ecuadorian villages. Participants who had baseline head CTs and brain MRIs were included in cross-sectional analyses and those who additional had follow-up MRIs (after a mean of 6.4 ± 1.5 years) were included in longitudinal analyses. Logistic and Poisson regression models, adjusted for demographics and cardiovascular risk factors, were fitted to assess associations between CPCs and WMH and enlarged BG-PVS severity and progression. RESULTS: A total of 590 individuals were included in the cross-sectional component of the study, and 215 in the longitudinal component. At baseline, 25% of participants had moderate-to-severe WMH and 27% had abnormally enlarged BG-PVS. At follow-up, 36% and 20% of participants had WMH and enlarged BG-PVS progression, respectively. Logistic regression models showed no significant differences between CPCs volumes stratified in quartiles and severity of WMH and enlarged BG-PVS. Poisson regression models showed no association between the exposure and WMH and enlarged BG-PVS progression. Baseline age remained significant in these models. CONCLUSIONS: Choroid plexus calcifications are not associated with putative markers of glymphatic system dysfunction.

Enlarged choroid plexus in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis may lead to brain structural changes through the glymphatic impairment.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the potential link among choroid plexus (CP) volume, glymphatic clearance and brain structural change in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-five RRMS patients and 48 healthy controls (HC) underwent MRI examination. The diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) was calculated to reflect glymphatic system function. The brain structure volume and DTI-ALPS index were compared between RRMS and HC. The mediating effect of the DTI-ALPS index between CP volume and brain structural changes was further investigated. The longitudinal changes of brain structure and DTI-ALPS index were compared in 20 RRMS patients. RESULTS: Compared to HC, CP volume in RRMS was significantly increased (P < 0.001), and DTI-ALPS index was significantly decreased (P = 0.001). The volumes of white matter, thalamus, putamen and pallidum were significantly decreased in RRMS, and the volumes of lateral ventricle and third ventricle were increased. Mediation analysis showed DTI-ALPS index partially mediated the association between CP enlargement and deep gray matter (DGM) atrophy in RRMS, and between CP enlargement and ventricle enlargement. CP volume and DTI-ALPS index were also significantly correlated with Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) (P = 0.006, P = 0.043). Notably, the variation of DTI_ALPS index during the follow-up period were significantly and negatively correlated with the variation of EDSS (P = 0.045). CONCLUSION: Enlarged CP volume and decreased DTI_ALPS index may be closely related to DGM atrophy and ventricular enlargement in RRMS, and may be potential imaging markers of clinical disability.

Characterisation of choroid plexus-infiltrating T cells reveals novel therapeutic targets in murine neuropsychiatric lupus.

OBJECTIVE: Diffuse central nervous system manifestations, referred to as neuropsychiatric lupus (NPSLE), are observed in 20-40% of lupus patients and involve complex mechanisms that have not yet been adequately elucidated. In murine NPSLE models, choroid plexus (ChP)-infiltrating T cells have not been fully evaluated as drivers of neuropsychiatric disease. METHOD: Droplet-based single-cell transcriptomic analysis (single-cell RNA sequencing) and immune T-cell receptor profiling were performed on ChP tissue from MRL/lpr mice, an NPSLE mouse model, at an 'early' and 'late' disease state, to investigate the infiltrating immune cells that accumulate with NPSLE disease progression. RESULTS: We found 19 unique clusters of stromal and infiltrating cells present in the ChP of NPSLE mice. Higher resolution of the T-cell clusters uncovered multiple T-cell subsets, with increased exhaustion and hypoxia expression profiles. Clonal analysis revealed that the clonal CD8+T cell CDR3 sequence, ASGDALGGYEQY, matched that of a published T-cell receptor sequence with specificity for myelin basic protein. Stromal fibroblasts are likely drivers of T-cell recruitment by upregulating the VCAM signalling pathway. Systemic blockade of VLA-4, the cognate ligand of VCAM, resulted in significant resolution of the ChP immune cell infiltration and attenuation of the depressive phenotype. CONCLUSION: Our analysis details the dynamic transcriptomic changes associated with murine NPSLE disease progression, and highlights its potential use in identifying prospective lupus brain therapeutic targets.

Olfactory Receptor OR2K2 Expression in Human Choroid Plexus as a Potential Marker in Early Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease.

Epithelial cells comprising the choroid plexus (CP) form a crucial barrier between the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid, thereby assuming a central position in brain homeostasis and signaling. Mounting evidence suggests that the impairment of CP function may be a significant contributor to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. CP function relies on the expression of specific receptors, and the potential involvement of olfactory receptors (ORs) and taste receptors (TASRs) in chemical surveillance within the CP is being investigated. Previous studies have implicated ORs and TASRs in neurodegenerative disorders like AD, although the direct evidence of their expression in the human CP remains to be established. In this study, we conducted a transcriptomic analysis encompassing eleven ORs and TASRs in the CP, comparing samples from healthy age-matched controls to those from patients with AD spanning Braak stages I to VI. Among these receptors, a striking finding emerged-OR2K2 exhibited robust expression, with a statistically significant upregulation noted at Braak stage I. Surprisingly, at the protein level, OR2K2 showed a significant decrease in both Braak stage I and VI. Additionally, we identified CP epithelial cells as the source of OR2K2 expression, where it colocalized with autophagy markers LC3 and p62. We postulate that OR2K2 could be subjected to degradation by autophagy in the early stages of AD, triggering a compensatory mechanism that leads to increased OR2K2 mRNA transcription. This study uncovers a potential role for OR2K2 in AD pathogenesis, offering a novel perspective on the intricate dynamics at play in this neurodegenerative disorder.

Choroid plexus volume differentiates MS from its mimics.

This study aimed to determine whether choroid plexus volume (CPV) could differentiate multiple sclerosis (MS) from its mimics. A secondary analysis of two previously enrolled studies, 50 participants with MS and 64 with alternative diagnoses were included. CPV was automatically segmented from 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), followed by manual review to remove misclassified tissue. Mean normalized choroid plexus volume (nCPV) to intracranial volume demonstrated relatively high specificity for MS participants in each cohort (0.80 and 0.76) with an area under the receiver-operator characteristic curve of 0.71 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.55-0.87) and 0.65 (95% CI = 0.52-0.77). In this preliminary study, nCPV differentiated MS from its mimics.