RESUMO
Neuropeptides, including tachykinins, CGRP, and somatostatin, are localized in a peptidergic subgroup of nociceptive primary afferent neurons. Tachykinins and CGRP are pronociceptive, somatostatin is an antinociceptive mediator. Intensive drug research has been performed to develop tachykinin and CGRP antagonists, and somatostatin agonists as analgesics. CGRP receptor antagonists are efficacious and well-tolerated drugs in migraine. Monoclonal antibodies against CGRP or its receptor are used for the prophylactic treatment of migraine. Tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonists failed as analgesics but are used for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. New, orally active somatostatin 4 receptor agonists are promising drug candidates for treating various pain conditions.
Assuntos
Dor Crônica , Neuropeptídeos , Humanos , Animais , Dor Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Neuropeptídeos/metabolismo , Analgésicos/farmacologia , Analgésicos/uso terapêutico , Receptores de Peptídeo Relacionado com o Gene de Calcitonina/metabolismo , Somatostatina/análogos & derivados , Somatostatina/uso terapêutico , Taquicininas/metabolismo , Receptores de Somatostatina/metabolismo , Receptores de Somatostatina/antagonistas & inibidoresAssuntos
Neoplasias do Íleo , Tumores Neuroendócrinos , Receptores de Somatostatina , Humanos , Masculino , Neoplasias do Íleo/diagnóstico por imagem , Metástase Neoplásica , Tumores Neuroendócrinos/diagnóstico por imagem , Tumores Neuroendócrinos/patologia , Compostos Organometálicos/uso terapêutico , Compostos Radiofarmacêuticos , Receptores de Somatostatina/metabolismo , Receptores de Somatostatina/antagonistas & inibidores , IdosoRESUMO
Somatostatin inhibits endocrine and exocrine secretion in various tissues by acting on five somatostatin receptor subtypes (SSTR1-5). The clinical effects of SSTR5 antagonism remain unknown. Herein, we evaluated the effects of SCO-240, an oral SSTR5 antagonist, in healthy individuals. This randomized, single-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase I study included healthy Japanese and White individuals. The effects of ascending single oral doses of SCO-240 were evaluated in healthy individuals. The main outcome measures were safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics (gallbladder contractions and levels of serum insulin and plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)). The levels of pituitary hormones were evaluated in our exploratory analysis. The results indicated that SCO-240 was safe and well-tolerated at all tested doses. Oral SCO-240 was readily absorbed, with its systemic exposure increasing in a dose-dependent manner. The median time to maximum concentration and mean terminal half-life of SCO-240 were 3-4 and 10.2-12.6 hours, respectively, in the ascending dose section. No clinically meaningful changes in SCO-240 pharmacokinetic profiles were observed between fed and fasted or between Japanese and White individuals. No increase in gallbladder contractions or levels of insulin and GLP-1 were detected. SCO-240 induced robust growth hormone (GH) secretion without altering the levels of other pituitary hormones. In conclusion, the study is the first to demonstrate that SSTR5 antagonism stimulates GH secretion in humans. SCO-240 was safe and well-tolerated and exhibited once-daily oral dosing potential. The robust effects of SCO-240 on GH secretion suggest that it may be a treatment option for GH-related disorders.
Assuntos
Voluntários Saudáveis , Receptores de Somatostatina , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Receptores de Somatostatina/antagonistas & inibidores , Administração Oral , Adulto Jovem , Hormônio do Crescimento Humano/administração & dosagem , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Peptídeo 1 Semelhante ao Glucagon , Insulina/sangue , Vesícula Biliar/metabolismo , Vesícula Biliar/efeitos dos fármacos , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
PURPOSE: Somatostatin receptor antagonists have shown promising performance for imaging neuroendocrine neoplasms. However, there is a lack of studies exploring the diagnostic performance of SSTR antagonists or comparing them with agonists in a large cohort of patients with NENs. This study aimed to retrospectively review all SSTR antagonist PET/CT scans conducted at Peking Union Medical College Hospital since November 2018 in patients with confirmed or suspected NENs. METHODS: Four types of SSTR antagonists were utilized, including [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-LM3, [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-LM3, [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-JR11, and [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-JR11. The reference standard was based on a combination of histopathology, clinical evaluation, imaging results, and follow-up. Patient-based sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were evaluated. The SUVmax and tumor-to-liver ratio (TLR) of the hottest lesions was recorded and compared between antagonists and [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE. RESULTS: A total of 622 antagonist scans from 549 patients were included in the analysis. The patient-level sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of antagonist imaging (all tracers combined) were 91.0% (443/487), 91.9% (57/62), and 91.1% (500/549), respectively. In 181 patients with a comparative [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT scan, the patient-level sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 87.5% (147/168), 76.9% (10/13), and 86.7% (157/181), respectively. For the hottest lesions, SSTR antagonists all tracers combined demonstrated an overall comparable SUVmax to [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE (40.1 ± 32.5 vs. 39.4 ± 23.8, p = 0.772). While [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-LM3 showed significantly higher uptake than [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE (57.4 ± 38.5 vs. 40.0 ± 22.8, p<0.001), [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-JR11 (39.7 ± 26.5 vs. 34.3 ± 23.9, p = 0.108) and [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-LM3 (38.9 ± 32.1 vs. 37.2 ± 22.1, p = 0.858) showed comparable uptake to [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE, and [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-JR11 showed lower uptake (28.9 ± 26.1 vs. 44.0 ± 25.7, p = 0.001). All antagonists exhibited significantly higher TLR than [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE (12.1 ± 10.8 vs. 5.2 ± 4.5, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Gallium-68 labeled SSTR antagonists could serve as alternatives to SSTR agonists for imaging of NENs. Among various antagonists, [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-LM3 seems to have the best imaging profile.
Assuntos
Radioisótopos de Gálio , Tumores Neuroendócrinos , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons combinada à Tomografia Computadorizada , Receptores de Somatostatina , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Feminino , Receptores de Somatostatina/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores de Somatostatina/metabolismo , Tumores Neuroendócrinos/diagnóstico por imagem , Idoso , Adulto , China , Estudos Retrospectivos , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Adulto Jovem , Adolescente , Marcação por Isótopo , Acetatos , Compostos Heterocíclicos com 1 AnelRESUMO
The development of drugs targeting somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2), generally overexpressed in neuroendocrine tumors, is focus of intense research. A few molecules in conjugation with radionuclides are in clinical use for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. These radiopharmaceuticals are composed of a somatostatin analogue biovector conjugated to a chelator moiety bearing the radionuclide. To date, despite valuable efforts, a detailed molecular-level description of the interaction of radiopharmaceuticals in complex with SSTR2 has not yet been accomplished. Therefore, in this work, we carefully analyzed the key dynamical features and detailed molecular interactions of SSTR2 in complex with six radiopharmaceutical compounds selected among the few already in use (64Cu/68Ga-DOTATATE, 68Ga-DOTATOC, 64Cu-SARTATE) and some in clinical development (68Ga-DOTANOC, 64Cu-TETATATE). Through molecular dynamics simulations and exploiting recently available structures of SSTR2, we explored the influence of the different portions of the compounds (peptide, radionuclide, and chelator) in the interaction with the receptor. We identified the most stable binding modes and found distinct interaction patterns characterizing the six compounds. We thus unveiled detailed molecular interactions crucial for the recognition of this class of radiopharmaceuticals. The microscopically well-founded analysis presented in this study provides guidelines for the design of new potent ligands targeting SSTR2.
Assuntos
Compostos Radiofarmacêuticos , Receptores de Somatostatina , Compostos Radiofarmacêuticos/química , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Receptores de Somatostatina/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores de Somatostatina/química , Animais , Camundongos , Desenho de Fármacos , Terapia de Alvo MolecularRESUMO
Reproductive function is suppressed during lactation owing to the suckling-induced suppression of the kisspeptin gene (Kiss1) expression in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and subsequent suppression of luteinizing hormone (LH) release. Our previous study revealed that somatostatin (SST) neurons mediate suckling-induced suppression of LH release via SST receptor 2 (SSTR2) in ovariectomized lactating rats during early lactation. This study examined whether central SST-SSTR2 signaling mediates the inhibition of ARC Kiss1 expression and LH release in lactating rats during late lactation and whether the inhibition of glutamatergic neurons, stimulators of LH release, is involved in the suppression of LH release mediated by central SST-SSTR2 signaling in lactating rats. A central injection of the SSTR2 antagonist CYN154806 (CYN) significantly increased ARC Kiss1 expression in lactating rats on day 16 of lactation. Dual in situ hybridization revealed that few ARC Kiss1-positive cells co-expressed Sstr2, and some of the ARC Slc17a6 (a glutamatergic neuronal marker)-positive cells co-expressed Sstr2. Furthermore, almost all ARC Kiss1-positive cells co-expressed Grin1, a subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. The numbers of Slc17a6/Sstr2 double-labeled and Slc17a6 single-labeled cells were significantly lower in lactating dams than in non-lactating rats whose pups had been removed after parturition. A central injection of an NMDA antagonist reversed the CYN-induced increase in LH release in lactating rats. Overall, these results suggest that central SST-SSTR2 signaling, at least partly, mediates the suppression of ARC Kiss1 expression and LH release by inhibiting ARC glutamatergic interneurons in lactating rats.
Assuntos
Interneurônios , Kisspeptinas , Lactação , Hormônio Luteinizante , Receptores de Somatostatina , Somatostatina , Animais , Núcleo Arqueado do Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Feminino , Interneurônios/metabolismo , Kisspeptinas/genética , Kisspeptinas/metabolismo , Lactação/metabolismo , Hormônio Luteinizante/metabolismo , N-Metilaspartato/metabolismo , Oligopeptídeos/farmacologia , Ratos , Receptores de Somatostatina/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores de Somatostatina/genética , Receptores de Somatostatina/metabolismo , Somatostatina/genética , Somatostatina/metabolismoRESUMO
AIM: To evaluate the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of a novel somatostatin receptor 2 antagonist, ZT-01, to stimulate glucagon release in rats with type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS: The pharmacokinetics of ZT-01 and PRL-2903 were assessed following intraperitoneal or subcutaneous dosing at 10 mg/kg. We compared the efficacy of ZT-01 with PRL-2903 to prevent hypoglycaemia during an insulin bolus challenge and under hypoglycaemic clamp conditions. RESULTS: Within 1 hour after intraperitoneal administration, ZT-01 achieved more than 10-fold higher plasma Cmax compared with PRL-2903. Twenty-four hour exposure was 4.7× and 11.3× higher with ZT-01 by the intraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes, respectively. The median time to reach hypoglycaemia of more than 3.0 mmol/L was 60, 70, and 125 minutes following vehicle, PRL-2903, or ZT-01 administration, respectively. Furthermore, rats receiving ZT-01 had significantly higher glucose nadirs following insulin administration compared with PRL-2903- and vehicle-treated rats. During the hypoglycaemic clamp, ZT-01 increased peak glucagon responses by ~4-fold over PRL-2903. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that ZT-01 may be effective in restoring glucagon responses and preventing the onset of hypoglycaemia in patients with T1D.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1 , Hipoglicemia , Receptores de Somatostatina , Animais , Glicemia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/tratamento farmacológico , Glucagon , Humanos , Hipoglicemia/induzido quimicamente , Hipoglicemia/prevenção & controle , Insulina , Ratos , Receptores de Somatostatina/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
The melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) system is involved in numerous functions, including energy homeostasis, food intake, sleep, stress, mood, aggression, reward, maternal behavior, social behavior, and cognition. In rodents, MCH acts on MCHR1, a G protein-coupled receptor, which is widely expressed in the brain and abundantly localized to neuronal primary cilia. Cilia act as cells' antennas and play crucial roles in cell signaling to detect and transduce external stimuli to regulate cell differentiation and migration. Cilia are highly dynamic in terms of their length and morphology; however, it is not known if cilia length is causally regulated by MCH system activation in vivo. In the current work, we examined the effects of activation and inactivation of MCH system on cilia lengths by using different experimental models and methodologies, including organotypic brain slice cultures from rat prefrontal cortex (PFC) and caudate-putamen (CPu), in vivo pharmacological (MCHR1 agonist and antagonist GW803430), germline and conditional genetic deletion of MCHR1 and MCH, optogenetic, and chemogenetic (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD)) approaches. We found that stimulation of MCH system either directly through MCHR1 activation or indirectly through optogenetic and chemogenetic-mediated excitation of MCH-neuron, caused cilia shortening, detected by the quantification of the presence of ADCY3 protein, a known primary cilia marker. In contrast, inactivation of MCH signaling through pharmacological MCHR1 blockade or through genetic manipulations - germline deletion of MCHR1 and conditional ablation of MCH neurons - induced cilia lengthening. Our study is the first to uncover the causal effects of the MCH system in the regulation of the length of brain neuronal primary cilia. These findings place MCH system at a unique position in the ciliary signaling in physiological and pathological conditions and implicate MCHR1 present at primary cilia as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of pathological conditions characterized by impaired primary cilia function associated with the modification of its length.
Assuntos
Núcleo Caudado/metabolismo , Cílios/metabolismo , Hormônios Hipotalâmicos/metabolismo , Melaninas/metabolismo , Hormônios Hipofisários/metabolismo , Córtex Pré-Frontal/metabolismo , Receptores de Somatostatina/metabolismo , Animais , Núcleo Caudado/efeitos dos fármacos , Cílios/efeitos dos fármacos , Hormônios Hipotalâmicos/genética , Melaninas/genética , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios/metabolismo , Optogenética , Hormônios Hipofisários/genética , Córtex Pré-Frontal/efeitos dos fármacos , Pirimidinonas/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Receptores de Somatostatina/agonistas , Receptores de Somatostatina/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores de Somatostatina/genética , Tiofenos/farmacologiaRESUMO
Recent antecedent hypoglycemia is a known source of defective glucose counter-regulation in diabetes; the mechanisms perpetuating the cycle of progressive α-cell failure and recurrent hypoglycemia remain unknown. Somatostatin has been shown to suppress the glucagon response to acute hypoglycemia in rodent models of type 1 diabetes. We hypothesized that somatostatin receptor 2 antagonism (SSTR2a) would restore glucagon counterregulation and delay the onset of insulin-induced hypoglycemia in recurrently hypoglycemic, nondiabetic male rats. Healthy, male, Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 39) received bolus injections of insulin (10 U/kg, 8 U/kg, 5 U/kg) on 3 consecutive days to induce hypoglycemia. On day 4, animals were then treated with SSTR2a (10 mg/kg; n = 17) or vehicle (n = 12) 1 hour prior to the induction of hypoglycemia using insulin (5 U/kg). Plasma glucagon level during hypoglycemia was ~30% lower on day 3 (150 ± 75 pg/mL; P < .01), and 68% lower on day 4 in the vehicle group (70 ± 52 pg/mL; P < .001) compared with day 1 (219 ± 99 pg/mL). On day 4, SSTR2a prolonged euglycemia by 25 ± 5 minutes (P < .05) and restored the plasma glucagon response to hypoglycemia. Hepatic glycogen content of SSTR2a-treated rats was 35% lower than vehicle controls after hypoglycemia induction on day 4 (vehicle: 20 ± 7.0 vs SSTR2a: 13 ± 4.4 µmol/g; P < .01). SSTR2a treatment reverses the cumulative glucagon deficit resulting from 3 days of antecedent hypoglycemia in healthy rats. This reversal is associated with decreased hepatic glycogen content and delayed time to hypoglycemic onset. We conclude that recurrent hypoglycemia produces glucagon counterregulatory deficiency in healthy male rats, which can be improved by SSTR2a.
Assuntos
Glucagon/metabolismo , Hipoglicemia/metabolismo , Peptídeos Cíclicos/farmacologia , Animais , Glicemia/efeitos dos fármacos , Glicemia/metabolismo , Glucagon/efeitos dos fármacos , Glucose/metabolismo , Antagonistas de Hormônios/farmacologia , Hipoglicemia/patologia , Glicogênio Hepático/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de Somatostatina/antagonistas & inibidores , RecidivaRESUMO
PURPOSE: Many researches have investigated the functions of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study aimed to discuss the underlying mechanism of TMP in AD mice. METHODS: TMP (200 mg/kg) was administered to 6-month-old APP/PS1 transgenic mice, and behavioral changes and hippocampal nerve injury in AD mice were detected. Apoptosis and autophagy-related protein levels were detected. Changes in gene expression before and after TMP treatment were compared using transcriptome sequencing. The effects of Cullin 4B (CUL4B) overexpression and somatostatin receptor 4 (SSTR4) silencing on AD symptoms and SSTR4 ubiquitination in APP/PS1 mice were observed. SH-SY5Y and PC12 cells were treated with 25 µmol/L Aß25-35 and TMP to observe cell viability, apoptosis, and autophagy. Cell viability and apoptosis were measured again after treatment with proteasome inhibitor MG132 or lysosomal inhibitor 3-mA. RESULTS: TMP treatment improved the behavioral cognition of APP/PS1 mice and improved the neuronal apoptosis and damage in brain tissue. CUL4B was significantly upregulated in APP/PS1 mouse brain tissue, and SSRT4 protein was downregulated, and the levels of CUL4B and SSRT4 were negatively correlated. TMP treatment downregulated CUL4B, inhibited SSRT4 ubiquitination and upregulated SSRT4 protein level in APP/PS1 mouse brain tissue, while CUL4B overexpression or SSRT4 silencing reversed the effect of TMP. TMP and MG132 improved the decreased activity, increased apoptosis and increased SSRT4 protein in SH-SY5Y and PC12 cells treated with Aß25-35, but not 3-mA. CUL4B overexpression promoted the ubiquitination of SSTR4 in cells, which partially reversed the effect of TMP. CONCLUSION: TMP could improve the cognitive ability of AD mice by inhibiting CUL4B expression and the ubiquitination degradation of SSTR, and alleviating neuronal apoptosis and injury. This study may offer a new therapeutic option for AD treatment.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Pirazinas/farmacologia , Receptores de Somatostatina/antagonistas & inibidores , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Animais , Cognição/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , Ratos , Receptores de Somatostatina/genética , Receptores de Somatostatina/metabolismo , Células Tumorais Cultivadas , Ubiquitinação/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) with [177Lu-DOTA0,Tyr3] octreotate is an effective and safe second- or third-line treatment option for patients with low-grade advanced gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN). In this review, we will focus on possible extensions of the current use of PRRT and on new approaches which could further improve its treatment efficacy and safety. RECENT FINDINGS: Promising results were published regarding PRRT in other NENs, including lung NENs or high-grade NENs, and applying PRRT as neoadjuvant or salvage therapy. Furthermore, a diversity of strategic approaches, including dosimetry, somatostatin receptor antagonists, somatostatin receptor upregulation, radiosensitization, different radionuclides, albumin binding, alternative renal protection, and liver-directed therapy in combination with PRRT, have the potential to improve the outcome of PRRT. Also, novel biomarkers are presented that could predict response to PRRT. Multiple preclinical and early clinical studies have shown encouraging potential to advance the clinical outcome of PRRT in NEN patients. However, at this moment, most of these strategies have not yet reached the clinical setting of randomized phase III trials.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Intestinais/radioterapia , Tumores Neuroendócrinos/radioterapia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/radioterapia , Radioisótopos/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Gástricas/radioterapia , Humanos , Terapia Neoadjuvante , Octreotida/análogos & derivados , Octreotida/uso terapêutico , Compostos Organometálicos/uso terapêutico , Receptores de Peptídeos , Receptores de Somatostatina/antagonistas & inibidores , Terapia de Salvação , Somatostatina/análogos & derivadosRESUMO
OPINION STATEMENT: Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) constitute a heterogenous group of malignancies. Translational research into NEN cell biology is the cornerstone for drug development strategies in this field. Somatostatin receptor type 2 (SSTR2) expression is the hallmark of well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Somatostatin analogs and peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) form the basis of anti-SSTR2 treatment onto new combination strategies, antibody-drug conjugates and bispecific antibodies. Classical pathways involved in NET development (PI3K-Akt-mTOR and antiangiogenics) are reviewed but new potential targets for NET treatment will be explored. Epigenetic drugs have shown clinical activity in monotherapy and preclinical combination strategies are more than attractive. Immunotherapy has shown opposite results in different NEN settings. Although the NOTCH pathway has been targeted with disappointing results, new strategies are being developed. Finally, after years of solid preclinical evidence on different genetically engineered oncolytic viruses, clinical trials for refractory NET patients are now ongoing.
Assuntos
Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos , Tumores Neuroendócrinos/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores da Angiogênese/uso terapêutico , Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos/tendências , Epigênese Genética/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Imunoconjugados/uso terapêutico , Imunoterapia , Tumores Neuroendócrinos/genética , Tumores Neuroendócrinos/metabolismo , Vírus Oncolíticos , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Radioisótopos/química , Radioisótopos/uso terapêutico , Receptores de Peptídeos/química , Receptores de Peptídeos/uso terapêutico , Receptores de Somatostatina/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores de Somatostatina/genética , Receptores de Somatostatina/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Somatostatina/análogos & derivados , Somatostatina/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Primary cilia are compartmentalized sensory organelles present on the majority of neurons in the mammalian brain throughout adulthood. Recent evidence suggests that cilia regulate multiple aspects of neuronal development, including the maintenance of neuronal connectivity. However, whether ciliary signals can dynamically modulate postnatal circuit excitability is unknown. Here we show that acute cell-autonomous knockdown of ciliary signaling rapidly strengthens glutamatergic inputs onto cultured rat neocortical pyramidal neurons and increases spontaneous firing. This increased excitability occurs without changes to passive neuronal properties or intrinsic excitability. Further, the neuropeptide receptor somatostatin receptor 3 (SSTR3) is localized nearly exclusively to excitatory neuron cilia both in vivo and in culture, and pharmacological manipulation of SSTR3 signaling bidirectionally modulates excitatory synaptic inputs onto these neurons. Our results indicate that ciliary neuropeptidergic signaling dynamically modulates excitatory synapses and suggest that defects in this regulation may underlie a subset of behavioral and cognitive disorders associated with ciliopathies.
Assuntos
Cílios/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Piramidais/fisiologia , Receptores de Somatostatina/efeitos dos fármacos , Sinapses/fisiologia , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Feminino , Masculino , Neocórtex/citologia , Técnicas de Patch-Clamp , Ratos Long-Evans , Receptores de Somatostatina/agonistas , Receptores de Somatostatina/antagonistas & inibidores , Transdução de SinaisAssuntos
Tumores Neuroendócrinos/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Biomarcadores Tumorais/sangue , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Antagonistas de Dopamina/uso terapêutico , Previsões , Humanos , Tumores Neuroendócrinos/genética , Tumores Neuroendócrinos/metabolismo , Tumores Neuroendócrinos/patologia , Medicina de Precisão/métodos , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Receptores de Somatostatina/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
Somatostatin (SS) inhibits glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion in a paracrine manner. We hypothesized that blocking somatostatin subtype receptor 2 (SSTR2) and 5 (SSTR5) would improve glycemia by enhancing GLP-1 secretion. In the perfused mouse small intestine, the selective SSTR5 antagonist (SSTR5a) stimulated glucose-induced GLP-1 secretion to a larger degree than the SSTR2 antagonist (SSTR2a). In parallel, mice lacking the SSTR5R showed increased glucose-induced GLP-1 secretion. Both antagonists improved glycemia in vivo in a GLP-1 receptor-dependent (GLP-1R-dependent) manner, as the glycemic improvements were absent in mice with impaired GLP-1R signaling and in mice treated with a GLP-1R-specific antagonist. SSTR5a had no direct effect on insulin secretion in the perfused pancreas, whereas SSTR2a increased insulin secretion in a GLP-1R-independent manner. Adding a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor (DPP-4i) in vivo resulted in additive effects on glycemia. However, when glucose was administered intraperitoneally, the antagonist was incapable of lowering blood glucose. Oral administration of SSTR5a, but not SSTR2a, lowered blood glucose in diet-induced obese mice. In summary, we demonstrate that selective SSTR antagonists can improve glucose control primarily through the intestinal GLP-1 system in mice.
Assuntos
Glicemia/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1/metabolismo , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Receptores de Somatostatina/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Glicemia/metabolismo , Inibidores da Dipeptidil Peptidase IV/metabolismo , Inibidores da Dipeptidil Peptidase IV/farmacologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Peptídeo 1 Semelhante ao Glucagon/metabolismo , Insulina , Secreção de Insulina/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Camundongos Obesos , Receptores de Somatostatina/genéticaRESUMO
Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC), endemic in Southeast Asia, lacks effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Even in high-income countries the 5-year survival rate for stage IV NPC is less than 40%. Here we report high somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) expression in multiple clinical cohorts comprising 402 primary, locally recurrent and metastatic NPCs. We show that SSTR2 expression is induced by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) via the NF-κB pathway. Using cell-based and preclinical rodent models, we demonstrate the therapeutic potential of SSTR2 targeting using a cytotoxic drug conjugate, PEN-221, which is found to be superior to FDA-approved SSTR2-binding cytostatic agents. Furthermore, we reveal significant correlation of SSTR expression with increased rates of survival and report in vivo uptake of the SSTR2-binding 68Ga-DOTA-peptide radioconjugate in PET-CT scanning in a clinical trial of NPC patients (NCT03670342). These findings reveal a key role in EBV-associated NPC for SSTR2 in infection, imaging, targeted therapy and survival.
Assuntos
Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Carcinoma Nasofaríngeo , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia , Receptores de Somatostatina , Proteínas da Matriz Viral , Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/genética , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/mortalidade , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/virologia , Herpesvirus Humano 4/efeitos dos fármacos , Herpesvirus Humano 4/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Herpesvirus Humano 4/patogenicidade , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/genética , Metástase Linfática , Camundongos Nus , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Carcinoma Nasofaríngeo/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Nasofaríngeo/genética , Carcinoma Nasofaríngeo/mortalidade , Carcinoma Nasofaríngeo/virologia , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/genética , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/mortalidade , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/virologia , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/tratamento farmacológico , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/genética , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/mortalidade , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/virologia , NF-kappa B/genética , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Octreotida/farmacologia , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons combinada à Tomografia Computadorizada , Receptores de Somatostatina/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores de Somatostatina/genética , Receptores de Somatostatina/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Análise de Sobrevida , Proteínas da Matriz Viral/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas da Matriz Viral/genética , Proteínas da Matriz Viral/metabolismo , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The endocrine pancreas comprises the islets of Langerhans, primarily consisting of beta cells, alpha cells and delta cells responsible for secretion of insulin, glucagon and somatostatin, respectively. A certain level of intra-islet communication is thought to exist, where the individual hormones may reach the other islet cells and regulate their secretion. Glucagon has been demonstrated to importantly regulate insulin secretion, while somatostatin powerfully inhibits both insulin and glucagon secretion. In this study we investigated how secretion of somatostatin is regulated by paracrine signalling from glucagon and insulin. METHODS: Somatostatin secretion was measured from perfused mouse pancreases isolated from wild-type as well as diphtheria toxin-induced alpha cell knockdown, and global glucagon receptor knockout (Gcgr-/-) mice. We studied the effects of varying glucose concentrations together with infusions of arginine, glucagon, insulin and somatostatin, as well as infusions of antagonists of insulin, somatostatin and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptors. RESULTS: A tonic inhibitory role of somatostatin was demonstrated with infusion of somatostatin receptor antagonists, which significantly increased glucagon secretion at low and high glucose, whereas insulin secretion was only increased at high glucose levels. Infusion of glucagon dose-dependently increased somatostatin secretion approximately twofold in control mice. Exogenous glucagon had no effect on somatostatin secretion in Gcgr-/- mice, and a reduced effect when combined with the GLP-1 receptor antagonist exendin 9-39. Diphtheria toxin-induced knockdown of glucagon producing cells led to reduced somatostatin secretion in response to 12 mmol/l glucose and arginine infusions. In Gcgr-/- mice (where glucagon levels are dramatically increased) overall somatostatin secretion was increased. However, infusion of exendin 9-39 in Gcgr-/- mice completely abolished somatostatin secretion in response to glucose and arginine. Neither insulin nor an insulin receptor antagonist (S961) had any effect on somatostatin secretion. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Our findings demonstrate that somatostatin and glucagon secretion are linked in a reciprocal feedback cycle with somatostatin inhibiting glucagon secretion at low and high glucose levels, and glucagon stimulating somatostatin secretion via the glucagon and GLP-1 receptors. Graphical abstract.
Assuntos
Glucagon/fisiologia , Insulina/fisiologia , Somatostatina/metabolismo , Animais , Arginina/administração & dosagem , Comunicação Celular , Toxina Diftérica/farmacologia , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Glucagon/administração & dosagem , Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1/fisiologia , Células Secretoras de Glucagon/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Secretoras de Glucagon/fisiologia , Glucose/administração & dosagem , Insulina/administração & dosagem , Secreção de Insulina/efeitos dos fármacos , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Receptores de Glucagon/deficiência , Receptores de Glucagon/genética , Receptores de Glucagon/fisiologia , Receptores de Somatostatina/antagonistas & inibidores , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Somatostatina/administração & dosagemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Acromegaly is a rare disease primarily caused by growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary adenomas, and its treatment is costly. Moreover, some patients are unresponsive to treatment. Hence, there are increasing efforts to develop new drugs with improved effectiveness for this disease. BIM23B065 is a novel chimeric molecule that acts on both somatostatin and dopamine receptors. This study aimed to investigate the effects of BIM23B065 compared with those of a somatostatin receptor analog and a dopamine agonist. METHODS: The effects of BIM23B065 on the proliferation, GH and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and cyclic AMP response element binding (CREB) phosphorylation of GH3 cells were investigated with MTS assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blotting, respectively. The dosage and treatment duration of BIM23B065 were tested in animal models of GH-secreting pituitary adenoma. The effect of BIM23B065 (3 mg/kg/day) on changes in IGF-1 levels before and after treatment was further investigated. RESULTS: In vitro, BIM23B065 treatment decreased GH release in the culture media and downregulated ERK 1/2 and CREB phosphorylation to 22% and 26%, respectively. In vivo, IGF-1 expression decreased to 50 % after 4 weeks of treatment with BIM23B065 using an osmotic pump implant. Moreover, magnetic resonance imaging results showed that the tumor size decreased significantly following treatment with BIM23B065 for 4 weeks. CONCLUSION: The novel chimeric molecule was effective in decreasing IGF-1 and GH levels and may serve as an effective therapeutic agent for acromegaly.
Assuntos
Adenoma/tratamento farmacológico , Dopamina/farmacologia , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Adenoma Hipofisário Secretor de Hormônio do Crescimento/tratamento farmacológico , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/fisiologia , Receptores Dopaminérgicos/química , Receptores de Somatostatina/antagonistas & inibidores , Somatostatina/farmacologia , Adenoma/metabolismo , Adenoma/patologia , Animais , Proliferação de Células , Adenoma Hipofisário Secretor de Hormônio do Crescimento/metabolismo , Adenoma Hipofisário Secretor de Hormônio do Crescimento/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Ratos , Células Tumorais CultivadasRESUMO
PURPOSE: Aggressive meningiomas that progress after surgery/radiotherapy represent an unmet medical need. Strong and constant expression of SSTR2A receptors and activation of the Pi3K/Akt/mTOR pathway have been demonstrated in meningiomas. The combination of everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, and octreotide, a somatostatin agonist, has shown additive antitumor effect in vitro. The phase II CEVOREM trial investigated the efficacy of this combination on recurrent meningiomas. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with documented recurrent tumor progression ineligible for further surgery/radiotherapy were eligible to receive octreotide (30 mg/d, day 1) and everolimus (10 mg/d, days 1-28). The primary endpoint was the 6-month progression-free survival rate (PFS6). The secondary endpoints were overall survival, response rate, tumor growth rate according to central review, and safety. RESULTS: A total of 20 patients were enrolled, including 2 with World Health Organization (WHO) grade I tumors, 10 with WHO grade II tumors, and 8 with WHO grade III tumors; furthermore, 4 patients harbored NF2 germline mutation. The overall PFS6 was 55% [95% confidence interval (CI), 31.3%-73.5%], and overall 6- and 12-month survival rates were 90% (95% CI, 65.6%-97.4%) and 75% (95% CI, 50.0%-88.7%), respectively. A major decrease (>50%) was observed in the growth rate at 3 months in 78% of tumors. The median tumor growth rate decreased from 16.6%/3 months before inclusion to 0.02%/3 months at 3 months (P < 0.0002) and 0.48%/3 months at 6 months after treatment (P < 0.0003). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of everolimus and octreotide was associated with clinical and radiological activity in aggressive meningiomas and warrants further studies. Decrease in the tumor volume growth rate should be considered a complementary and sensitive endpoint to select potentially effective drugs for recurrent meningiomas.
Assuntos
Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Meníngeas/tratamento farmacológico , Meningioma/tratamento farmacológico , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/tratamento farmacológico , Receptores de Somatostatina/antagonistas & inibidores , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/antagonistas & inibidores , Carga Tumoral/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto , Idoso , Everolimo/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Neoplasias Meníngeas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Meníngeas/patologia , Meningioma/metabolismo , Meningioma/patologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/metabolismo , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/patologia , Octreotida/administração & dosagem , Segurança do Paciente , Estudos Prospectivos , Taxa de Sobrevida , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: As patient-derived xenografts and other preclinical models of neuroendocrine tumors for testing personalized therapeutics are lacking, we have developed a perfused, 3D bioreactor model to culture tumor surrogates from patient-derived neuroendocrine tumors. This work evaluates the duration of surrogate culture and surrogate response to a novel antibody-drug conjugate. METHODS: Twenty-seven patient-derived neuroendocrine tumors were cultured. Histologic sections of a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor xenograft (BON-1) tumor were assessed for SSTR2 expression before tumor implantation into 2 bioreactors. One surrogate was treated with an antibody-drug conjugate composed of an anti-mitotic Monomethyl auristatin-E linked to a somatostatin receptor 2 antibody. Viability and therapeutic response were assessed by pre-imaging incubation with IR-783 and the RealTime-Glo AnnexinV Apoptosis and Necrosis Assay (Promega Corporation, Madison, WI) over 6 days. A primary human pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor was evaluated similarly. RESULTS: Mean surrogate growth duration was 34.8 days. Treated BON-1 surrogates exhibited less proliferation (1.2 vs 1.9-fold) and greater apoptosis (1.5 vs 1.1-fold) than controls, whereas treated patient-derived neuroendocrine tumor bioreactors exhibited greater degrees of apoptosis (13- vs 9-fold) and necrosis (2.5- vs 1.6-fold). CONCLUSION: Patient-derived neuroendocrine tumor surrogates can be cultured reliably within the bioreactor. This model can be used to evaluate the efficacy of antibody-guided chemotherapy ex vivo and may be useful for predicting clinical responses.