Split2 Protein-Ligation Generates Active IL-6-Type Hyper-Cytokines from Inactive Precursors.

Trans-signaling of the major pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-11 has the unique feature to virtually activate all cells of the body and is critically involved in chronic inflammation and regeneration. Hyper-IL-6 and Hyper-IL-11 are single chain designer trans-signaling cytokines, in which the cytokine and soluble receptor units are trapped in one complex via a flexible peptide linker. Albeit, Hyper-cytokines are essential tools to study trans-signaling in vitro and in vivo, the superior potency of these designer cytokines are accompanied by undesirable stress responses. To enable tailor-made generation of Hyper-cytokines, we developed inactive split-cytokine-precursors adapted for posttranslational reassembly by split-intein mediated protein trans-splicing (PTS). We identified cutting sites within IL-6 (E134/S135) and IL-11 (G116/S117) and obtained inactive split-Hyper-IL-6 and split-Hyper-IL-11 cytokine precursors. After fusion with split-inteins, PTS resulted in reconstitution of active Hyper-cytokines, which were efficiently secreted from transfected cells. Our strategy comprises the development of a background-free cytokine signaling system from reversibly inactivated precursor cytokines.

Identification and characterization of a -1 reading frameshift in the heavy chain constant region of an IgG1 recombinant monoclonal antibody produced in CHO cells.

Frameshifts lead to complete alteration of the intended amino acid sequences, and therefore may affect the biological activities of protein therapeutics and pose potential immunogenicity risks. We report here the identification and characterization of a novel -1 frameshift variant in a recombinant IgG1 therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells during the cell line selection studies. The variant was initially observed as an atypical post-monomer fragment peak in size exclusion chromatography. Characterization of the fragment peak using intact and reduced liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses determined that the fragment consisted of a normal light chain disulfide-linked to an aberrant 26 kDa fragment that could not be assigned to any HC fragment even after considering common modifications. Further analysis using LC-MS/MS peptide mapping revealed that the aberrant fragment contained the expected HC amino acid sequence (1-232) followed by a 20-mer novel sequence corresponding to expression of heavy chain DNA sequence in the -1 reading frame. Examination of the DNA sequence around the frameshift initiation site revealed that a mononucleotide repeat GGGGGG located in the IgG1 HC constant region was most likely the structural root cause of the frameshift. Rapid identification of the frameshift allowed us to avoid use of a problematic cell line containing the frameshift as the production cell line. The frameshift reported here may be observed in other mAb products and the hypothesis-driven analytical approaches employed here may be valuable for rapid identification and characterization of frameshift variants in other recombinant proteins.

O-glycosylation of glycine-serine linkers in recombinant Fc-fusion proteins: attachment of glycosaminoglycans and other intermediates with phosphorylation at the xylose sugar subunit.

A xylose-based glycosaminoglycan (GAG) core was recently identified at a Ser residue in the linker sequence of a recombinant Fc fusion protein. The linker sequence, G-S-G-G-G-G, and an upstream acidic residue were serving as a substrate for O-xylosyltransferase, resulting in a major glycan composed of Xyl-Gal-Gal-GlcA and other minor intermediates. In this paper, a portion of an unrelated protein was fused to the C-terminus of an IgG Fc domain using the common (G4S) 4 linker repeat. This linker resulted in a heterogenous population of xylose-based glycans all containing at least a core Xyl. Commonly observed glycan structures include GAG-related di-, tri-, tetra-, and penta-saccharides (e.g., Xyl-Gal, Xyl-Gal-Gal, Xyl-Gal-Gal-GlcA, and Xyl-Gal-Gal-GlcA-HexNAc), as well as Xyl-Gal-Neu5Ac. Following alkaline phosphatase or sialidase treatment combined with CID fragmentation, low-level glycans with a mass addition of 79.9 Da were confirmed to be a result of phosphorylated xylose. A minute quantity of phosphorylated GAG pentasaccharides may also be sulfated (also 79.9 Da), possibly at the HexNAc moiety due to non-reactivity to alkaline phosphatase. The xylose moiety may be randomly incorporated in one of the three G-S-G sequence motifs; and the linker peptide shows evidence for multiple additions of xylose at very low levels.

Variable region identical immunoglobulins differing in isotype express different paratopes.

The finding that the antibody (Ab) constant (C) region can influence fine specificity suggests that isotype switching contributes to the generation of Ab diversity and idiotype restriction. Despite the centrality of this observation for diverse immunological effects such as vaccine responses, isotype-restricted antibody responses, and the origin of primary and secondary responses, the molecular mechanism(s) responsible for this phenomenon are not understood. In this study, we have taken a novel approach to the problem by probing the paratope with (15)N label peptide mimetics followed by NMR spectroscopy and fluorescence emission spectroscopy. Specifically, we have explored the hypothesis that the C region imposes conformational constraints on the variable (V) region to affect paratope structure in a V region identical IgG(1), IgG(2a), IgG(2b), and IgG(3) mAbs. The results reveal isotype-related differences in fluorescence emission spectroscopy and temperature-related differences in binding and cleavage of a peptide mimetic. We conclude that the C region can modify the V region structure to alter the Ab paratope, thus providing an explanation for how isotype can affect Ab specificity.

A method for rapid, ligation-independent reformatting of recombinant monoclonal antibodies.

Recombinant monoclonal antibodies currently dominate the protein biologics marketplace. The path from target antigen discovery and screening, to a recombinant therapeutic antibody can be time-consuming and laborious. We describe a set of expression vectors, termed mAbXpress, that enable rapid and sequence-independent insertion of antibody variable regions into human constant region backbones. This method takes advantage of the In Fusion cloning system from Clontech, which allows ligation-free, high-efficiency insertion of the variable region cassette without the addition of extraneous amino acids. These modular vectors simplify the antibody reformatting process during the preliminary evaluation of therapeutic or diagnostic candidates. The resulting constructs can be used directly for transient or amplifiable, stable expression in mammalian cells. The effectiveness of this method was demonstrated by the creation of a functional, fully human anti-human CD83 monoclonal antibody.

Novel human 3-domain disulfide-stabilized antibody fragment against glycoprotein of rabies virus.

Mutated disulfide bond sites VH (Cys44) and VL (Cys100) were constructed in variable domains (Fvs) of the human anti-glycoprotein antigen of the rabies virus (anti-GPRV), and the light chain variable (VL) and heavy chain variable (VH) fragments were linked using the heavy chain constant region 1 (CH1) of the human immunoglobulin (Ig) to successfully construct a 3-domain disulfide-stabilized fragment of variables (3d-dsFv). 3d-dsFv was mainly expressed as an inclusion body. After refolding by the conventional dilution method, 3d-dsFv was purified using a nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) column. Enyzme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the binding activity of 3d-dsFv to GPRV. Flow cytometry studies and rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test were used to evaluate the function of 3d-dsFv. The results showed that the stability of 3d-dsFv was improved notably in some aspects such as thermal kinetics, ability to withstand urea denaturation, etc. 3d-dsFv could bind specially to infective cells and the GPRV. The titration of 3d-dsFv to RV-CVS is 83.3 IU/mg, and it can easily reach 2.5IU/mL, which is the value suggested by the WHO as effective for neutralization titration of the rabies virus.

Allelic and isotypic light chain inclusion in peripheral B cells from anti-DNA antibody transgenic C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice.

Most mature B lymphocytes express one BCR L chain, kappa or lambda, but recent work has shown that there are exceptions in that some B lymphocytes express both kappa and lambda and some even bear two different kappa L chains. Using the anti-DNA H chain-transgenic mouse, 56R, we find that B cells with pre-existing autoreactivity are especially subject to L chain inclusion. Specifically, we show that isotypic and allelic inclusion enables autoreactive B cells to bypass central tolerance giving rise to B cells that retain dangerous features. One receptor in dual receptor B cells is an editor L chain, i.e., neutralizes or alters self-reactivity of the 56R H chain transgene. We compare the 56R mouse when on the C57/BL/6 background, a strain prone to autoimmunity, with that of 56R when on the BALB/c background, a strain that resists autoimmunity. In the B6.56R mouse, polyreactive B cells with dual L chain move to the follicular B cell compartment. Their localization in the follicular compartment may explain the ease with which B cells in the B6.56R differentiate into autoantibody-producing plasma cells. Likewise, in the BALB/c.56R mouse, dual L chain B cells are found in the follicular B cell compartment. Yet, the lack of autoantibody-producing plasma cells in the BALB/c.56R suggests that postfollicular tolerance checkpoints are intact. The Jkappa usage in dual kappa L chain B cells suggests increased receptor editing activity and is consistent with the expected distribution of Jkappa genes in our computational model for random selection of Jkappa.

Transcription of a productively rearranged Ig VDJC alpha does not require the presence of HS4 in the IgH 3' regulatory region.

V gene assembly, class switch recombination, and somatic hypermutation are gene-modifying processes essential to the development of an effective Ab response. If inappropriately applied, however, these processes can mediate genetic changes that lead to disease (e.g., lymphoma). A series of control elements within the Ig H chain (Igh) locus has been implicated in regulating these processes as well as in regulating IgH gene transcription. These include the intronic enhancer (Emu) and several elements at the 3' end of the locus (hs1,2, hs3a, hs3b, and hs4) known collectively as the 3' regulatory region. Although it is clear that the Emu plays a unique role in V gene assembly, it has not been established whether there are unique functions for each element within the 3' regulatory region. In earlier studies in mice and in mouse cell lines, pairwise deletion of hs3b and hs4 had a dramatic effect on both class switch recombination and IgH gene transcription; deletion of an element almost identical with hs3b (hs3a), however, yielded no discernible phenotype. To test the resulting hypothesis that hs4 is uniquely required for these processes, we induced the deletion of hs4 within a bacterial artificial chromosome transgene designed to closely approximate the 3' end of the natural Igh locus. When introduced into an Ig-secreting cell line, an Igalpha transcription unit within the bacterial artificial chromosome was expressed efficiently and the subsequent deletion of hs4 only moderately affected Igalpha expression. Thus, hs4 does not play a uniquely essential role in the transcription of a productively rearranged Ig VDJCalpha transcription unit.

Scarcity of lambda 1 B cells in mice with a single point mutation in C lambda 1 is due to a low BCR signal caused by misfolded lambda 1 light chain.

The presence of valine-154 instead of glycine in the constant region of lambda1 causes a severe lambda1 B cell defect in SJL and lambda1-valine knock-in mice with a compensatory increase in lambda2,3 B cells. The defect is due to low signaling by the lambda1-valine BCR. lambda1-Valine B cells deficient in the SHP-1 phosphatase survive better than lambda2,3 B cells in these mice, or lambda1 B cells in lambda1 wildtype mice. Low signaling is apparently due to misfolding of the lambda1-valine light chain as demonstrated by the absence of a regular beta-sheet structure determined by circular dichroism, the sedimentation of the light chain in solution, and the association of valine-valine constant regions in a yeast two-hybrid assay. lambda1-Valine B cells that survive apparently have a higher BCR signal, presumably because of their specific lambda1-heavy chain combination or having encountered a high-affiniy antigen. lambda1-Valine mice have increased B1 cells which were shown by others to have a higher signaling potential. Valine mice crossed with non-conventional gamma2b transgenic mice, in which B cell development is accelerated and in which B1 cells and high signaling cells are greatly reduced, have essentially no, lambda2,3 B cells, but increased numbers of lambda1-valine B cells. This supports the conclusion that the major defect in lambda1-valine mice is the inability of valine-preB cells to produce a threshold signal for B cell development. The reduction of lambda2,3 B cells in valine mice with a gamma2b transgene shows that the majority of their compensatory increase is almost entirely of the B1 cell type.

Antibody repertoire development in swine.

Swine belong to the Order Artiodactyla and like mice and humans, express IgM, IgD, IgG, IgE and IgA antibodies but a larger number of IgG subclasses. Like rabbits and chickens, expressed V(H) genes belong to the ancestral V(H)3 family and only 5 comprise >80% of the pre-immune repertoire. Since they use primarily two D(H) segments and have a single J(H) like chickens, junctional diversity plays a relatively greater role in repertoire formation than in humans and mice. Proportional light chain usage surprisingly resembles that in humans and is therefore distinctly different from the predominant kappa chain usage (>90%) of lab rodents and predominant lambda chain usage in other ungulates (>90%). The pre-immune V(kappa) repertoire also appears restricted since >95% of V(kappa)J(kappa) rearrangements use only a few members of the IGKV2 family and only J(kappa)2. Two V(lambda) families (IGLV3 and IGLV8) are used in forming the pre-immune repertoire. Antibodies that do not utilize light chains as in camelids, or the lengthy CDR3 regions seen in cattle that use V(H)4 family genes, have not been reported in swine. B cell lymphogenesis first occurs in the yolk sac but early VDJ rearrangements differ from mice and humans in that nearly 100% are in-frame and N-region additions are already present. Swine possess ileal Peyers patches like sheep which may be important for antigen-independent B cell repertoire diversification. The presence of pro B-like cells in interlobular areas of thymus and mature B cells in the thymic medulla that have switched to especially IgA in early gestation, is so far unique among mammals. The offspring of swine are believed to receive no passive immunity in utero and are precosial. Thus, they are a useful model for studies on fetal-neonatal immunological development. The model has already shown that: (a) colonization of the gut is required for responsiveness to TD and TI-2 antigens, (b) responsiveness due to colonization depends on bacterial PAMPs and (c) some viral pathogens can interfere with the establishment of immune homeostasis in neonates. Studies on swine reinforce concerns that caution be used when paradigms arising from studies in one mammal are extrapolated to other mammals, even when similarities are predicted by taxonomy and phylogeny. Swine exemplify a situation in which evolutionary diversification of the immune system is not characteristic of an entire order or even of other related systems in the same species.

Antibody repertoire development in the sheep.

The model of immunoglobulin (Ig) repertoire diversification in sheep has evolved dramatically in recent years. A process thought to involve the rearrangement of a very limited number of variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) segments followed by intense, antigen (Ag)-independent, somatic hypermutation is now known to be less recombinatorially restrictive and to involve fewer mutational events. Although mutation rates are now lower than previously thought, the somatic hypermutation process itself is no less critical to the development of the primary Ig repertoire in sheep. Recent studies have shown that those B cells that fail to mutate will die via apoptosis. Much of the V(D)J rearrangement is thought to occur in the fetal liver and spleen prior to development of the ileal Peyer's patch (PP) at approximately day 100 of gestation. Although de novo Ig rearrangement likely does not occur in the ileal PP, this tissue is a site of massive B-cell proliferation, selection and Ig diversification through somatic hypermutation.

A profound alteration of blood TCRB repertoire allows prediction of cerebral malaria.

Cerebral malaria (CM) is one of the severe complications of Plasmodium infection. In murine models of CM, Talphabeta cells have been implicated in the neuropathogenesis. To obtain insights into the TCRB repertoire during CM, we used high throughput CDR3 spectratyping and set up new methods and software tools to analyze data. We compared PBL and spleen repertoires of mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA that developed CM (CM(+)) or not (CM(-)) to evidence modifications of the TCRB repertoire associated with neuropathology. Using distinct statistical multivariate methods, the PBL repertoires of CM(+) mice were found to be specifically altered. This alteration is partly due to recurrently expanded T cell clones. Strikingly, alteration of the PBL repertoire can be used to distinguish between CM(+) and CM(-). This study provides the first ex vivo demonstration of modifications of Talphabeta cell compartment during CM. Finally, our original approach for deciphering lymphocyte repertoires can be transposed to various pathological conditions.

Local somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination in the nasal mucosa of allergic rhinitis patients.

Immunoglobulin E is produced by nasal B cells in response to allergen. We have analyzed IgE V(H) region sequences expressed in the nasal mucosa of patients suffering from allergic rhinitis. V(H) region sequences were amplified by RT-PCR from IgE(+) B cells from nasal biopsies. In two of six patients, sequence analysis clearly demonstrated the presence of closely related IgE(+) B cell clones: cells displaying identical signature regions across CDR3/FWR4, indicating a common clonal ancestry, but a mixture of shared and diverse somatic mutations across the V(H) region. Furthermore, in one of the two patients exhibiting related IgE(+) B cell clones, five IgA(+) B cell clones, related to the IgE(+) B cell family, were also isolated from the patient's nasal mucosa. This evidence, combined with the local expression of mRNA transcripts encoding activation-induced cytidine deaminase, suggests that local somatic hypermutation, clonal expansion, and class switch recombination occur within the nasal mucosa of allergic rhinitics. The presence of related B cells in the nasal mucosa does not appear to result from the random migration of IgE(+) cells from the systemic pool, as analysis of a nonatopic subject with highly elevated serum IgE did not exhibit any detectable V(H)-Cepsilon transcripts in the nasal mucosa. We have provided evidence that suggests for the first time that the nasal mucosa of allergic rhinitics is an active site for local somatic hypermutation, clonal expansion, and class switch recombination, making it of major significance for the targeting of future therapies.

The porcine Ig delta gene: unique chimeric splicing of the first constant region domain in its heavy chain transcripts.

The pig delta gene is located approximately 3.4 kb downstream of the second transmembrane exon of the micro gene and shows a similar genomic structure to its counterpart in cow with three exons encoding the CH1, CH2, and CH3 domains. The porcine genomic deltaCH1 exon has been replaced by a recent duplication of the micro CH1 and its flanking sequences, a genetic event that also led to the formation of a short switch delta region, immediately upstream of the delta gene. The deltaCH1 exhibits a 98.7% similarity (314 of 318 bp) to the micro CH1 at the DNA level, whereas the homologies between the deltaCH2 and micro CH3, and the deltaCH3 and micro CH4 are only 33.3 and 35.8%, respectively. Either of the two CH1 exons ( micro and delta) could be observed in the expressed porcine IgD H chain cDNA sequences VDJ- micro CH1-H-deltaCH2-deltaCH3 or VDJ-deltaCH1-H-deltaCH2-deltaCH3, showing a pattern that has not been observed previously in vertebrates. In addition, transfection of a human B cell line, using artificial constructs resembling the porcine C micro -Cdelta locus, also generated both VDJ- micro CH1-deltaCH1-H1-deltaCH2 and VDJ -deltaCH1-H1-deltaCH2 transcripts. An examination of the pig delta genomic sequence shows a putative, second hinge region-encoding exon. Due to the lack of a normal branchpoint sequence for RNA splicing, this exon is not present in the normal pig delta cDNA. However, the exon could be spliced into most of the expressed transcripts in vitro in cell transfection experiments after introduction of a single T nucleotide to restore the branchpoint sequence upstream of the putative H2 exon.

Natural autoreactive B cells in transgenic mice reproduce an apparent paradox to the clonal tolerance theory.

Naturally occurring autoreactive B cells are thought to be physically eliminated or rendered functionally silent through different mechanisms of tolerance. However, multireactive low affinity natural autoantibody-producing B cells seem to escape these mechanisms in normal adults and could constitute the B cell pool from which pathological autoantibodies can emerge. To analyze this apparent paradox to the clonal tolerance theory, we have made two transgenic mouse lines (mu(k), mudelta(k)) producing a natural low affinity multireactive human autoantibody. These models enable us to test both the central tolerance mechanisms (reactivity with single-stranded DNA) and the peripheral tolerance mechanisms after Ag administration. Not only are the multireactive B cells not deleted in the bone marrow, they circulate and remain in the periphery even after the prolonged administration of Ag, the presence of membrane IgD increasing the number of mature autoreactive B cells. Self-reactive B cells are shown to be autoantigen ignorant both in vivo and in vitro, but they are not anergic because they can be easily activated through both B cell receptor-dependent and -independent pathways. Thus, these mouse lines reproduce an apparent paradox to the clonal tolerance theory meriting further investigation of the biological significance of this phenomenon.

Inhibition of IgG1 and IgE production by stimulation of the B cell CTLA-4 receptor.

Although a large amount of information is available on the activity of CTLA-4 in T cells, the role of this receptor in B cells has not been previously characterized. Our results show that CD40 or LPS stimulation in the presence of IL-4 induces CTLA-4 expression in purified B cells; the maximum level is reached in both membrane and intracellular compartments after 48-72 h. Engagement of the B cell CTLA-4 by immobilized mAb inhibits IgG1 and IgE production and reduces the frequency of IgG1- and IgE-expressing B cells. Cepsilon and Cgamma(1) germline mRNA expression as well as NF-kappaB and STAT6 activation, events required for isotype switching, are also inhibited by CTLA-4 engagement. Together these findings show the critical role of CTLA-4 in the control of IL-4-driven isotype switching and suggest new approaches for modulating immediate-type hypersensitivity responses.

Antibody humanization: a case of the 'Emperor's new clothes'?

The antiglobulin response is perceived as a major problem in the clinical development of therapeutic antibodies. Successive technical developments such as chimeric, humanized and, now, fully human antibodies claim to offer improved solutions to this problem. Although there is clear evidence that chimeric antibodies are less immunogenic than murine monoclonal antibodies, little evidence exists to support claims for further improvements as a result of more elaborate humanization protocols.

Engagement of CD153 (CD30 ligand) by CD30+ T cells inhibits class switch DNA recombination and antibody production in human IgD+ IgM+ B cells.

CD153 (CD30 ligand) is a member of the TNF ligand/cytokine family expressed on the surface of human B cells. Upon exposure to IL-4, a critical Ig class switch-inducing cytokine, Ag-activated T cells express CD30, the CD153 receptor. The observation that dysregulated IgG, IgA, and/or IgE production is often associated with up-regulation of T cell CD30 prompted us to test the hypothesis that engagement of B cell CD153 by T cell CD30 modulates Ig class switching. In this study, we show that IgD+ IgM+ B cells up-regulate CD153 in the presence of CD154 (CD40 ligand), IL-4, and B cell Ag receptor engagement. In these cells, CD153 engagement by an agonistic anti-CD153 mAb or T cell CD30 inhibits S mu-->Sgamma, Smu-->Salpha, and S mu-->Sepsilon class switch DNA recombination (CSR). This inhibition is associated with decreased TNFR-associated factor-2 binding to CD40, decreased NF-kappaB binding to the CD40-responsive element of the Cgamma3 promoter, decreased Igamma3-Cgamma3 germline gene transcription, and decreased expression of Ku70, Ku80, DNA protein kinase, switch-associated protein-70, and Msh2 CSR-associated transcripts. In addition, CD153 engagement inhibits IgG, IgA, and IgE production, and this effect is associated with reduced levels of B lymphocyte maturation protein-1 transcripts, and increased binding of B cell-specific activation protein to the Ig 3' enhancer. These findings suggest that CD30+ T cells modulate CSR as well as IgG, IgA, and IgE production by inducing reverse signaling through B cell CD153.

A transcriptional defect underlies B lymphocyte dysfunction in a patient diagnosed with non-X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome.

To establish the underlying cause of hyper-IgM syndrome in one female patient, B cell function was examined in response to CD40- and IL-4-mediated pathways. When CD40-induced functional responses were measured in unfractionated B cells, CD80 up-regulation, de novo Cmu-Cgamma recombination, and Igamma transcription were all found to be relatively unaffected. However, CD40- and IL-4-mediated CD23 up-regulation and VDJ-Cgamma transcription were clearly diminished compared to control cells. IL-4-induced CD23 expression was measurably reduced in the CD20- population as well. These results suggested that the patient's defect is positioned downstream of CD40 contact and affects both CD40- and IL-4 signal transduction pathways. Further analysis of B cell function in CD19+ B cells revealed a clear B cell defect with respect to Igamma and mature VDJ-Cgamma transcription and IgG expression. However, under the same conditions Iepsilon transcription was relatively normal. Partial restoration of B cell function occurred if PBMC or CD19+ B cells were cultured in vitro in the presence of CD154 plus IL-4. Because addition of IL-4 to cocultures containing activated T cells failed to induce B cells to undergo differentiation, the ability of the patient's B cells to acquire a responsive phenotype correlated with receiving a sustained signal through CD40. These findings support a model in which the patient expresses an intrinsic defect that is manifested in the failure of specific genes to become transcriptionally active in response to either CD154 or IL-4 and results in a functionally unresponsive B cell phenotype.

Correct immunoglobulin alpha mRNA processing depends on specific sequence in the C alpha 3-alpha M intron.

The maturation of IgM-expressing B cells to IgM-secreting plasma cells is associated with both an increase in mu mRNA and the ratio of secreted to membrane forms of mu mRNA which differ at the 3' termini. In contrast, both in vitro and in vivo the secreted form of alpha mRNA is predominant at all stages in the development of a secretory IgA response. Previous studies demonstrated that preferential usage of the alpha s poly(A) site does not result from transcription termination and is independent of either the poly(A) sites or the 3' splice site associated with the exon encoding the membrane exon of IgA (alpha M). The present study demonstrates that a 349-bp region located 774 bp 3' to the alpha s poly(A) site is required for the preferential usage of the alpha s terminus. This region, which is the first isotype-specific cis-acting regulatory sequence not immediately adjacent to a secretory poly(A) site to be identified, contains regulatory elements that increase the efficiency of polyadenylation/cleavage. A ubiquitous, approximately 58-kDa RNA-binding protein interacts specifically with this regulatory region. These studies support the premise that cis-acting elements unique to each CH gene can impinge upon a common mechanism regulating Ig mRNA processing.