Preoperative clinical characteristics and risk assessment in Sun's modified classification of Stanford type A acute aortic dissection.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to retrospectively analyze the clinical features of Stanford type A acute aortic dissection (TAAAD) based on Sun's modified classification, and to investigate whether the Sun's modified classification can be used to assess the risk of preoperative rupture. METHODS: Clinical data was collected between January 2018 and June 2019. Data included patient demographics, history of disease, type of dissection according to the Sun's modified classification, time of onset, biochemical tests, and preoperative rupture. RESULTS: A total of 387 patients with TAAAD who met the inclusion criteria of Sun's modified classification were included. There were more complex types, with 75, 151 and 140 patients in the type A1C, A2C and A3C groups, respectively. The age of the entire group of patients was 51.46 ± 12.65 years and 283 (73.1%) were male. The time from onset to the emergency room was 25.37 ± 30.78 h. There were a few cases of TAAAD combined with stroke, pericardial effusion, pleural effusion, and lower extremity and organ ischemia in the complex type group. The white blood cell count (WBC), neutrophil count (NEC) and blood amylase differed significantly between the groups. Three independent risk factors for preoperative rupture were identified: neutrophil count, blood potassium ion level, and platelet count. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that the Sun's modified classification could not be used to assess the risk of preoperative rupture in TAAAD. CONCLUSION: TAAAD was classified as the complex type in most patients. WBC, NEC and blood amylase were significantly different between the groups. NEC and serum potassium ion level were independent risk factors for preoperative rupture of TAAAD, while platelet count was its protective factor. More samples are needed to determine whether Sun's modified classification can be used to evaluate the risk of preoperative rupture.

Infectious endocarditis complicated with intracranial infected aneurysm rupture and sinus of valsalva aneurysm rupture.

BACKGROUND: Infectious endocarditis (IE) is an infectious disease caused by direct invasion of the heart valve, endocardium, or adjacent large artery endocardium by pathogenic microorganisms. Despite its relatively low incidence, it has a poor prognosis and a high mortality. Intracranial infectious aneurysms (IIA) and ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm (RSVA) are rare complications of IE. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a young male patient with symptoms of respiratory tract infection, heart murmurs and other symptoms and signs. The patient also had kidney function impairment and poor response to symptomatic therapy. Blood culture was negative, but echocardiography was positive, which met the diagnostic criteria for infective endocarditis. Moreover, an echocardiography showed a ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm with a ventricular septal defect. Finally, secondary rupture of an IIA with multiple organ damage led to a poor clinical outcome. CONCLUSION: Therefore, in the clinical setting, for young patients with unexplained fever, chest pain, or palpitations, we need to be highly vigilant, considering the possibility of infective endocarditis and promptly performing blood culture, echocardiography, cerebrovascular imaging and so on, in order to facilitate early proper diagnosis and treatment.

Aorto caval fistulas.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this paper is to examine and assess the outcomes following open repair in 39 patients who experienced aorto-caval fistula (ACF) resulting from the spontaneous rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). METHODS: We reviewed the clinical records of all patients surgically treated with open repair for ACF at the Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery of the Serbian Clinical Center in Belgrade, Serbia, from January 2012 to February 2023. All of the patients in this series were consecutive and had aorto-caval fistula from AAA. No patients were excluded from the procedure due to the life-threatening nature of the state. A follow-up assessment was performed during the follow-up examination or by telephone interview with the patient or a family member. RESULTS: All patients were male, with mean age 67.4±8.3 years (range: 52-83 years). The 30-day mortality rate in our cohort was 35.9%, with three (7.7%) intraoperative deaths, and 11 deaths in the postoperative period (28.2%). A total of 25 patients out of 39 (64.1%) in the original cohort have survived the surgery and the postoperative period and were followed-up for a total of 67.1 person-years. The mean follow-up was 3.7±2.2 years (range 0.25-8.4 years). Two patients (8.0%) died during the follow-up, 16 patients (64.0%) survived, and seven (28.0%) were lost to follow-up. The long-term mortality rate in the cohort that survived the postoperative period was 3.0/100 person-years. CONCLUSIONS: ACF caused by spontaneous AAA rupture into the inferior caval vein or iliac veins is a relatively rare, life-threatening condition which requires prompt treatment. An exact preoperative diagnosis is essential for perioperative strategy. As the comparison of our results with the results from contemporary literature indicates, wherever possible endovascular repair should be considered since it results might be superior to open repair.

Rupture of the ascending aorta 6 months after TAVI procedure caused by TAVI prosthesis.

BACKGROUND: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is indicated for elderly patients who often have severe comorbidities and high operative risk. Despite many advantages, it carries the potential for both early and late complications. The literature reports mainly periprocedural problems. This case report describes a rare instance of ascending aortic rupture as a late complication following TAVI. CASE PRESENTATION: An 81-year-old male with severe aortic stenosis (AS) was a non-surgical patient due to a high operative risk (EuroSCORE II 14.08%) and comorbidities, including cardiovascular problems, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, myelodysplastic syndrome. During the TAVI procedure Medtronic CoreValve™ Evolut™ R-26 was implanted via the right femoral artery. Postoperative period elapsed without complications and the patient was discharged home. Six months later, the patient was re-admitted to the hospital on an emergency basis and transferred directly to the operating room due to ascending aortic rupture (EuroSCORE II 53.20%, GERAADA score 64.9%). Computed tomography angiography (CTA) showed aortic rupture with a multiple fresh blood reservoirs and thrombus around the ascending aorta originating from the spot where the nitinol frame of the TAVI valve was attached to the native aorta. Supracoronary excision of the ascending aorta with implantation of a vascular graft (Intergard Woven Graft 34 mm) was performed, preserving the earlier implanted TAVI valve. On the 9th day after surgery the patient's general condition deteriorated, he suffered from circulatory and respiratory insufficiency. Furthermore, a gastrointestinal bleeding with the need for gastro-, and colonoscopy and multiple blood transfusions occurred. Patient developed urosepsis and acute renal failure with the need for hemodiafiltration. Despite intensive treatment, further deterioration of the medical condition of the patient. and finally the multiple organ failure was observed. Patient died on the 50th postoperative day. CONCLUSIONS: TAVI is a safe method of treating severe AS, especially recommended for non-surgical candidates. Rupture of the ascending aorta is a rare but serious complication of TAVI that usually occur during or shortly after the procedure. This case report highlights the importance of post-procedural monitoring for such TAVI complications, even in the late period following TAVI, and if such complications occur, taking the risk to perform a life-saving operation.

[Ruptured Stanford Type A Acute Aortic Dissection Accompanying Persistent Sciatic Artery Aneurysm: Report of a Case].

Persistent sciatic artery( PSA) is a rare congenital anomaly and often results in aneurismal or occlusive changes. A 82-year-old woman was reffered with diagnosis of Stanford type A acute aortic dissection complicated cardiac tamponade. Emergent aortic arch replacement was performed. Cardiopulmonary bypass was established by central cannulation into true lumen of aortic arch because of asceding aortic rupture during the operation, axillary arteries dissection and hypoplastic femoral arteries. Post-operative course was uneventful. She was transferred to the local hospital 32 days after the operation for the purpose of rehabilitation.

Physician Modified Endograft for Ruptured Dissecting Aortic Arch Aneurysm.

BACKGROUND: Endovascular repair of thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAA) in elective settings has demonstrated successful clinical outcomes. However, life-threatening conditions such as rupture are more often managed with open surgical repair due to the high complexity of arch endovascular repair, lack of available off-the-shelf devices, and limited long-term data. CASE SUMMARY: A 49-year-old female with a recent history of prior ascending aortic repair for Type A10 aortic dissection presented with chest pain and dyspnea. Chest computed tomography angiogram (CTA) revealed acute bilateral pulmonary emboli and a 6.2 cm post dissection aneurysm of the posterior aortic arch with the dissection extending to the right iliac artery. She was treated with thrombolysis and subsequently became hemodynamically unstable. Repeat CTA revealed a massive left hemithorax with concern for aortic arch rupture. Given significant cardiorespiratory compromise and recent open repair, she was considered unfit for redo open repair. Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) with a physician-modified endograft (PMEG) was planned. An Alpha Zenith endograft was modified adding an internal branch for the innominate artery and a fenestration for the left common carotid artery. The left subclavian artery was occluded with a microvascular plug and coil embolization up to the level of the vertebral artery. TEVAR PMEG extension to the celiac artery was performed followed by deployment of a Zenith dissection stent to the aortic bifurcation. Completion angiogram demonstrated successful aneurysm exclusion and patency of target vessels. CONCLUSION: Endovascular treatment of ruptured TAA with PMEGs is feasible. This approach may be an alternative for unfit patients for open repair in emergent settings.

Haemodynamic effects of non-Newtonian fluid blood on the abdominal aorta before and after double tear rupture.

OBJECTIVES: Intimal tears caused by aortic dissection can weaken the arterial wall and lead to aortic aneurysms. However, the effect of different tear states on the blood flow behaviour remains complex. This study uses a novel approach that combines numerical haemodynamic simulation with in vitro experiments to elucidate the effect of arterial dissection rupture on the complex blood flow state within the abdominal aneurysm and the endogenous causes of end-organ malperfusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Based on the CT imaging data and clinical physiological parameters, the overall arterial models including aortic dissection and aneurysm with single tear and double tear were established, and the turbulence behaviours and haemodynamic characteristics of arterial dissection and aneurysm under different blood pressures were simulated by using non-Newtonian flow fluids with the pulsatile blood flow rate of the clinical patients as a cycle, and the results of the numerical simulation were verified by in vitro simulation experiments. RESULTS: Hemodynamic simulations revealed that the aneurysm and single-tear false lumen generated a maximum pressure of 320.591 mmHg, 267 % over the 120 mmHg criterion. The pressure differential generates reflux, leading to a WSS of 2247.9 Pa at the TL inlet and blood flow velocities of up to 6.41 m/s inducing extend of the inlet. DTD Medium FL instantaneous WP above 120 mmHg Standard 151 % Additionally, there was 82.5 % higher flow in the right iliac aorta than in the left iliac aorta, which triggered malperfusion. Thrombus was accumulated distal to the tear and turbulence. These results are consistent with the findings of the in vitro experiments. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals the haemodynamic mechanisms by which aortic dissection induces aortic aneurysms to produce different risk states. This will contribute to in vitro simulation studies as a new fulcrum in the process of moving from numerical simulation to clinical trials.

Ruptured Aortic Aneurysm in Pregnancy, Anesthetic Management of Endovascular Procedure.

ABSTRACT: Advanced pregnancy is associated with a higher risk of complicated aortopathies owing to the physiologic changes in pregnancy. The diagnosis can be elusive due to its rare incidence. The optimal treatment strategy is chosen based on the clinical condition of the patient, gestational age, and the severity of the aortic disease. A healthy young primigravida presented with acute chest pain in the early second trimester, diagnosed as a thoracic aortic aneurysm that had ruptured causing hemothorax. She underwent emergency endovascular repair under general anesthesia. Aortic disease should always be ruled out early in acute chest pain in pregnancy. Expeditious and strategic management helps improve maternal and fetal outcomes.

In-hospital mortality risk after endovascular and open aortic aneurysm repairs for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms.

OBJECTIVE: Observational studies demonstrate reduced mortality after endovascular (EVAR) compared with open aneurysm repair (OAR) for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (rAAAs). We sought to determine national trends in repair type and in-hospital mortality rates for rAAAs. METHODS: We analyzed patients with rAAAs managed with OAR or EVAR from 2002 to 2020 in the National Inpatient Sample and evaluated annual trends in volume and in-hospital mortality by repair type. Multilevel mixed effects logistic regression model was fit for patient and system-level risk adjustment. We assessed interactions between time, sex, and Elixhauser index with repair type. RESULTS: We examined 13,376 patients with rAAAs. Of these, 8357 (62.5%) underwent OAR. Patients receiving EVAR were slightly older (73.7 vs 72.5 years; P < .001) with slightly higher mean Elixhauser index (4.0 vs 3.8; P < .001). Unadjusted in-hospital mortality was 37.4% vs 22.4% for OAR and EVAR, respectively. EVAR offered a risk-adjusted survival advantage (odds ratio [OR], 0.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.32-0.46). There was a statistically significant reduction of in-hospital mortality over time in the EVAR group (interaction OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.95-0.98). The interaction between Elixhauser index and repair was not statistically significant (interaction OR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.87-1.05). CONCLUSIONS: Survival rates for OAR and EVAR improved over time. EVAR persistently provided a substantial survival advantage over OAR in patients with rAAAs over the past 2 decades.

Review of Scoring Systems for Predicting 30-Day Mortality in Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm.

BACKGROUND: Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (rAAAs) are a serious disease that can lead to high mortality; thus, their early prediction can save patients' lives. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracies of various models for predicting rAAA mortality-including the Glasgow Aneurysm Score, Vancouver Scoring System, Dutch Aneurysm Score, Edinburgh Ruptured Aneurysm Score (ERAS), and Hardman index-based on rAAA treatment outcomes at our institution. METHODS: Between 2016 and 2022, we retrospectively analyzed the early outcome data-including 30-day mortality-of patients who underwent emergency surgery for rAAA at our institution. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to compare the aneurysm scoring systems for mortality using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). RESULTS: The AUC was better for the ERAS (0.718; 95% confidence interval, 0.601-0.817) than for the other scoring systems. Significant differences were observed between ERAS and Hardman indices (difference: 0.179; P = 0.016). No significant differences were found among the Glasgow Aneurysm Score, Vancouver Scoring System, and Dutch Aneurysm Score predictive risk models. CONCLUSIONS: Among the models for predicting mortality in patients with rAAA, the ERAS model demonstrated the highest AUC value; however, significant differences were only observed between ERAS and Hardman indices. This study may help develop strategies for improving rAAA prediction.

Analysis of High-Risk Factors and Mortality Prediction of Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm.

INTRODUCTION: Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (RAAAs) are among the most dangerous emergencies in vascular surgery, with a high death rate and numerous risk factors influencing perioperative death. Therefore, identifying the critical risk factors for RAAAs is crucial to increasing their survival rate. Our aim was to identify those risk factors from a wide range of parameters. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of hospitalized RAAA patients treated at this center between May 2004 and January 2023. After comparing the preoperative data of patients who survived and those who died, high-risk characteristics influencing the perioperative care of RAAA patients were identified, and logistic regression analysis was carried out. The mean follow-up time was 45.34 months. RESULTS: During the study period, a total of 155 patients (average age 67.4 ± 71.93 years, 123 (78.85%) males, 32 (20.51%) females) were enrolled. The patients participating in the group were divided into survival group (n = 123) and death group (n = 27). The main differences included hemodynamic instability (51.9% vs 28.5%; P = 0.019), sudden cardiac arrest (14.8% vs 1.6%; P = 0.010), deterioration of consciousness (40.7% vs 17.1%; P = 0.007), renal impairment (22.2% vs 2.4%; P = 0.001), and chronic kidney disease (18.5% vs3.2%; P = 0.010). There is also a history of cancer (Ca) (18.5% vs 4.1%; P = 0.021). Risk factors for endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) include diastolic blood pressure ≤50 mm Hg (36.4% vs 8.0%; P = 0.025), renal function impairment (18.2% vs 0; P = 0.015), and chronic kidney disease (27.3% vs 4.0%; P = 0.028). Risk factors for open surgical repair (OSR) include diastolic blood pressure ≤50 mm Hg (40.0% vs 6.3%; P = 0.014). Finally, the previously mentioned statistically significant factors were analyzed by logistic regression analysis, and it was found that diastolic blood pressure ≤50 mm Hg, cardiac arrest, renal function damage, and Ca history were independent risk factors. We followed 123 individuals and 14 were lost to follow-up, with an overall survival rate of 43.8%. CONCLUSIONS: Hemodynamics, which includes shock, blood pressure, cardiac arrest, deterioration of consciousness, and other conditions, are the primary risk factors for the perioperative death of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. Simultaneously, diastolic blood pressure ≤50 mm Hg was found to be associated with risk factors for OSR, whereas renal function impairment, chronic renal illness, and diastolic blood pressure ≤50 mm Hg were associated with the risk for EVAR.

Endovascular Aortic Balloon control versus open Aortic cross Clamp in open ruptured abdominal Aortic aneurysm repair.

BACKGROUND: To determine 30-day mortality of endovascular aortic balloon control compared with open aortic cross clamp in open surgical repair (OSR) of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (rAAAs). METHODS: A retrospective cohort review was performed of all adult patients who underwent OSR of an infrarenal rAAA between 2001 and 2018 at a single tertiary care center. A total of 174 patients were identified, of which 21 patients received endovascular aortic balloon control and 137 patients received an open aortic cross clamp. Primary outcome was 30-day mortality. Two-variable multivariate logistic regression was adjusted for preoperative blood pressure and age. RESULTS: Endovascular aortic balloon control was nonsignificantly associated with lower mortality (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.75 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.24 to 2.38), P = 0.63), and when placed under local anesthesia showed a trend toward improved mortality (adjusted OR = 0.34 (95%CI 0.06 to 1.77), P = 0.19). Balloon placement under general anesthesia was nonsignificantly associated with worse mortality (adjusted OR = 2.50 (95%CI 0.35 to 9.13), P = 0.46). CONCLUSIONS: There is no significant difference in mortality with the use of endovascular aortic balloon control in rAAA patients undergoing OSR, and it may be considered as an alternative approach to open aortic cross clamp in properly selected patients.

Retractable congestive heart failure due to sinus valsalva rupture with coexisting gerbode defect: a rare case report.

Sinus of Valsalva aneurysm (SoVA) is a rare disease with less than 1% prevalence in the population. Most cases are asymptomatic, however, significant clinical manifestations are possible due to fistula formation and sudden rupture resulting in cardiac shunt. Eventually it may develop into progressive heart failure with high morbidity. We report the case of a 33 year old female patient who presented with shortness of breath, ascites, and recurring hospitalisation. The cardiac examination revealed sinus tachycardia along with loud and continuous murmurs on the left parasternal border. Several standard diagnostic procedures could not be performed due to malignant arrhythmia in supine position. Echocardiography examination revealed SoV rupture with a gerbode defect, which was the underlying cause of severe retractable heart failure.

Spontaneous Rupture of Abdominal Aorta Pseudoaneurysm: a Case Report.

Pseudoaneurysms are false aneurysms that mostly occur at the site of arterial injury. Pseudoaneurysm is the most frequent complication after catheter-associated interventions and occurs because of an insufficient closure of the puncture site. However, there are several reported cases of patients with pseudoaneurysm without a prior history of vascular intervention. We described a case of ruptured giant abdominal aortic pseudoaneurysm in a patient with no prior history of vascular intervention, with an initial complaint of abdominal pain. The patient successfully received EVAR therapy using a kissing graft.

Thirty-Nine Percent of Patients with a Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) Have an Incidentally Detected AAA Prior to Rupture.

BACKGROUND: Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) screening has been offered to 65-year-old men living in Oslo, Norway, since May 2011. A significant number of AAA-related deaths occurred in individuals who are not eligible for screening. The primary aim of this study was to describe the group of patients admitted to Oslo University Hospital with a ruptured AAA after the implementation of the local AAA screening project. The following parameters were investigated: AAA detection before rupture, surveillance status, eligibility for screening, and comorbidities. We also sought to compare outcomes (repair rates and 30-day mortality) between patients with and without an incidentally detected AAA prior to rupture. METHODS: This cohort study included patients admitted acutely to Oslo University Hospital due to a symptomatic or ruptured AAA in the period January 2011 to December 2022. Data on demographics, prior AAA detection, surveillance status, treatment, and mortality were collected retrospectively through electronic medical records. RESULTS: We identified 200 patients with a symptomatic or ruptured AAA, among which 79 (40%) had an AAA detected before rupture-one (1%) through screening and 78 (39%) incidentally. Up to 30% of the incidentally detected AAAs were not under any surveillance. Six patients were found eligible for screening: one had attended, three were non-attenders, and two had not been invited. Patients with an incidentally detected AAA before rupture had a more advanced age and a significantly higher degree of comorbidities than patients without a previously detected AAA, and the repair rates in these groups were 56% and 84%, respectively (P < 0.001). Adjusted for comorbidities and risk factors, the odds ratio for repair among patients with incidentally detected AAA was 0.56 (P = 0.292). The 30-day mortality was not significantly different between the two groups (P = 0.097). CONCLUSIONS: Most patients with a ruptured AAA were not eligible for screening, but 39% of the patients had an incidentally detected AAA prior to rupture. Standardized reporting and follow-up of incidentally detected AAAs is thus identified as an additional measure to organized screening in the effort to reduce AAA-related mortality.

Emergency Open Surgical Repair for Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in Octogenarians and Nonagenarians: A Single-Center Retrospective Observational Study.

BACKGROUND: In the endovascular aneurysm repair era, open surgical repair (OSR) is performed for ruptured abdominal aorta aneurysm (RAAA) in patients with complex aneurysm neck and technical difficulties. Understanding the risk factors of OSR is essential for the clinical selection of the ideal surgical procedure. We aimed to re-evaluate the outcomes of OSR and treatment options for RAAA. METHODS: Patients who underwent OSR for RAAA between January 2010 and December 2022 were enrolled in this single-center retrospective observational study. Preoperative status, operative findings, and postoperative course were retrospectively reviewed. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the association between age and early postoperative mortality. RESULTS: Among 142 patients, 43 (30.3%) and 99 (69.7%) were aged ≥80 and <80 years, respectively. Postoperative mortality within 30 days occurred in 24 (16.9%) patients (11/43 [25.6%] and 13/99 [13.1%] patients aged ≥80 and <80 years, respectively; hazard ratio = 1.95; P = 0.069). In a multivariable analysis, increased postoperative mortality within 30 days was associated with age ≥80 years (adjusted hazard ratio, aHR = 2.36; P = 0.049), the presence of preoperative or intraoperative cardiopulmonary arrest (aHR = 12.0; P < 0.001), and postoperative gastrointestinal disorder (aHR = 4.42; P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular aneurysm repair may be preferable in older people; however, its use in cases of preoperative or intraoperative cardiopulmonary arrest or perioperative gastrointestinal disorders remains controversial, and a careful discussion on the surgical indications is needed in such cases.

Small AAAs: Recommendations for Rodent Model Research for the Identification of Novel Therapeutics.

CLINICAL PROBLEM: Most abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are small with low rupture risk (<1%/y) when diagnosed but slowly expand to ≥55 mm and undergo surgical repair. Patients and clinicians require medications to limit AAA growth and rupture, but drugs effective in animal models have not translated to patients. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR INCREASING TRANSLATION FROM MOUSE MODELS: Use models that simulate human AAA tissue pathology, growth patterns, and rupture; focus on the clinically relevant outcomes of growth and rupture; design studies with the rigor required of human clinical trials; monitor AAA growth using reproducible ultrasound; and perform studies in both males and females. SUMMARY OF STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF MOUSE MODELS: The aortic adventitial elastase oral ß-aminopropionitrile model has many strengths including simulating human AAA pathology and modeling prolonged aneurysm growth. The Ang II (angiotensin II) model performed less well as it better simulates acute aortic syndrome than AAA. The elastase plus TGFß (transforming growth factor-ß) blocking antibody model displays a high rupture rate, making prolonged monitoring of AAA growth not feasible. The elastase perfusion and calcium chloride models both display limited AAA growth.

Natural history and long-term outcomes of medically managed Type B intramural hematoma.

OBJECTIVE: Type B intramural hematoma (IMH) is often managed medically, yet may progress to dissection, aneurysmal dilation, or rupture. The aim of this study was to report the natural history of medically managed Type B IMH, and factors associated with progression. METHODS: We reviewed patients with medically managed Type B IMH between January 1995 to December 2022 at a single center. Any patients with immediate surgical or endovascular intervention were excluded. Demographic profiles, comorbidities, imaging, and follow-up details were reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 had isolated IMH, and Group 2 had IMH along with aneurysm or dissection at the time of presentation. On follow-up, progression was defined as degeneration to aneurysm/dissection or increase in the thickness of IMH in Group 1. In Group 2, progression was an increase in the size of aneurysm or development of new dissection. RESULTS: Of 104 patients with Type B IMH during the study period, 92 were medically managed. The median age was 77 years, and 45 (48.9%) were females. Comorbidities included hypertension (83.7%), hypercholesterolemia (44.6%), and active smoking (47.8%). Mean Society for Vascular Surger comorbidity score was 6.3. Mean IMH thickness and aortic diameter at presentation were 8.9 mm and 38.3 mm, respectively. Median follow-up was 55 months. Overall survival at 1 year and 5 years was 85.8% and 61.9%, respectively. During follow-up, 19 patients (20.7%) required intervention, more common in Group 2 (Group 1, 8/66; 12.3% vs Group 2, 11/26; 42.3%; P = .001). This resulted in higher freedom from intervention in Group 1 at 1 year (93.5% vs 62.7%) and 5 years (87.5% vs 51.1%; P < .001). Indication for intervention was dissection (n = 4), aneurysm (n = 12), and progression of IMH (n = 3). In Group 1, progression was seen in 25 (37.9%), three (4.5%) remained stable, 29 (43.9%) had complete resolution of IMH, and nine patients were lost to follow-up. In Group 2, 11 patients (42.3%) had progression, seven (26.9%) remained stable, and eight were lost to follow-up. IMH thickness at presentation >7.2 mm is associated with both increased odds of progression (odds ratio, 3.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-11.1; P = .03) and intervention (odds ratio, 5.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-36.9; P = .03) during the follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Although many patients with Type B IMH managed medically stabilize or regress, progression or need for intervention can occur in up to 40% of cases. This is associated with the presence of aneurysm, dissection, and IMH thickness. Long-term follow-up is mandatory as late interventions occur, particularly for higher risk patients.

Peak wall rupture index is associated with risk of rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysms, independent of size and sex.

BACKGROUND: Information on the predictive determinants of abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture from CT angiography are scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate biomechanical parameters in abdominal aortic aneurysms and their association with risk of subsequent rupture. METHODS: In this retrospective study, the digital radiological archive was searched for 363 patients with ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms. All patients who underwent at least one CT angiography examination before aneurysm rupture were included. CT angiography results were analysed to determine maximum aneurysm diameter, aneurysm volume, and biomechanical parameters (peak wall stress and peak wall rupture index). In the primary survival analysis, patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms less than 70 mm were considered. Sensitivity analyses including control patients and abdominal aortic aneurysms of all sizes were performed. RESULTS: A total of 67 patients who underwent 109 CT angiography examinations before aneurysm rupture were identified. The majority were men (47, 70%) and the median age at the time of CTA examination was 77 (71-83) years. The median maximum aneurysm diameter was 56 (interquartile range 46-65) mm and the median time to rupture was 2.13 (interquartile range 0.64-4.72) years. In univariable analysis, maximum aneurysm diameter, aneurysm volume, peak wall stress, and peak wall rupture index were all associated with risk of rupture. Women had an increased HR for rupture when adjusted for maximum aneurysm diameter or aneurysm volume (HR 2.16, 95% c.i. 1.23 to 3.78 (P = 0.007) and HR 1.92, 95% c.i. 1.06 to 3.50 (P = 0.033) respectively). In multivariable analysis, the peak wall rupture index was associated with risk of rupture. The HR for peak wall rupture index was 1.05 (95% c.i. 1.03 to 1.08) per % (P < 0.001) when adjusted for maximum aneurysm diameter and 1.05 (95% c.i. 1.02 to 1.08) per % (P < 0.001) when adjusted for aneurysm volume. CONCLUSION: Biomechanical factors appear to be important in the prediction of abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture. Women are at increased risk of rupture when adjustments are made for maximum aneurysm diameter alone.