RESUMO
A stripped-down HIV genome can interfere with normal virus replication.
Assuntos
Partículas Artificiais Semelhantes a Vírus , Infecções por HIV , Interferência Viral , Replicação Viral , Animais , Humanos , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Genoma Viral , Infecções por HIV/terapia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , HIV-1/genética , HIV-1/fisiologia , Macaca mulatta , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/virologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/genéticaRESUMO
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccines based upon 68-1 Rhesus Cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) vectors show remarkable protection against pathogenic SIVmac239 challenge. Across multiple independent rhesus macaque (RM) challenge studies, nearly 60% of vaccinated RM show early, complete arrest of SIVmac239 replication after effective challenge, whereas the remainder show progressive infection similar to controls. Here, we performed viral sequencing to determine whether the failure to control viral replication in non-protected RMs is associated with the acquisition of viral escape mutations. While low level viral mutations accumulated in all animals by 28 days-post-challenge, which is after the establishment of viral control in protected animals, the dominant circulating virus in virtually all unprotected RMs was nearly identical to the challenge stock, and there was no difference in mutation patterns between this cohort and unvaccinated controls. These data definitively demonstrate that viral mutation does not explain lack of viral control in RMs not protected by RhCMV/SIV vaccination. We further demonstrate that during chronic infection RhCMV/SIV vaccinated RMs do not acquire escape mutation in epitopes targeted by RhCMV/SIV, but instead display mutation in canonical MHC-Ia epitopes similar to unvaccinated RMs. This suggests that after the initial failure of viral control, unconventional T cell responses induced by 68-1 RhCMV/SIV vaccination do not exert strong selective pressure on systemically replicating SIV.
Assuntos
Macaca mulatta , Mutação , Vacinas contra a SAIDS , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia , Animais , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/imunologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/genética , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/imunologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/virologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/prevenção & controle , Vacinas contra a SAIDS/imunologia , Vacinas contra a SAIDS/genética , Citomegalovirus/imunologia , Citomegalovirus/genética , Replicação Viral/imunologia , Vacinação , Evasão da Resposta Imune/genéticaRESUMO
Interferon-lambda receptor 1 (IFNLR1) is the key to interferon-lambda's biological activities. Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) are supposedly more suitable for translational studies on interferon lambda-associated human diseases, yet little is known about their IFNLR1 (mmuIFNLR1). In this study, we cloned the coding sequence of mmuIFNLR1, examined its variants, and determined the distribution of mmuIFNLR1 mRNA and immunoreactivity in the buccal mucosa and arm skin of normal and immunodeficiency virus (SHIV/SIV) infected rhesus macaques. It was found that mmuIFNLR1 has 93.1% amino acid sequence identity to that of humans; all the amino acid residues of mmuIFNLR1 signal peptide, transmembrane region, PxxLxF motif and those essential for ligand binding are identical to that of humans; 6 variants of mmuIFNLR1, including the ones corresponding to that of humans were detected; IFNLR1 immunoreactivity was localized in primarily the epithelia of buccal mucosa and arm skin; SHIV/SIV infection could affect the levels of mmuIFNLR1 mRNA and immunoreactivity. These data expanded our knowledge on mmuIFNLR1 and provided a scientific basis for rational use of rhesus macaques in studies of IFN-λ associated human diseases like AIDS. Future studies testing IFNLR1-targeting therapeutics in rhesus macaques were warranted.
Assuntos
Macaca mulatta , Mucosa Bucal , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia , Pele , Animais , Mucosa Bucal/imunologia , Mucosa Bucal/virologia , Pele/virologia , Pele/imunologia , Pele/metabolismo , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/imunologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/virologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/imunologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/fisiologia , Humanos , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Receptores de Interferon/genética , Receptores de Interferon/metabolismo , Clonagem MolecularRESUMO
Viral infection generally induces polyclonal neutralizing antibody responses. However, how many lineages of antibody responses can fully represent the neutralization activities in sera has not been well studied. Using the newly designed stable HIV-1 Env trimer as hook, we isolated two distinct broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) from Chinese rhesus macaques infected with SHIV1157ipd3N4 for 5 years. One lineage of neutralizing antibodies (JT15 and JT16) targeted the V2-apex in the Env trimers, similar to the J038 lineage bnAbs identified in our previous study. The other lineage neutralizing antibody (JT18) targeted the V3 crown region in the Env, which strongly competed with human 447-52D. Each lineage antibody neutralized a different set of viruses. Interestingly, when the two neutralizing antibodies from different lineages isolated from the same macaque were combined, the mixture had a neutralization breath very similar to that from the cognate sera. Our study demonstrated that a minimum of two different neutralizing antibodies can fully recapitulate the serum neutralization breadth. This observation can have important implications in AIDS vaccine design.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Neutralizantes , Anticorpos Anti-HIV , HIV-1 , Macaca mulatta , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios , Macaca mulatta/imunologia , Animais , HIV-1/imunologia , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/imunologia , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/sangue , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/sangue , Humanos , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/imunologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/sangue , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/virologia , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Infecções por HIV/sangue , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/imunologia , Produtos do Gene env do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/imunologia , Testes de NeutralizaçãoRESUMO
While simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection is non-pathogenic in naturally infected African nonhuman primate hosts, experimental or accidental infection in rhesus macaques often leads to AIDS. Baboons, widely distributed throughout Africa, do not naturally harbor SIV, and experimental infection of baboons with SIVmac results in transient low-level viral replication. Elucidation of mechanisms of natural immunity in baboons could uncover new targets of antiviral intervention. We tested the hypothesis that an SIVmac adapted to replicate in baboon primary cells will gain the capacity to establish chronic infections in vivo. Here, we generated SIVmac variants in baboon cells through serial passage in PBMC from different donors (SIVbn-PBMC s1), in PBMC from the same donors (SIVbn-PBMC s2), or in isolated CD4 cells from the same donors used for series 2 (SIVbn-CD4). While SIVbn-PBMC s1 and SIVbn-CD4 demonstrated increased replication capacity, SIVbn-PBMC s2 did not. Pharmacological blockade of CCR5 revealed SIVbn-PBMC s1 could more efficiently use available CCR5 than SIVmac, a trait we hypothesize arose to circumvent receptor occupation by chemokines. Sequencing analysis showed that all three viruses accumulated different types of mutations, and that more non-synonymous mutations became fixed in SIVbn-PBMC s1 than SIVbn-PBMC s2 and SIVbn-CD4, supporting the notion of stronger fitness pressure in PBMC from different genetic backgrounds. Testing the individual contribution of several newly fixed SIV mutations suggested that is the additive effect of these mutations in SIVbn-PBMC s1 that contributed to its enhanced fitness, as recombinant single mutant viruses showed no difference in replication capacity over the parental SIVmac239 strain. The replicative capacity of SIVbn-PBMC passage 4 (P4) s1 was tested in vivo by infecting baboons intravenously with SIVbn-PBMC P4 s1 or SIVmac251. While animals infected with SIVmac251 showed the known pattern of transient low-level viremia, animals infected with SIVbn-PBMC P4 s1 had undetectable viremia or viral DNA in lymphoid tissue. These studies suggest that adaptation of SIV to grow in baboon primary cells results in mutations that confer increased replicative capacity in the artificial environment of cell culture but make the virus unable to avoid the restrictive factors generated by a complex multicellular organism.
Assuntos
Papio , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia , Replicação Viral , Animais , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/genética , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/fisiologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/virologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/imunologia , Leucócitos Mononucleares/virologia , Leucócitos Mononucleares/imunologia , Receptores CCR5/metabolismo , Receptores CCR5/genética , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/virologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Células Cultivadas , Inoculações SeriadasRESUMO
We recently demonstrated that Simian-HIV (SHIV)-infected neonate rhesus macaques (RMs) generated heterologous HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) with broadly-NAb (bNAb) characteristics at a higher frequency compared with their corresponding dam. Here, we characterized genetic diversity in Env sequences from four neonate or adult/dam RM pairs: in two pairs, neonate and dam RMs made heterologous HIV-1 NAbs; in one pair, neither the neonate nor the dam made heterologous HIV-1 NAbs; and in another pair, only the neonate made heterologous HIV-1 NAbs. Phylogenetic and sequence diversity analyses of longitudinal Envs revealed that a higher genetic diversity, within the host and away from the infecting SHIV strain, was correlated with heterologous HIV-1 NAb development. We identified 22 Env variable sites, of which 9 were associated with heterologous HIV-1 NAb development; 3/9 sites had mutations previously linked to HIV-1 Env bNAb development. These data suggested that viral diversity drives heterologous HIV-1 NAb development, and the faster accumulation of viral diversity in neonate RMs may be a potential mechanism underlying bNAb induction in pediatric populations. Moreover, these data may inform candidate Env immunogens to guide precursor B cells to bNAb status via vaccination by the Env-based selection of bNAb lineage members with the appropriate mutations associated with neutralization breadth.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Neutralizantes , Evolução Molecular , HIV-1 , Macaca mulatta , Filogenia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia , Animais , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/genética , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/imunologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/virologia , HIV-1/genética , HIV-1/imunologia , HIV-1/classificação , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/sangue , Variação Genética , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/imunologia , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/sangue , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/genética , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/virologiaRESUMO
The effects of immunodeficiency associated with chronic HIV infection on COVID-19 disease and viral persistence have not been directly addressed in a controlled setting. In this pilot study, we exposed two pigtail macaques (PTMs) chronically infected with SIVmac239, exhibiting from very low to no CD4 T cells across all compartments, to SARS-CoV-2. We monitored the disease progression, viral replication, and evolution, and compared these outcomes with SIV-naïve PTMs infected with SARS-CoV-2. No overt signs of COVID-19 disease were observed in either animal, and the SARS-CoV-2 viral kinetics and evolution in the SIVmac239 PTMs were indistinguishable from those in the SIV-naïve PTMs in all sampled mucosal sites. However, the single-cell RNA sequencing of bronchoalveolar lavage cells revealed an infiltration of functionally inert monocytes after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Critically, neither of the SIV-infected PTMs mounted detectable anti-SARS-CoV-2 T-cell responses nor anti-SARS-CoV-2 binding or neutralizing antibodies. Thus, HIV-induced immunodeficiency alone may not be sufficient to drive the emergence of novel viral variants but may remove the ability of infected individuals to mount adaptive immune responses against SARS-CoV-2.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Coinfecção , Modelos Animais de Doenças , SARS-CoV-2 , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia , Animais , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/imunologia , COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/virologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/imunologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/virologia , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Coinfecção/imunologia , Coinfecção/virologia , Replicação Viral , Macaca nemestrina , Projetos Piloto , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Carga Viral , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/sangueRESUMO
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cure efforts are increasingly focused on harnessing CD8+ T cell functions, which requires a deeper understanding of CD8+ T cells promoting HIV control. Here we identifiy an antigen-responsive TOXhiTCF1+CD39+CD8+ T cell population with high expression of inhibitory receptors and low expression of canonical cytolytic molecules. Transcriptional analysis of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific CD8+ T cells and proteomic analysis of purified CD8+ T cell subsets identified TOXhiTCF1+CD39+CD8+ T cells as intermediate effectors that retained stem-like features with a lineage relationship with terminal effector T cells. TOXhiTCF1+CD39+CD8+ T cells were found at higher frequency than TCF1-CD39+CD8+ T cells in follicular microenvironments and were preferentially located in proximity of SIV-RNA+ cells. Their frequency was associated with reduced plasma viremia and lower SIV reservoir size. Highly similar TOXhiTCF1+CD39+CD8+ T cells were detected in lymph nodes from antiretroviral therapy-naive and antiretroviral therapy-suppressed people living with HIV, suggesting this population of CD8+ T cells contributes to limiting SIV and HIV persistence.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Linfonodos , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Animais , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/imunologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/virologia , Linfonodos/imunologia , Humanos , Macaca mulatta , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/metabolismoRESUMO
The capacity of HIV-1 to replicate during optimal antiretroviral therapy (ART) is challenging to assess directly. To gain greater sensitivity to detect evolution on ART, we used a nonhuman primate (NHP) model providing precise control over the level of pre-ART evolution and more comprehensive analyses than are possible with clinical samples. We infected 21 rhesus macaques (RMs) with the barcoded virus SIVmac239M and initiated ART early to minimize baseline genetic diversity. RMs were treated for 285-1200 days. We used several tests of molecular evolution to compare 1352 near-full-length (nFL) SIV DNA single genome sequences from PBMCs, lymph nodes, and spleen obtained near the time of ART initiation and those present after long-term ART, none of which showed significant changes to the SIV DNA population during ART in any animal. To investigate the possibility of ongoing replication in unsampled putative tissue sanctuaries during ART, we discontinued treatment in four animals and confirmed that none of the 336 nFL SIV RNA sequences obtained from rebound plasma viremia showed evidence of evolution. The rigorous nature of our analyses reinforced the emerging consensus of a lack of appreciable ongoing replication on effective ART and validates the relevance of this NHP model for cure studies.
Assuntos
Antirretrovirais , Macaca mulatta , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia , Replicação Viral , Animais , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/genética , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/fisiologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/virologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/tratamento farmacológico , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Antirretrovirais/uso terapêutico , Evolução Molecular , RNA Viral/genética , Carga Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Viremia/tratamento farmacológico , Viremia/virologia , DNA Viral/genética , MasculinoRESUMO
Understanding the underlying mechanisms of HIV pathogenesis is critical for designing successful HIV vaccines and cure strategies. However, achieving this goal is complicated by the virus's direct interactions with immune cells, the induction of persistent reservoirs in the immune system cells, and multiple strategies developed by the virus for immune evasion. Meanwhile, HIV and SIV infections induce a pandysfunction of the immune cell populations, making it difficult to untangle the various concurrent mechanisms of HIV pathogenesis. Over the years, one of the most successful approaches for dissecting the immune correlates of protection in HIV/SIV infection has been the in vivo depletion of various immune cell populations and assessment of the impact of these depletions on the outcome of infection in non-human primate models. Here, we present a detailed analysis of the strategies and results of manipulating SIV pathogenesis through in vivo depletions of key immune cells populations. Although each of these methods has its limitations, they have all contributed to our understanding of key pathogenic pathways in HIV/SIV infection.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/imunologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/patogenicidade , Animais , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/imunologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/virologia , Humanos , HIV/imunologia , HIV/patogenicidade , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Haplorrinos , Depleção LinfocíticaRESUMO
Natural killer-like B (NKB) cells are unique innate immune cells expressing both natural killer (NK) and B cell receptors. As first responders to infection, they secrete IL-18 to induce a critical cascade of innate and adaptive immune cell infiltration and activation. However, limited research exists on the role of NKB cells in homeostasis and infection, largely due to incomplete and erroneous evaluations. To fill this knowledge gap, we investigated the expression of signaling and trafficking proteins, and the in situ localization and transcriptome of naïve NKB cells compared to conventionally-defined NK and B cells, as well as modulations of these cells in SIV infection. Intracellular signaling proteins and trafficking markers were expressed differentially on naïve NKB cells, with high expression of CD62L and Syk, and low expression of CD69, α4ß7, FcRg, Zap70, and CD3z, findings which were more similar to B cells than NK cells. CD20+NKG2a/c+ NKB cells were identified in spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), colon, jejunum, and liver of naïve rhesus macaques (RM) via tissue imaging, with NKB cell counts concentrated in spleen and MLN. For the first time, single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq), including B cell receptor (BCR) sequencing, of sorted NKB cells confirmed that NKB cells are unique. Transcriptomic analysis of naïve splenic NKB cells by scRNAseq showed that NKB cells undergo somatic hypermutation and express Ig receptors, similar to B cells. While only 15% of sorted NKB cells showed transcript expression of both KLRC1 (NKG2A) and MS4A1 (CD20) genes, only 5% of cells expressed KLRC1, MS4A1, and IgH/IgL transcripts. We observed expanded NKB frequencies in RM gut and buccal mucosa as early as 14 and 35 days post-SIV infection, respectively. Further, mucosal and peripheral NKB cells were associated with colorectal cytokine milieu and oral microbiome changes, respectively. Our studies indicate that NKB cells gated on CD3-CD14-CD20+NKG2A/C+ cells were inclusive of transcriptomically conventional B and NK cells in addition to true NKB cells, confounding accurate phenotyping and frequency recordings that could only be resolved using genomic techniques. Although NKB cells were clearly elevated during SIV infection and associated with inflammatory changes during infection, further interrogation is necessary to acurately identify the true phenotype and significance of NKB cells in infection and inflammation.
Assuntos
Imunidade Inata , Células Matadoras Naturais , Macaca mulatta , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia , Animais , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/imunologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/virologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/imunologia , Células Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Linfócitos B/imunologiaRESUMO
Human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV and SIV) are lentiviruses that reverse transcribe their RNA genome with subsequent integration into the genome of the target cell. How progressive infection and administration of antiretrovirals (ARVs) longitudinally influence the transcriptomic and epigenetic landscape of particular T cell subsets, and how these may influence the genetic location of integration are unclear. Here, we use RNAseq and ATACseq to study the transcriptomics and epigenetic landscape of longitudinally sampled naïve and memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in two species of non-human primates prior to SIV infection, during chronic SIV infection, and after administration of ARVs. We find that SIV infection leads to significant alteration to the transcriptomic profile of all T cell subsets that are only partially reversed by administration of ARVs. Epigenetic changes were more apparent in animals with longer periods of untreated SIV infection and correlated well with changes in corresponding gene expression. Known SIV integration sites did not vary due to SIV status but did contain more open chromatin in rhesus macaque memory T cells, and the expression of proteasome-related genes at the pre-SIV timepoint correlated with subsequent viremia.IMPORTANCEChronic inflammation during progressive human and simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV and SIV) infections leads to significant co-morbidities in infected individuals with significant consequences. Antiretroviral (ARV)-treated individuals also manifest increased levels of inflammation which are associated with increased mortalities. These data will help guide rational development of modalities to reduce inflammation observed in people living with HIV and suggest mechanisms underlying lentiviral integration site preferences.
Assuntos
Antirretrovirais , Epigênese Genética , Células T de Memória , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia , Transcriptoma , Animais , Antirretrovirais/uso terapêutico , Antirretrovirais/farmacologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , Epigênese Genética/efeitos dos fármacos , Macaca mulatta/genética , Macaca mulatta/imunologia , Macaca mulatta/virologia , Macaca nemestrina/genética , Macaca nemestrina/imunologia , Macaca nemestrina/virologia , Células T de Memória/efeitos dos fármacos , Células T de Memória/imunologia , Células T de Memória/metabolismo , Células T de Memória/virologia , Complexo de Endopeptidases do Proteassoma/genética , RNA-Seq , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/imunologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/tratamento farmacológico , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/virologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/genética , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/imunologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/efeitos dos fármacos , Transcriptoma/efeitos dos fármacos , Viremia/tratamento farmacológico , Viremia/genética , Viremia/imunologia , Viremia/virologiaRESUMO
TIGIT is a negative immune checkpoint receptor associated with T cell exhaustion in cancer and HIV. TIGIT upregulation in virus-specific CD8+ T cells and NK cells during HIV/SIV infection results in dysfunctional effector capabilities. In vitro studies targeting TIGIT on CD8+ T cells suggest TIGIT blockade as a viable strategy to restore SIV-specific T cell responses. Here, we extend these studies in vivo using TIGIT blockage in nonhuman primates in an effort to reverse T cell and NK cell exhaustion in the setting of SIV infection. We demonstrate that in vivo administration of a humanized anti-TIGIT monoclonal antibody (mAb) is well tolerated in both cynomolgus macaques and rhesus macaques. Despite sustained plasma concentrations of anti-TIGIT mAb, we observed no consistent improvement in NK or T cell cytolytic capacity. TIGIT blockade minimally enhanced T cell proliferation and virus-specific T cell responses in both magnitude and breadth though plasma viral loads in treated animals remained stable indicating that anti-TIGIT mAb treatment alone was insufficient to increase anti-SIV CD8+ T cell function. The enhancement of virus-specific T cell proliferative responses observed in vitro with single or dual blockade of TIGIT and/or PD-1 highlights TIGIT as a potential target to reverse T cell dysfunction. Our studies, however, reveal that targeting the TIGIT pathway alone may be insufficient in the setting of viremia and that combining immune checkpoint blockade with other immunotherapeutics may be a future path forward for improved viral control or elimination of HIV.IMPORTANCEUpregulation of the immune checkpoint receptor TIGIT is associated with HIV-mediated T cell dysfunction and correlates with HIV disease progression. Compelling evidence exists for targeting immune checkpoint receptor pathways that would potentially enhance immunity and refocus effector cell efforts toward viral clearance. In this report, we investigate TIGIT blockade as an immunotherapeutic approach to reverse immune exhaustion during chronic SIV/SHIV infection in a nonhuman primate model of HIV infection. We show that interfering with the TIGIT signaling axis alone is insufficient to improve viral control despite modest improvement in T cell immunity. Our data substantiate the use of targeting multiple immune checkpoint receptors to promote synergy and ultimately eliminate HIV-infected cells.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Células Matadoras Naturais , Macaca fascicularis , Macaca mulatta , Receptores Imunológicos , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia , Carga Viral , Animais , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/imunologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/tratamento farmacológico , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/virologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/imunologia , Receptores Imunológicos/antagonistas & inibidores , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Carga Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Anticorpos Monoclonais/farmacologiaRESUMO
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope protein (Env) mediates viral entry into host cells and is the primary target for the humoral immune response. Env is extensively glycosylated, and these glycans shield underlying epitopes from neutralizing antibodies. The glycosylation of Env is influenced by the type of host cell in which the virus is produced. Thus, HIV is distinctly glycosylated by CD4+ T cells, the major target cells, and macrophages. However, the specific differences in glycosylation between viruses produced in these cell types have not been explored at the molecular level. Moreover, it remains unclear whether the production of HIV in CD4+ T cells or macrophages affects the efficiency of viral spread and resistance to neutralization. To address these questions, we employed the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) model. Glycan analysis implied higher relative levels of oligomannose-type N-glycans in SIV from CD4+ T cells (T-SIV) compared to SIV from macrophages (M-SIV), and the complex-type N-glycans profiles seem to differ between the two viruses. Notably, M-SIV demonstrated greater infectivity than T-SIV, even when accounting for Env incorporation, suggesting that host cell-dependent factors influence infectivity. Further, M-SIV was more efficiently disseminated by HIV binding cellular lectins. We also evaluated the influence of cell type-dependent differences on SIV's vulnerability to carbohydrate binding agents (CBAs) and neutralizing antibodies. T-SIV demonstrated greater susceptibility to mannose-specific CBAs, possibly due to its elevated expression of oligomannose-type N-glycans. In contrast, M-SIV exhibited higher susceptibility to neutralizing sera in comparison to T-SIV. These findings underscore the importance of host cell-dependent attributes of SIV, such as glycosylation, in shaping both infectivity and the potential effectiveness of intervention strategies.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Neutralizantes , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos , Macrófagos , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/imunologia , Glicosilação , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/virologia , Animais , Macrófagos/virologia , Macrófagos/imunologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/imunologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/virologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/metabolismo , Humanos , Macaca mulatta , Polissacarídeos/metabolismo , Polissacarídeos/imunologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Natural hosts of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), such as the African green monkey (AGM), possess the ability to avoid acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) despite lifelong infection. The underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. This study aimed to characterize the gut microbiome and metabolite profiles of different nonhuman primates (NHPs) to provide potential insight into AIDS resistance. DESIGN AND METHODS: Fresh feces from Cynomolgus macaques (CMs), and Rhesus macaques (RMs), SIV- AGMs (AGM_N), and SIV+ AGMs (AGM_P) were collected and used for metagenomic sequencing and metabonomic analysis. RESULTS: Compared with CMs and RMs, significant decreases in the abundances of Streptococcus , Alistipes , Treponema , Bacteroides , and Methanobrevibacter ( P â<â0.01), and significant increases in the abundances of Clostridium , Eubacterium , Blautia , Roseburia , Faecalibacterium , and Dialister ( P â<â0.01) were detected in AGM_N. Compared with AGM_N, a trend toward increased abundances of Streptococcus and Roseburia were found in AGM_P. The levels of metabolites involved in lipid metabolism and butanoate metabolism significantly differed among AGM_P, AGM_N and CM ( P â<â0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our data, for the first time, demonstrated distinguishing features in the abundances of butyrate-producing bacteria and lipid metabolism capacities between different NHP hosts of SIV infection. These findings may correlate with the different characteristics observed among these hosts in the maintenance of intestinal epithelial barrier integrity, regulation of inflammation, and provide insights into AIDS resistance in AGMs.
Assuntos
Butiratos , Fezes , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Macaca mulatta , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios , Animais , Butiratos/metabolismo , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/metabolismo , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/virologia , Fezes/microbiologia , Chlorocebus aethiops , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Bactérias/metabolismo , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia , Metagenômica , Metabolômica , Macaca fascicularisRESUMO
The persistence of the latent viral reservoir is the main hurdle to curing HIV-1 infection. SIV infection of non-human primates (NHPs), namely Indian-origin rhesus macaques, is the most relevant and widely used animal model to evaluate therapies that seek to eradicate HIV-1. The utility of a model ultimately rests on how accurately it can recapitulate human disease, and while reservoirs in the NHP model behave quantitatively very similar to those of long-term suppressed persons with HIV-1 (PWH) in the most salient aspects, recent studies have uncovered key nuances at the clonotypic level that differentiate the two in qualitative terms. In this review, we will highlight differences relating to proviral intactness, clonotypic structure, and decay rate during ART between HIV-1 and SIV reservoirs and discuss the relevance of these distinctions in the interpretation of HIV-1 cure strategies. While these, to some degree, may reflect a unique biology of the virus or host, distinctions among the proviral landscape in SIV are likely to be shaped significantly by the condensed timeframe of NHP studies. ART is generally initiated earlier in the disease course, and animals are virologically suppressed for shorter periods before receiving interventions. Because these are experimental variables dictated by the investigator, we offer guidance on study design for cure-related studies performed in the NHP model. Finally, we highlight the case of GS-9620 (Vesatolimod), an antiviral TLR7 agonist tested in multiple independent pre-clinical studies in which virological outcomes may have been influenced by study-related variables.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , HIV-1 , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia , Latência Viral , Animais , Humanos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Reservatórios de Doenças/virologia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , HIV-1/genética , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , HIV-1/fisiologia , Macaca mulatta , Provírus/genética , Provírus/fisiologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/virologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/tratamento farmacológico , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/genética , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/fisiologia , Carga Viral , Latência Viral/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Distinct dendritic cell (DC) subsets play important roles in shaping immune responses. Circulating DC precursors (pre-DCs) are more susceptible to HIV infection in vitro, which may explain the inefficiency of immune responses against HIV. However, the interplay between HIV and pre-DC is not defined in vivo. We identify human pre-DC equivalents in the cynomolgus macaque and then analyze their dynamics during simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection to illustrate a sharp decrease of blood pre-DCs in early SIV infection and accumulation in lymph nodes (LNs), where they neglect to upregulate CD83/CD86 or MHC-II. Additionally, SIV infection attenuates the capacity of stimulated LN pre-DCs to produce IL-12p40. Analysis of HIV cohorts provides correlation between costimulatory molecule expression on pre-DCs and T cell activation in spontaneous HIV controllers. These findings pinpoint certain dynamics and functional changes of pre-DCs during SIV infection, providing a deeper understanding of immune dysregulation mechanisms elicited in people living with HIV.
Assuntos
Células Dendríticas , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia , Animais , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/imunologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/virologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/sangue , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/patologia , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/imunologia , Humanos , Linfonodos/imunologia , Linfonodos/patologia , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Infecções por HIV/sangue , Infecções por HIV/patologia , Macaca fascicularis , Ativação Linfocitária/imunologiaRESUMO
CCR5-tropic simian/human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIV) with clade C transmitted/founder envelopes represent a critical tool for the investigation of HIV experimental vaccines and microbicides in nonhuman primates, although many such isolates lead to spontaneous viral control post infection. Here, we generated a high-titer stock of pathogenic SHIV-C109p5 by serial passage in two rhesus macaques (RM) and tested its virulence in aged monkeys. The co-receptor usage was confirmed before infecting five geriatric rhesus macaques (four female and one male). Plasma viral loads were monitored by reverse transcriptase-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), cytokines by multiplex analysis, and biomarkers of gastrointestinal damage by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antibodies and cell-mediated responses were also measured. Viral dissemination into tissues was determined by RNAscope. Intravenous SHIV-C109p5 infection of aged RMs leads to high plasma viremia and rapid disease progression; rapid decrease in CD4+ T cells, CD4+CD8+ T cells, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells; and wasting necessitating euthanasia between 3 and 12 weeks post infection. Virus-specific cellular immune responses were detected only in the two monkeys that survived 4 weeks post infection. These were Gag-specific TNFα+CD8+, MIP1ß+CD4+, Env-specific IFN-γ+CD4+, and CD107a+ T cell responses. Four out of five monkeys had elevated intestinal fatty acid binding protein levels at the viral peak, while regenerating islet-derived protein 3α showed marked increases at later time points in the three animals surviving the longest, suggesting gut antimicrobial peptide production in response to microbial translocation post infection. Plasma levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interleukin-15, and interleukin-12/23 were also elevated. Viral replication in gut and secondary lymphoid tissues was extensive.IMPORTANCESimian/human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIV) are important reagents to study prevention of virus acquisition in nonhuman primate models of HIV infection, especially those representing transmitted/founder (T/F) viruses. However, many R5-tropic SHIV have limited fitness in vivo leading to many monkeys spontaneously controlling the virus post acute infection. Here, we report the generation of a pathogenic SHIV clade C T/F stock by in vivo passage leading to sustained viral load set points, a necessity to study pathogenicity. Unexpectedly, administration of this SHIV to elderly rhesus macaques led to extensive viral replication and fast disease progression, despite maintenance of a strict R5 tropism. Such age-dependent rapid disease progression had previously been reported for simian immunodeficiency virus but not for R5-tropic SHIV infections.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , HIV , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia , Replicação Viral , Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/imunologia , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismo , Envelhecimento , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/patologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/patologia , Quimiocina CCL2/imunologia , Quimiocina CCL2/metabolismo , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Células Dendríticas/patologia , Progressão da Doença , HIV/classificação , HIV/crescimento & desenvolvimento , HIV/patogenicidade , HIV/fisiologia , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/patologia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Interferon gama/imunologia , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Interleucinas/imunologia , Interleucinas/metabolismo , Intestinos/virologia , Tecido Linfoide/virologia , Macaca mulatta/imunologia , Macaca mulatta/metabolismo , Inoculações Seriadas , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/imunologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/patologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/virologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/classificação , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/patogenicidade , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/fisiologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/imunologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Carga Viral , Tropismo Viral , Virulência , Receptores CCR5/metabolismoRESUMO
Vaginal inserts that can be used on demand before or after sex may be a desirable human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention option for women. We recently showed that inserts containing tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF, 20â mg) and elvitegravir (EVG, 16â mg) were highly protective against repeated simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) vaginal exposures when administered to macaques 4 hours before or after virus exposure (93% and 100%, respectively). Here, we show in the same macaque model that insert application 8 hours or 24 hours after exposure maintains high efficacy (94.4% and 77.2%, respectively). These data extend the protective window by TAF/EVG inserts and inform their clinical development for on-demand prophylaxis in women.
Assuntos
Adenina , Alanina , Fármacos Anti-HIV , Quinolonas , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios , Tenofovir , Animais , Tenofovir/administração & dosagem , Tenofovir/análogos & derivados , Feminino , Quinolonas/administração & dosagem , Quinolonas/farmacologia , Alanina/administração & dosagem , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/prevenção & controle , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/virologia , Fármacos Anti-HIV/administração & dosagem , Adenina/análogos & derivados , Adenina/administração & dosagem , Adenina/farmacologia , Adenina/uso terapêutico , Vagina/virologia , Vagina/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Administração Intravaginal , Macaca mulatta , Modelos Animais de DoençasRESUMO
IMPORTANCE: Despite the advent of highly active anti-retroviral therapy, people are still dying from HIV-related causes, many of whom are children, and a protective vaccine or cure is needed to end the HIV pandemic. Understanding the nature and activation states of immune cell subsets during infection will provide insights into the immunologic milieu associated with viremia suppression that can be harnessed via therapeutic strategies to achieve a functional cure, but these are understudied in pediatric subjects. We evaluated humoral and adaptive host immunity associated with suppression of viremia in rhesus macaques infected soon after birth with a pathogenic SHIV. The results from our study provide insights into the immune cell subsets and functions associated with viremia control in young macaques that may translate to pediatric subjects for the design of future anti-viral strategies in HIV-1-infected infants and children and contribute to an understudied area of HIV-1 pathogenesis in pediatric subjects.