The Brazilian Center for Health Studies and the Brazilian Association of Collective Health: the issue of the nationalization of health in the Brazilian public health reform, 1976-1988.

An analysis is presented of the approaches taken by the Brazilian Center for Health Studies (Cebes) and the Brazilian Association of Collective Health (Abrasco) towards the nationalization of health during the Brazilian public health reform between 1976 (when Cebes was founded) and the enshrinement of public health in the Federal Constitution (1988). Discussions are presented of the theoretical and strategic principles defended by their intellectuals and the institutions' positions towards the nationalization of health. By positioning themselves against complete nationalization, they did not break away from the privatizing rationale embedded in the prevailing model of healthcare, and endeavored to conciliate private interests within the new framework for public health.

Rudolph Virchow's Upper Silesia report: the starting point for his simultaneous engagement with public health and antisemitism.

In 2023 an important anniversary took place. It regards Virchow's report on the Upper Silesia epidemic typhus, which was associated with the death of numerous Polish peasants. It is also the starting point of Virchow's political career and fight against antisemitism, which has reached fearful levels in academia. Antisemitism is not new, but the recrudescence following the October 7th massacre of Jewish and not-Jewish people is appalling and recalls Virchow's vehemence of the past a few decades before the Nazi extermination of the Shoah during the World War II.

[Germinal Rodríguez: public health, politics and medical popularization in the first person, Argentina, 1922-1960]. / Germinal Rodríguez: salud pública, política y divulgación sanitaria en primera persona, Argentina, 1922-1960.

This article examines the career of Argentine doctor Germinal Rodríguez, situating it within the context of social history of medicine and the recent trend of medical biographies. Using a qualitative documentary analysis methodology, we analyzed various sources, including official records from the University of Buenos Aires, journalistic articles, and books by Rodríguez himself. Our analysis reveals that Rodríguez's enjoyed a successful academic career in university teaching, while concurrently engaging in active socialist activism between 1920-1930. Beyond academia, Rodríguez served as a science popularizer, a policy consultant for his party, and even a public official during the Peronist era.

Este trabajo reconstruye la trayectoria del médico argentino Germinal Rodríguez en diálogo con la historia social de la salud y la enfermedad y con una reciente corriente historiográfica de biografías médicas. En base a una metodología cualitativa de análisis documental, analizamos expedientes oficiales de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, fuentes periodísticas, libros de Rodríguez y otras fuentes secundarias. Como resultado, podemos afirmar que su vida profesional estuvo marcada por la enseñanza universitaria y una exitosa carrera académica, así como por su intensa militancia socialista entre 1920-1930. Rodríguez fue también un divulgador, un experto de consulta en políticas públicas para su partido y funcionario estatal en los años del peronismo.

Ventilation and Public Health: A Fraught History.

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, a vigorous public health discussion has arisen over indoor air quality and ventilation. In popular press articles, bestselling books, and the US Environmental Protection Agency's recently announced Clean Air in Buildings Challenge, scholars and policy experts have claimed that improved ventilation systems can lead to better productivity and performance. By reevaluating those claims in light of the history of public health in Great Britain and the United States, we found that better ventilation has frequently been proposed as a cost-effective and nonintrusive means of improving health in institutions experiencing structural and environmental public health problems. Furthermore, our examination of efforts to provide ventilation for enslaved people, incarcerated people, and the urban poor revealed a consistent lack of government regulation and a disassociation of air quality concerns from broader environmental, social, and economic realities. By continuing to ignore these broader contexts, current ventilation efforts risk repeating this pattern. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(8):798-804. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307670).

A precursor experience of the SUS with the participation of Paulo Freire. / Uma experiência precursora do SUS com a participação de Paulo Freire.

The text is based on a round table held at the Faculty of Education (FE) of the State University of Campinas (Unicamp) as one of the activities to commemorate Paulo Freire's Centenary (2021). It aims to record part of his time at the university, from 1980 to 1991, based on the work conducted with FE and the Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM) through training and extension activities at the Paulínia-SP School Health Center. It also describes and analyses the agendas of the country's re-democratization process, the clashes over public policies in the National Constituent Assembly, and the process of setting up an integrated and universal system of education and collective public health from a participatory perspective.

O texto desenvolve-se a partir de uma mesa redonda realizada na Faculdade de Educação (FE) da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), como uma das atividades de comemorações do Centenário de Paulo Freire (2021). Objetiva registrar parte da sua passagem por essa universidade, nos anos de 1980 a 1991, a partir do trabalho realizado com a FE e Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (FCM) por meio de atividades de formação e extensão no Centro de Saúde Escola de Paulínia-SP. Descreve e analisa as pautas do processo de redemocratização do país, os embates em torno das políticas públicas na Assembleia Nacional Constituinte e o processo de constituição de um sistema integrado e universal de educação e saúde pública coletiva a partir de uma perspectiva participativa.

[Alexander Grigoryevich Lyutkevich - a prominent figure in Russian ophthalmology and public health. (On the 155th anniversary of his birth)]. / Aleksandr Grigor'evich Lyutkevich ­ vidnyi deyatel' otechestvennoi oftal'mologii i zdravookhraneniya. (K 155-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya).

This article, composed using literary sources and archival materials, is dedicated to the 155th anniversary of Alexander Grigoryevich Lyutkevich - a prominent Russian ophthalmologist of the late 19th and early 20th centuries (12.09.1867-18.04.1928) and one of the founders of the Voronezh Medical Institute. The paper traces the main stages of his biography, notes his work in rapid-reaction emergency care units, and pays attention to his teaching activities. The importance of Lyutkevich's doctoral dissertation on the treatment of high myopia is emphasized. The article also highlights his important role as editor of the classic textbook "Course of eye diseases" by A.A. Kryukov. In Lyutkevich's public activities, his contribution to the establishment of the Society of Ophthalmologists in Moscow is particularly noteworthy. Lyutkevich's high organizational skills are highlighted, which were clearly manifested in the Yuriev University and in the creation of the medical faculty of the Voronezh University.

Convivial Populations: Ivan Illich and Public Health in the 21st Century.

Ivan Illich (1926-2002) was a historian, social critic, and professor at multiple universities. He came to intellectual fame through his criticisms of modern institutions, including health care, and his concern with social structures that he believed to impede human flourishing. However, Illich has not been thoroughly explored as a source of insight for public health professionals. Although he populates the medical and public health literature, discourse remains sparse about how Illich might contribute to key conversations in public health today. In this article, I explore Illich's potential contributions to modern public health through one of his seminal works, Tools for Conviviality. I frame Illich as a valuable conversational partner for public health professionals at a crucial moment in the field's history. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(7):723-728. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307675).

History of development of undergraduate public health education in Bulgaria.

OBJECTIVE: The study aims to present a historical review and analysis of the establishment and development of undergraduate public health (PH) education in Bulgaria from 1878 until 2019. METHODS: А search and selection of historical documents was performed, including laws, rules, regulations, government plans, programmes, scientific publications from periodical medical press, journals, specialized monographs, and books. A retrospective analysis of the normative documents related to the organization of the sanitation and public health activities, and to the provision of professional undergraduate education of the public health workforce in Bulgaria has been carried out. The required competences and tasks of the specialists exercising public health control services were extracted. RESULTS: The development in the public health educational activities were followed in three consecutive periods: the newly independent state (1878-1944); the socialist state (1945-1990); the democratizing state (1990-2019). The development of organized PH activities began after the liberation of Bulgaria in 1878. The historical analysis reveals a direct link between the major socioeconomic changes in the country and the organization of PH undergraduate education which passed through dynamic transformations. The professional education in the sphere of PH started with the training of feldshers, followed by sanitary feldsher and sanitary health inspectors performed in secondary vocational medical schools during the socialist period, reaching the stage of undergraduate university PH education provided by medical colleges associated with universities in the third period. CONCLUSION: Despite the continuous development in the organization of undergraduate PH education in Bulgaria, its content is still not fully compatible with the basic European PH services and actions. There is a growing need for wider standardization and integration of undergraduate PH education in the EU so that the specialty can reach the status of a regulated health profession similar to medicine, nursing, and others.

"One of the Grand Works of the World": Walt Whitman's Advocacy for the Brooklyn Waterworks, 1856-59.

When the Brooklyn Waterworks opened in 1859, it was one of America's most advanced water and sewer systems. Yet after Brooklyn was annexed by New York City, the waterworks' history slipped into obscurity, despite having a now-famous champion: the "poet of America," Walt Whitman, whose brother worked on the project. This article shows the Brooklyn poet's fierce, multiyear lobbying effort for the waterworks in various newspapers and introduces a wealth of newly recovered Whitman writings on the issue. As a journalist, Whitman exemplifies the nineteenth-century press as an intermediary between expert engineers and popular readers. The poet brought precise expertise, translated engineers' technical arguments into everyday language for his readers, and fought the resulting day-to-day political battles over construction in print. Whitman, then, is an underappreciated case study of the confluence of technology, public health, and local journalism.

The Centenary of the Leprosy Relief Association (Lepra)-a moment for celebration and reflection†.

The year 2024 is the Centenary of the foundation of the Leprosy Relief Association (Lepra), formerly the British Empire Leprosy Relief Association (BELRA). The name of the organization changed to the LEProsy Relief Association (LEPRA) in 1976 but has been known as Lepra since 2008. Over the years it has worked closely with members and office holders of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Its work has encompassed activities from the earliest initiatives to ensure appropriate living conditions for those with the disease to the development of leprosy chemotherapy. However, this has now evolved into a strong partnership between the UK- and India-based Lepra hubs, which are carrying out research and public health initiatives ranging from elimination of prejudice against those with leprosy to adopting the recently launched WHO programme for skin NTDs to facilitate integrated control and management regimens. The fight against leprosy has always been a partnership between a wide variety of disease-specific NGOs, health-care workers and international health agencies. The story of Lepra illustrates the central role of these partnerships and national as well as international collaboration.

Diagnósticos e tratamentos em pacientes no hospital do Juquery na Era Vargas / Diagnósticos e tratamentos em pacientes no hospital do Juquery na Era Vargas / Diagnóstico y tratamiento de pacientes en el hospital Juquery durante la Era Vargas

Objetivo: analisar diagnósticos e tratamentos em pacientes no Hospital do Juquery no período Vargas. Método: estudo quanti-qualitativo, exploratório-descritivo, análise dos dados pelo referencial da análise documental e documentos históricos. Resultados:analisados 2.166 prontuários; épocas de conflitos sociais e guerras com incremento de prisões e internações; múltiplos diagnósticos para paciente; diagnósticos inconclusivos; principais diagnósticos.: esquizofrenia (23,59%), psicose maníaca depressiva (4,20%), psicoses diversas (4,02%), delírio (3,83%), parafrenia (3,60%), depressão (3,19%), confusão mental (2,91%) configuravam 45,34% (982) do total; quadros sem serem estritamente psiquiátricos, mas poderiam ter sintomatologia derivada.: sífilis (10,80%), deficiência intelectual (8,08%), epilepsia (4,06%), alcoolismo (3,81%); 2.023 (93,40%) prontuários sem observação médica; 08 (0,37%) pacientes diagnosticados "sem perturbação mental"; 37 (1,71%) "sem diagnóstico conclusivo"; 920 (42,47%) prontuários sem dados de tratamentos; 213 (9,83%) sem definição de tratamentos. Conclusão: múltiplos diagnósticos para mesmo indivíduo; alguns pacientes não tinham quadros psiquiátricos; tratamentos repetidos, majoritariamente orgânicos, não produziram resultados efetivos

Objective: to analyze diagnoses and treatments in patients at the Juquery Hospital during the Vargas period. Method: a quantitative-qualitative, exploratory-descriptive study, analyzing the data using documentary analysis and historical documents. Results: 2. 166 medical records analyzed; times of social conflict and war with an increase in arrests and hospitalizations; multiple diagnoses for patients; inconclusive diagnoses; main diagnoses: schizophrenia (23.59%), manic depressive psychosis (4.20%), various psychoses (4.02%), delirium (3.83%), paraphrenia (3.60%), depression (3.19%), mental confusion (2.91%) made up 45.34% (982) of the total; conditions that were not strictly psychiatric, but could have derived symptoms: syphilis (10.80%), intellectual disability (8.08%), epilepsy (4.06%), alcoholism (3.81%); 2. 023 (93.40%) medical records without medical observation; 08 (0.37%) patients diagnosed "without mental disorder"; 37 (1.71%) "without conclusive diagnosis"; 920 (42.47%) medical records without treatment data; 213 (9.83%) without treatment definition. Conclusion: multiple diagnoses for the same individual; some patients did not have psychiatric conditions; repeated treatments, mostly organic, did not produce effective results

Objetivos:analizar los diagnósticos y tratamientos de los pacientes del Hospital de Juquery durante el período de Vargas. Método:estudio cuantitativo-cualitativo, exploratorio-descriptivo, analizando los datos mediante análisis documental y documentos históricos. Resultados: 2. 166 historias clínicas analizadas; época de conflicto social y guerra con aumento de detenciones y hospitalizaciones; diagnósticos múltiples para los pacientes; diagnósticos no concluyentes; principales diagnósticos: esquizofrenia (23,59%), psicosis maníaco depresiva (4,20%), psicosis diversas (4,02%), delirio (3,83%), parafrenia (3,60%), depresión (3,19%), confusión mental (2,91%) constituyeron el 45,34% (982) del total; afecciones no estrictamente psiquiátricas, pero que podían tener síntomas derivados: sífilis (10,80%), discapacidad intelectual (8,08%), epilepsia (4,06%), alcoholismo (3,81%); 2. 023 (93,40%) historias clínicas sin observación médica; 08 (0,37%) pacientes diagnosticados "sin trastorno mental"; 37 (1,71%) "sin diagnóstico concluyente"; 920 (42,47%) historias clínicas sin datos de tratamiento; 213 (9,83%) sin definición de tratamiento. Conclusión: múltiples diagnósticos para el mismo individuo; algunos pacientes no tenían afecciones psiquiátricas; los tratamientos repetidos, en su mayoría orgánicos, no produjeron resultados efectivos

[The becoming and development of the academic subject and scientific discipline "public health and health care organization" (to the centenary of the academician Yu. P. Lisitsyn Chair of Public Health and Health Care). Report I (beginning of XX century - 1963)].

The article presents analysis of becoming of academic subject and scientific discipline "Public Health and Health Care Organization" in Russia from beginning of the 20th century to 1963. The special attention was paid to the role in their becoming and development that played the Chair of Public Health and Health Care Organization of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University that is celebrating its centenary in 2023-2024 academic year. The contribution into this process of its prominent scientists and heads is considered.

Socio-historical representations of a disease: a study of posters from campaigns against Hansen's disease during the second half of the twentieth century. / Representações sócio-históricas de uma doença: um estudo sobre cartazes de campanhas para o combate à hanseníase na segunda metade do século XX.

This article analyzes the use of iconographic sources in the context of educational campaigns to combat Hansen's disease from a socio-historical perspective at four points in time: the 1950s, 1960s, 1980s, and 1990s. Four posters are analyzed to identify the elements (textual, visual or graphic) used to develop discourse on this disease and those it affected and transformations and permanences in this discourse, as well as to verify how they became part of a narrative of institutional memory linked to public health in the state of São Paulo. These were produced by various public health institutions and are part of the Health Campaign Poster Collection held by the Emílio Ribas Public Health Museum.

Este artigo analisa o uso de fontes iconográficas no contexto das campanhas educativas para o combate à hanseníase numa perspectiva sócio-histórica em quatro momentos: décadas de 1950, 1960, 1980 e 1990. São analisados quatro cartazes para identificar os elementos (textuais, visuais ou gráficos) utilizados para elaborar um discurso sobre a doença e os doentes; suas transformações discursivas e permanências, além de verificar como se tornaram parte de uma narrativa de memória institucional ligada à saúde pública paulista. As fontes estudadas fazem parte da coleção Cartazes de Campanhas de Saúde, cujos itens foram produzidos por diversas instituições ligadas à saúde pública e integram o acervo do Museu de Saúde Pública Emílio Ribas.