Current methods for contactless optical patient diagnosis: a systematic review.

Many countries around the world face a shortage of medical personnel, leading to work overload or even burnout. This calls for political and scientific solutions to relieve the medical personnel. The measurement of vital signs in hospitals is still predominately carried out manually with traditional contact-based methods, taking over a substantial share of the medical personnel's workload. The introduction of contactless methods for vital sign monitoring (e.g., with a camera) has great potential to relieve the medical personnel. This systematic review's objective is to analyze the state of the art in the field of contactless optical patient diagnosis. This review distinguishes itself from already existing reviews by considering studies that do not only propose the contactless measurement of vital signs but also include an automatic diagnosis of the patient's condition. This means that the included studies incorporate the physician's reasoning and evaluation of vital signs into their algorithms, allowing an automated patient diagnosis. The literature screening of two independent reviewers resulted in a total of five eligible studies. The highest number of studies (three) introduce methods for the risk assessment of infectious diseases, one study introduces a method for the risk assessment of cardiovascular diseases, and one study introduces a method for the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea. Overall, high heterogeneity in relevant study parameters is reported among the included studies. The low number of included studies indicates a large research gap and emphasizes the demand for further research on this emerging topic.

Modelo estándar de manual de procedimientos y calidad para la implementación del test rápido dual de VIH y sífilis / Standard model of procedures and quality manual for the implementation of the dual rapid test for HIV and syphilis

El presente manual es un documento base cuyo fin es ser adaptado por cada centro para normalizar los procedimientos atinentes al proceso de realización del test rápido dual para VIH y sífilis (TR). Es recomendable que esté completo antes de iniciar la realización sistemática de este estudio. Como todo manual de procedimiento, deberá ser actualizado cada vez que se produzca una modificación en alguna/s de sus secciones, detallando la fecha, versión y responsable de los estudios en ese centro. Este manual está organizado en tres partes: los Procedimientos operativos, el Circuito de atención y entrega de resultados, y el Control de calidad externo. (AU)

Situación en la realización de pruebas diagnósticas para SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) ante nueva variante Ómicron (B. 1. 1. 529) / Situation in the performance of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) in the face of the new Ómicron variant (B. 1. 1. 529)

INTRODUCCIÓN: El virus SARS-CoV-2, con el tiempo ha mutado y sigue presentando múltiples variantes, lo que ha dado lugar a una variación genética en la población de cepas virales circulantes en el transcurso de la pandemia de COVID-19. La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) ha estandarizado dichas variantes según el interés y preocupación que ocasionan. El espectro de la enfermedad es amplio e incluye desde cuadros leves y autolimitados hasta neumonía atípica severa y progresiva, falla multiorgánica y muerte. Se detecta en la saliva de pacientes con enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19) ha sido que este fluido biológico fuera relevante en términos del diagnóstico y transmisión de la infección. Se cree que el virus se replica en la nariz y la garganta, como se evidencia por la alta carga viral en la etapa temprana de infección en estas áreas. La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), el 26 de noviembre de 2021, designó al nuevo linaje B.1.1.529 del virus SARS-CoV-2 como Variante de Preocupación (VOC) para la salud pública, asignando el nombre según el alfabeto griego, Ómicron. Esta variante tiene significativamente más mutaciones que las variantes anteriores de SARS-CoV-2, por lo que es más transmisible, es decir se propaga con mayor facilidad. El incremento considerable de la detección de casos sospechosos de la variante B.1.1.529, ha llevado a OMS a tomar la decisión de designarla como una variante de preocupación como una medida de precaución. En medida de este contexto de la variante Ómicron los equipos de respuesta de los laboratorios de la OPS/OMS recomiendan las pruebas de laboratorio para diagnóstico de SARS-CoV-2 como diagnóstico molecular (RT-PCR en tiempo real) y diagnóstico por detección de Antígeno (Pruebas rápidas de antígeno, Ag-RDT). OBJETIVO: El objetivo del presente informe es describir la alta demanda de la realización de las pruebas diagnósticas para SARS-CoV-2 ante la nueva variante Ómicron (B.1.1.529) del SARS-CoV-2. METODOLOGÍA: Se efectuó una búsqueda electrónica en las páginas oficiales de las principales agencias gubernamentales de la región sobre el proceso de realización de las pruebas diagnósticas para SARS-CoV-2 ante la nueva variante Ómicron. La búsqueda fue limitada a documentos desarrollados en idioma español o inglés, sin restricción por fecha de publicación. La selección de las publicaciones se realizó a partir de la lectura de título y resumen, así como la selección a partir de la lectura de texto completo fue efectuada por un solo revisor. RESULTADOS: En cuanto a las recomendaciones sobre la realización de pruebas diagnósticas para el SARS-CoV-2 ante la nueva variante Ómicron, encontramos lo siguiente: Agencias Internacionales: OMS: La OMS recomienda a los estados miembros mejorar la vigilancia con pruebas rápidas (antigénicas), investigación rigurosa de conglomerados y rastreo de contactos sospechosos de ser infectados con la variante Ómicron. Adicionalmente, recomienda que las capacidad nacional de testeo y secuenciación genómica deben ser adecuadamente planificados por posibles incrementos en la demanda de pruebas diagnósticas. OPS: La OPS recomienda mantener los protocolos ya implementados de rutina para la detección molecular de SARS-CoV-2; también recomienda mantener el uso rutinario de las pruebas rápidas de antígeno según los protocolos de cada país [2]. Además, con el fin de mejorar la vigilancia genómica, la OPS recomienda incrementar la secuenciación con envío de muestras a los laboratorios de referencia de secuenciación de la Red Regional de Vigilancia Genómica de COVID-19 de la OPS/OMS (COVIGEN) y mantener o aumentar las capacidades en aquellos laboratorios que tienen plataformas de secuenciación ya implementadas [2]. Por otro lado, en la alerta epidemiológica del 10 de enero de 2022, la OPS recomienda el uso racional de pruebas diagnósticas frente al incremento acelerado de casos en varios países de Europa y América y el aumento abrupto del consumo de pruebas diagnósticas. Las recomendaciones comprenden criterios de priorización para el uso de pruebas de COVID-19, tanto antigénicas y moleculares, y son las siguientes: 1) todos los casos con indicación de hospitalización por síntomas respiratorios; 2) profesionales de la salud con síntomas respiratorios; 3) detección en pacientes que necesitan ser hospitalizados por otras razones según normativa de cada país; 4) profesionales con síntomas respiratorios que forman parte de servicios esenciales y presenciales. CDC: La CDC, junto a los laboratorios de salud pública de Estados Unidos y la Asociación de Laboratorios de Salud Pública, está implementando una vigilancia mejorada de especímenes con falla de detección del gen S (sospechoso de la variante Ómicron). La CDC solicita a los laboratorios de salud pública que le envíen los especímenes sospechosos lo más pronto posible para la confirmación del posible caso de variante Ómicron y consiguiente caracterización virológica [4]. De esta manera, Estados Unidos tiene un sistema de vigilancia mejorada y multifacética para detectar las variantes circulantes en el país. Este sistema obtiene datos de vigilancia genómica provenientes de 1) Vigilancia Nacional de Cepas de SARS-CoV-2; 2) Contratos de apoyo que tiene la CDC con laboratorios comerciales, y 3) Repositorios públicos (GISAID y NCBI). CONCLUSIONES: El objetivo del presente informe es describir la alta demanda de la realización de las pruebas diagnósticas para SARS-CoV-2 ante la nueva variante Ómicron (B.1.1.529) del SARS-CoV-2. La información provino de fuentes gubernamentales o de agencias internacionales que evaluaron e proceso de realización de las pruebas diagnósticas para SARS-CoV-2 ante la nueva variante Ómicron. Algunas agencias internacionales (OMS, OPS y CDC) recomiendan el incremento de las capacidades de realización de pruebas diagnósticas y secuenciación del genoma de especímenes sospechosos de ser variante Ómicron. También recomiendan el uso racional de pruebas diagnósticas. En el caso del CDC, se fortaleció el sistema de vigilancia a través de la obtención de especímenes provenientes de los laboratorios nacionales, laboratorios comerciales y repositorios públicos. La Comisión Europea recomienda incrementar las capacidades de las pruebas diagnósticas para la identificación rápida de la variante Ómicron. En el Reino Unido, frente a la alta prevalencia de COVID-19 se procedió a usar racionalmente las pruebas diagnósticas y las personas que tienen resultados positivos en las pruebas de antígenos pueden aislarse sin necesidad de realizar una prueba molecular confirmatoria. Ante la gran demanda de pruebas diagnósticas para COVID-19 y el récord de contagios en Argentina, la Administración Nacional de Medicamentos, Alimentos y Tecnología Médica (ANMAT), autorizó la realización de test de autoevaluación de venta exclusiva en farmacias para los productos aprobados de auto test de antígeno COVID-19 y test de prueba rápida para COVID-19, asimismo estas pruebas proporcionan resultados orientativos, sin valor diagnóstico concluyente. El Ministerio de Salud de Colombia, ante la sobredemanda de las pruebas diagnósticas moleculares y pruebas de antígenos para COVID-19, define criterios para el uso de estás en sus lineamientos y solamente se podrán utilizar la población de mayor riesgo, con comorbilidades o menores de tres años y las pruebas diagnósticas definidas por el Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. En cuanto algunos países, como Ecuador, Colombia, Argentina a racionalizar las pruebas diagnósticas de COVID-19, priorizando a personas con comorbilidades, menores de 3 años de edad, o con prescripción médica. Concluyendo lo expuesto con los informes consultados, el linaje B.1.1.529 (Ómicron) del virus SARS-CoV-2 como variante de preocupación (VOC) para la salud pública es responsable de un aumento en la capacidad de transmisión, una mayor prevalencia de casos y una reducción d la capacidad de identificación de casos por escasez de pruebas diagnósticas; por consiguiente algunas agencias recomendaron incrementar la capacidad de los laboratorios en la realización de pruebas diagnósticas, así como el uso racional de éstas.

An Efficient PCA-GA-HKSVM-Based Disease Diagnostic Assistant.

Disease diagnosis faces challenges such as misdiagnosis, lack of diagnosis, and slow diagnosis. There are several machine learning techniques that have been applied to address these challenges, where a set of symptoms is applied to a classification model that predicts the presence or absence of a disease. To improve on the performance of these techniques, this paper presents a technique which involves feature selection using principal component analysis (PCA), a hybrid kernel-based support vector machine (HKSVM) classification model and hyperparameter optimization using genetic algorithm (GA). The HKSVM in this paper introduces a new way of combining three kernels: Radial basis function (RBF), linear, and polynomial. Combining local (RBF) and global (linear and polynomial) kernels has the effect of improved model performance. This is because the local kernels are better able to distinguish points closer to each other while the global kernels are more suited to distinguish points that are far away from each other. The PCA-GA-HKSVM is used on 7 different medical datasets, with two datasets being multiclass datasets and 5 datasets being binary. Performance evaluation metrics used were accuracy, precision, and recall. It was observed that the PCA-GA-HKSVM offered better performance than the single kernel support vector machines (SVMs).

Evaluation of photography using head-mounted display technology (ICAPS) for district Trachoma surveys.

BACKGROUND: As the prevalence of trachoma declines worldwide, it is becoming increasingly expensive and challenging to standardize graders in the field for surveys to document elimination. Photography of the tarsal conjunctiva and remote interpretation may help alleviate these challenges. The purpose of this study was to develop, and field test an Image Capture and Processing System (ICAPS) to acquire hands-free images of the tarsal conjunctiva for upload to a virtual reading center for remote grading. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: This observational study was conducted during a district-level prevalence survey for trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) in Chamwino, Tanzania. The ICAPS was developed using a Samsung Galaxy S8 smartphone, a Samsung Gear VR headset, a foot pedal trigger and customized software allowing for hands-free photography. After a one-day training course, three trachoma graders used the ICAPS to collect images from 1305 children ages 1-9 years, which were expert-graded remotely for comparison with field grades. In our experience, the ICAPS was successful at scanning and assigning barcodes to images, focusing on the everted eyelid with adequate examiner hand visualization, and capturing images with sufficient detail to grade TF. The percentage of children with TF by photos and by field grade was 5%. Agreement between grading of the images compared to the field grades at the child level was kappa = 0.53 (95%CI = 0.40-0.66). There were ungradable images for at least one eye in 199 children (9.1%), with more occurring in children ages 1-3 (18.5%) than older children ages 4-9 (4.2%) (χ2 = 145.3, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The prototype ICAPS device was robust, able to image 1305 children in a district level survey and transmit images from rural Tanzania to an online grading platform. More work is needed to improve the percentage of ungradable images and to better understand the causes of disagreement between field and photo grading.

Moisture Response Films Versus the Starch Iodine Test for the Detection of Palmar Hyperhidrosis.

BACKGROUND: The starch iodine test (SIT) is the gold-standard diagnostic tool for primary palmar hyperhidrosis (PPH). OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and safety profile of a novel approach for the detection of PPH by moisture response films (MRF) in comparison to the SIT. METHODS: This prospective comparative study of the 2 tests was conducted on 17 patients with PPH. Disease severity was evaluated by the SIT and the MRF methods during 4 sessions (twice before and twice after botulinum toxin [BTX] injections) on different days and by different investigators. The physician's global assessment (PGA) scoring of the comparable visual results was evaluated by 2 blinded independent dermatologists. The Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale (HDSS) scores of the patients at baseline and after the BTX injections were correlated with the SIT and MRF results. RESULTS: The objective PGA scoring of the SIT results demonstrated poor correlation, whereas the objective PGA scoring of the MRF results correlated highly with the patients' HDSS scores both at baseline and after the BTX injections. CONCLUSION: Analysis of palmar hyperhidrosis by means of MRF was superior to SIT and was demonstrated to be more efficient, convenient, and accurate.

Small-volume detection: platform developments for clinically-relevant applications.

Biochemical analysis of human body fluids is a frequent and fruitful strategy for disease diagnosis. Point-of-care (POC) diagnostics offers the tantalizing possibility of providing rapid diagnostic results in non-laboratory settings. Successful diagnostic testing using body fluids has been reported on in the literature; however, small-volume detection devices, which offer remarkable advantages such as portability, inexpensiveness, capacity for mass production, and tiny sample volume requirements have not been thoroughly discussed. Here, we review progress in this research field, with a focus on developments since 2015. In this review article, we provide a summary of articles that have detailed the development of small-volume detection strategies using clinical samples over the course of the last 5 years. Topics covered include small-volume detection strategies in ophthalmology, dermatology or plastic surgery, otolaryngology, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis. In ophthalmology, advances in technology could be applied to examine tear or anterior chamber (AC) fluid for glucose, lactoferrin, interferon, or VEGF. These approaches could impact detection and care for diseases including diabetic mellitus, dry-eye disease, and age-related maculopathy. Early detection and easy monitoring are critical approaches for improving overall care and outcome. In dermatology or plastic surgery, small-volume detection strategies have been applied for passive or interactive wound dressing, wound healing monitoring, and blister fluid analysis for autoimmune disease diagnosis. In otolaryngology, the analysis of nasal secretions and mucosa could be used to differentiate between allergic responses and infectious diseases. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis could be applied in neurodegenerative diseases, central neural system infection and tumor diagnosis. Other small-volume fluids that have been analyzed for diagnostic and monitoring purposes include semen and cervico-vaginal fluids. We include more details regarding each of these fluids, associated collection and detection devices, and approaches in our review.

Development status and prospects of international standardization of medical devices of Traditional Chinese Medicine.

As Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) becomes widely used in many countries around the world, global demand for intelligent and modernized medical devices of TCM is increasing. Medical devices of TCM have played an important role in diagnosis and treatment of disease. Standardization on medical devices of TCM cannot only be beneficial to ensuring the life safety of patients, but also to enhancing the effectiveness of diagnosis and treatment. This paper includes (1) classification and trends in medical devices of TCM; (2) status review on international standardization of medical devices of TCM; (3) key technical factors in developing international standards for medical devices of TCM and (4) prospects for international standardization development of medical devices of TCM.

Review of methods for the detection of Lawsonia intracellularis infection in pigs.

Lawsonia intracellularis is an obligate intracellular bacterium associated with enteric disease in pigs. Clinical signs include weight loss, diarrhea, and, in some cases, sudden death. The hallmark lesion is the thickening of the intestinal mucosa caused by increased epithelial cell replication, known as proliferative enteropathy. The immune response to L. intracellularis is not well defined, and detection of the infection, especially in the early stages, is still a significant challenge. We review here the main approaches used to identify this important but poorly understood pathogen. Detection of L. intracellularis infection as the cause of clinical disease is confounded by the high prevalence of the pathogen in many countries and that several other pathogens can produce similar clinical signs. A single L. intracellularis-specific ELISA and several amplification assays are available commercially to aid detection and surveillance, although histopathology remains the primary way to reach a conclusive diagnosis. There are major gaps in our understanding of L. intracellularis pathogenesis, especially how the host responds to infection and the factors that drive infection toward different clinical outcomes. Knowledge of pathogenesis will increase the predictive value of antemortem tests to guide appropriate interventions, including identification and treatment of subclinically affected pigs in the early stages of disease, given that this important manifestation reduces pig productivity and contributes to the economic burden of L. intracellularis worldwide.

Magnetic Levitation Systems for Disease Diagnostics.

Magnetic levitation (MagLev) is a well-documented, robust technique for density measurements and separations. Although the potential of MagLev as an emerging tool in biotechnology has been recently investigated, the practical use of MagLev in diagnosis and disease detection merits further attention. This review highlights the diagnostic capacity of a simple and portable MagLev system and the possibilities and limitations of the MagLev technique for density-based separation, classification, and manipulation of soft matter and biological systems (e.g., cells, proteins), which in turn may pave the way for the discovery of disease-specific biomarkers.

Point-of-care measured serum cholinesterase activity predicts patient outcome following severe burns.

Risk stratification is of utmost importance in burn therapy. However, suitable bedside biomarkers to evaluate the emerging inflammatory response following burn injuries are missing. Serum cholinesterase (butyrylcholinesterase, BChE) has been shown to be a clinically relevant biomarker in acute inflammatory diseases including burns. In this observational cohort study BChE activity was measured by using point-of-care testing (POCT), a novel method in acute burn care. POCT measurements were performed at emergency room admission (ERA) of 35 patients and repeated 12, 24 and 48 h later. All patients or their legal designees gave informed consent. Patients with burn injuries showed sustained BChE activity reduction following hospital admission. BChE activity correlated negatively with burn injury severity, organ failure severity and intensive care unit resource requirements. BChE activity measured at ERA and 12 h later identified survivors and predicted 28-day patient outcome with noninferior efficacy compared to the abbreviated burn severity index (ABSI) scoring. Finally, POCT-measured BChE activity might complement ABSI scoring and possibly improve early risk stratification in acute burn care therapy.

Cephalometric for Orthognathic Surgery (COGS) Analysis for Saudi Population

ABSTRACT Objective: To establish the cephalometric (Ceph.) norm by Ceph. for orthognathic surgery (COGS) analysis for Saudi population. Material and Methods: 500 adult Saudi samples (250 males and 250 females) with the age range of 18-30 years old were selected for this study. The selections of samples were based on a normal occlusal relationship, no history of facial trauma and no previous orthodontic treatment. Lateral Ceph. radiographs were tracing by CASSOS software and analyzed by SPSS software according to COGS analysis. Results: Significant differences were showed between the Saudi males and females on most of the Ceph. parameters. The Saudi males had a convex facial profile with chin prominent and more bimaxillary protrusion, upper and lower lip protrusion than the Saudi females. Conclusion: This study evaluated the craniofacial morphological difference between the male and the female population in Saudi Arabia by using COGS analysis. The finding of this study will help for better diagnosis of orthodontic and orthognathic surgical treatment planning and identify the morphological facial characteristics of Saudi patients.

Using the No-Apnea score to screen for obstructive sleep apnea in adults referred to a sleep laboratory: comparative study of the performance of the instrument by gender.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of the No-Apnea score, a simplified screening instrument for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), by gender. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study including adults undergoing full polysomnography. The No-Apnea model comprises two items (neck circumference and age) with a total score of 0 to 9. The severity of OSA was categorized, on the basis of the apnea-hypopnea index, as any (≥ 5 events/h), moderate-to-severe (≥ 15 events/h), or severe (≥ 30 events/h). The performance of the No-Apnea instrument was assessed by determining the area under the (ROC) curve (AUC) and by constructing contingency tables. RESULTS: We evaluated a total of 6,606 adults (53.8% men). For categorizing the level of OSA severity, the No-Apnea score had a sensitivity of 83.9-93.0% and a specificity of 57.3-35.2%. At all OSA severity levels, the No-Apnea score exhibited higher sensitivity and lower specificity in men than in women. The No-Apnea score proved to be an appropriate screening model for patients in general or when separated by gender or severity of OSA (AUC > 0.7 for all). The discriminatory power of the No-Apnea score to predict any, moderate-to-severe, and severe OSA was similar between genders (p = 0.109, p = 0.698, and p = 0.094, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In a sample of adults referred to the sleep laboratory, there was no significant difference between men and women in terms of the discriminatory power of the No-Apnea instrument in for screening for OSA severity.