E-Health: Security, Privacy, and Ethics Requirements from a National Perspective in I. R. Iran.

This paper explores the security, privacy, and ethical implications of e-health data in Iran's healthcare network. A framework is proposed to ensure security and privacy in electronic health information processing across various institutions. The framework addresses aspects such as software/hardware, communication networks, patient safety, privacy, confidentiality, online health service regulations, commercial and judicial exploitation, and education/research. The study categorizes these requirements into seven main categories to safeguard health-oriented service recipients' security and privacy.

Digital Mental Health for Schizophrenia and Other Severe Mental Illnesses: An International Consensus on Current Challenges and Potential Solutions.

BACKGROUND: Digital approaches may be helpful in augmenting care to address unmet mental health needs, particularly for schizophrenia and severe mental illness (SMI). OBJECTIVE: An international multidisciplinary group was convened to reach a consensus on the challenges and potential solutions regarding collecting data, delivering treatment, and the ethical challenges in digital mental health approaches for schizophrenia and SMI. METHODS: The consensus development panel method was used, with an in-person meeting of 2 groups: the expert group and the panel. Membership was multidisciplinary including those with lived experience, with equal participation at all stages and coproduction of the consensus outputs and summary. Relevant literature was shared in advance of the meeting, and a systematic search of the recent literature on digital mental health interventions for schizophrenia and psychosis was completed to ensure that the panel was informed before the meeting with the expert group. RESULTS: Four broad areas of challenge and proposed solutions were identified: (1) user involvement for real coproduction; (2) new approaches to methodology in digital mental health, including agreed standards, data sharing, measuring harms, prevention strategies, and mechanistic research; (3) regulation and funding issues; and (4) implementation in real-world settings (including multidisciplinary collaboration, training, augmenting existing service provision, and social and population-focused approaches). Examples are provided with more detail on human-centered research design, lived experience perspectives, and biomedical ethics in digital mental health approaches for SMI. CONCLUSIONS: The group agreed by consensus on a number of recommendations: (1) a new and improved approach to digital mental health research (with agreed reporting standards, data sharing, and shared protocols), (2) equal emphasis on social and population research as well as biological and psychological approaches, (3) meaningful collaborations across varied disciplines that have previously not worked closely together, (4) increased focus on the business model and product with planning and new funding structures across the whole development pathway, (5) increased focus and reporting on ethical issues and potential harms, and (6) organizational changes to allow for true communication and coproduction with those with lived experience of SMI. This study approach, combining an international expert meeting with patient and public involvement and engagement throughout the process, consensus methodology, discussion, and publication, is a helpful way to identify directions for future research and clinical implementation in rapidly evolving areas and can be combined with measurements of real-world clinical impact over time. Similar initiatives will be helpful in other areas of digital mental health and similarly fast-evolving fields to focus research and organizational change and effect improved real-world clinical implementation.

Tacit social experimentation with digital technologies during the Covid-19 crisis.

In the management of the Covid 19 crisis, digital technologies were used in a major way. This article defends the hypothesis that these technologies took the form of a "tacit social experimentation". This article justifies this concept in three levels. The first part uses this concept to qualify the form of biopolitics that was implemented to manage the crisis. Digital technologies were used to discipline the population and, literally speaking, as instruments of knowledge of the population. Uncertainty forced experts to make preliminary observations and act to produce knowledge. Second, this article shows that the use of digital technologies during the crisis was experimental in a second sense. By promoting telemedicine within a more flexible legal framework, the authorities authorised an experimental use of telemedicine without knowledge or control of its side effects. Finally, the article defends the use of the concept of "tacit social experimentation" for ethical and political purposes. For indeed, understanding the experiments carried out during the crisis begs the question of the involvement of the participants and their democratic steering.

Ethical considerations for artificial intelligence in dermatology: a scoping review.

The field of dermatology is experiencing the rapid deployment of artificial intelligence (AI), from mobile applications (apps) for skin cancer detection to large language models like ChatGPT that can answer generalist or specialist questions about skin diagnoses. With these new applications, ethical concerns have emerged. In this scoping review, we aimed to identify the applications of AI to the field of dermatology and to understand their ethical implications. We used a multifaceted search approach, searching PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar for primary literature, following the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews guidance. Our advanced query included terms related to dermatology, AI and ethical considerations. Our search yielded 202 papers. After initial screening, 68 studies were included. Thirty-two were related to clinical image analysis and raised ethical concerns for misdiagnosis, data security, privacy violations and replacement of dermatologist jobs. Seventeen discussed limited skin of colour representation in datasets leading to potential misdiagnosis in the general population. Nine articles about teledermatology raised ethical concerns, including the exacerbation of health disparities, lack of standardized regulations, informed consent for AI use and privacy challenges. Seven addressed inaccuracies in the responses of large language models. Seven examined attitudes toward and trust in AI, with most patients requesting supplemental assessment by a physician to ensure reliability and accountability. Benefits of AI integration into clinical practice include increased patient access, improved clinical decision-making, efficiency and many others. However, safeguards must be put in place to ensure the ethical application of AI.

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in dermatology is rapidly increasing, with applications in dermatopathology, medical dermatology, cutaneous surgery, microscopy/spectroscopy and the identification of prognostic biomarkers (characteristics that provide information on likely patient health outcomes). However, with the rise of AI in dermatology, ethical concerns have emerged. We reviewed the existing literature to identify applications of AI in the field of dermatology and understand the ethical implications. Our search initially identified 202 papers, and after we went through them (screening), 68 were included in our review. We found that ethical concerns are related to the use of AI in the areas of clinical image analysis, teledermatology, natural language processing models, privacy, skin of colour representation, and patient and provider attitudes toward AI. We identified nine ethical principles to facilitate the safe use of AI in dermatology. These ethical principles include fairness, inclusivity, transparency, accountability, security, privacy, reliability, informed consent and conflict of interest. Although there are many benefits of integrating AI into clinical practice, our findings highlight how safeguards must be put in place to reduce rising ethical concerns.

Chapitre 1. La télémédecine et ses implications sur la relation médecin/patient.

The practice of telemedicine is likely to raise ethical and legal problems that affect the doctor-patient relationship. Therefore, the respect of ethical principles is necessary, in addition to the involvement of the legislator, who must enact specific instruments capable of identifying all the problems caused by telemedicine and contributing to a certain humanization of the doctor-patient relationship.

Bioética y virtualidad en la relación médico-paciente / Bioethics and virtuality in the doctor-patient relationship

The paper proposes, as the topic of analysis, the emergence of telemedicine, a tool that has been intensively used by doctors and other professionals during the covid pandemic. The essay, divided into two parts, first describes the current situation of telemedicine and afterwards proposes a few precautionary theses, related to telemedicine and the doctor-patient relationship according to the undestanding that the latter has been inherited and transmitted by medical anthropology and the medical humanities. (AU)

Dos and don'ts for mHealth-based clinical support among clinicians in South Africa: Results from a 1-day workshop.

Digital technologies continue to penetrate the South African (SA) healthcare sector at an increasing rate. Clinician-to-clinician diagnostic and management assistance through mHealth is expanding rapidly, reducing professional isolation and unnecessary referrals, and promoting better patient outcomes and more equitable healthcare systems. However, the widespread uptake of mHealth use raises ethical concerns around patient autonomy and safety, and guidance for healthcare workers around the ethical use of mHealth is needed. This article presents the results of a multi-stakeholder workshop at which the 'dos and don'ts' pertaining to mHealth ethics in the SA context were formulated and aligned to seven basic recommendations derived from the literature and previous multi-stakeholder, multi-country meetings.

Home-Based Telemental Health: A Proposed Privacy and Safety Protocol and Tool.

Objectives: To describe the development of a protocol and practical tool for the safe delivery of telemental health (TMH) services to the home. The COVID-19 pandemic forced providers to rapidly transition their outpatient practices to home-based TMH (HB-TMH) without existing protocols or tools to guide them. This experience underscored the need for a standardized privacy and safety tool as HB-TMH is expected to continue as a resource during future crises as well as to become a component of the routine mental health care landscape. Methods: The authors represent a subset of the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Telemental Health Consortium. They met weekly through videoconferencing to review published safety standards of care, existing TMH guidelines for clinic-based and home-based services, and their own institutional protocols. They agreed on three domains foundational to the delivery of HB-TMH: environmental safety, clinical safety, and disposition planning. Through multiple iterations, they agreed upon a final Privacy and Safety Protocol for HB-TMH. The protocol was then operationalized into the Privacy and Safety Assessment Tool (PSA Tool) based on two keystone medical safety constructs: the World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist/Time-Out and the Checklist Manifesto.Results: The PSA Tool comprised four modules: (1) Screening for Safety for HB-TMH; (2) Assessment for Safety During the HB-TMH Initial Visit; (3) End of the Initial Visit and Disposition Planning; and (4) the TMH Time-Out and Reassessment during subsequent visits. A sample workflow guides implementation. Conclusions: The Privacy and Safety Protocol and PSA Tool aim to prepare providers for the private and safe delivery of HB-TMH. Its modular format can be adapted to each site's resources. Going forward, the PSA Tool should help to facilitate the integration of HB-TMH into the routine mental health care landscape.

A statewide elder mistreatment virtual assessment program: Legal, ethical, and practical issues.

Telecommunication assisted forensic assessments of capacity and mistreatment by geriatricians with expertise in elder abuse and self-neglect are helping to meet the demand for such forensic services for Adult Protective Services (APS) clients in remote and underserved areas of Texas. The use of synchronous audiovisual assisted interviews instead of in-person interviews with clients to provide capacity assessments has become more important with the arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic. There is growing interest in establishing similar programs in other states using geriatrician faculty from medical schools to serve the clients of their state Adult Protective Services agencies. The arrangement between APS and the geriatricians at McGovern Medical School in Houston, Texas is novel. The structure of the arrangement is important for the success of the program. Legal, ethical, and practical considerations are discussed in this article, including approaches to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, physician liability, state law, and resource limitations. It is hoped that sharing how one such collaboration has addressed these important issues will suggest approaches for the structuring of similar programs.

Working online due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a research and literature review.

Given the contemporary situation of many analysts in the world now being forced to work online due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is important to review the working online issue. Substantial debate over previous years has questioned whether a genuine analytic process can unfold through online work. This debate is reviewed with the conclusion that such a process is not necessarily precluded. Research outcomes are then reviewed to highlight those things that can facilitate positive outcomes when working online. These cover the 'online disinhibition effect', the therapeutic alliance, particular ways of using the screen, focussing on trauma, the importance of self-awareness, knowing the predictors of mental health, certain potential positives of isolation/quarantine and psychotherapy interventions that may be currently needed. Final recommendations and suggestions are then presented as in the diagnosis issue, professional development and guidelines to do with practical and ethical considerations.

Etant donnée la situation actuelle dans laquelle beaucoup d'analystes dans le monde sont maintenant obligés de travailler en ligne du fait des effets de la pandémie de COVID-19, il est important de revisiter le sujet du travail en ligne. Dans les dernières années, il y a eu un débat important sur la question de savoir si un authentique travail analytique pouvait se déployer dans le cadre d'un travail en ligne. Ce débat est revisité ici avec la conclusion qu'un tel processus n'est pas nécessairement rendu impossible. Les résultats de recherches sont alors étudiés afin de souligner les éléments qui peuvent faciliter des effets positifs quand on travaille en ligne. Cela recouvre 'l'effet de désinhibition du travail en ligne', l'alliance thérapeutique, les manières particulières d'utiliser l'écran, se concentrer sur le traumatisme, l'importance de la conscience de soi, la connaissance des indicateurs de santé mentale, certains aspects potentiellement positifs de l'isolation/la quarantaine et les interventions psychothérapeutiques qui peuvent alors être avisées. Des recommandations et des suggestions sont enfin présentées au sujet du diagnostic, de la formation continue et des consignes sur les considérations pratiques et éthiques.

Dada la situación contemporánea de muchos analistas en el mundo forzados en la actualidad a trabajar en línea debido a los efectos de la pandemia COVID-19, es importante revisar el tema del trabajo online. Durante los años previos, un debate sustancial ha cuestionado si un genuino proceso analítico puede llevarse a cabo a través del trabajo online. Este debate es revisado con la conclusión de que semejante proceso no está necesariamente impedido. Los resultados de la investigación son luego revisados para destacar aquellos elementos que pueden facilitar resultados positivos al trabajar online. Los mismos abarcan, 'el efecto online de desinhibición', la alianza terapéutica, los modos particulares de usar la pantalla, el focalizarse en el trauma, la importancia del autoconocimiento, el conocer los predictores en salud mental, ciertos potenciales positivos del aislamiento/cuarentena e intervenciones en psicoterapia que pueden ser necesarias en la actualidad. Se presentan recomendaciones finales y sugerencias, en el tema diagnóstico, desarrollo profesional y guías con consideraciones prácticas y éticas.

Consideraciones éticas para la práctica de la telemedicina en el Perú: desafíos en los tiempos de COVID-19 / Ethical considerations for the practice of telemedicine in Peru: challenges in the time of COVID-19

La telemedicina tiene un potencial significativo para beneficiar a los pacientes pero también plantea desafíos éticos, lo que podría debilitar la relación médico-paciente. La práctica ética de la telemedicina evita riesgos en la calidad, la seguridad y la continuidad de la atención médica. Este artículo se propone explicar cómo pueden desempeñarse las responsabilidades éticas fundamentales en telemedicina dentro del contexto peruano, en especial durante la actual pandemia por COVID-19. Se analiza los desafíos para la aplicación de la práctica de la telemedicina basada en la evidencia, la necesidad de entrenamiento en telemedicina, y la gestión de conflictos de intereses(AU)

Telemedicine has significant potential for the benefit of patients, but it also poses ethical challenges which could weaken the doctor-patient relationship. The ethical practice of telemedicine prevents risks related to the quality, safety and continuity of medical care. The purpose of the study was to describe the way in which the fundamental ethical responsibilities in the field of telemedicine are complied with in the Peruvian context, particularly during the current COVID-19 pandemic. An analysis is conducted of the challenges faced by evidence-based telemedicine practice, the need for training in telemedicine, and the management of conflicts of interest(AU)

Telemedicine, ethics, and law in times of COVID-19. A look towards the future.

The health emergency in Spain caused by COVID-19 was of such a magnitude that on March 14, 2020, a state of alarm was declared that lasted for more than three months. This ongoing pandemic has affected a vast number of people. Among the measures taken to reduce the risk of contagion, visits to health centers have been reduced and virtual consultations have increased. Once the pandemic ends, it will be necessary to consider whether telemedicine should be limited to periods of health crises or whether it could become a new way of practicing medicine. Telemedicine lacks specific regulations and has loopholes that leave physicians with a considerable degree of insecurity. This article analyzes the limits, precautions, and legal standards of the use of telemedicine.

Direct patient-to-physician teledermatology: Not a flash in the pan(demic).

Dermatology is a clinical and visual discipline, which makes it the quintessential medical specialty for spot diagnosis and telemedicine. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an unprecedented worldwide renaissance of teledermatology (TD). It has helped deliver high-quality medical care, while protecting the medical personnel and vulnerable patients from potential infection. Examining a patient from a distance through digital photography has many drawbacks, including lack of physical touch, difficulties in performing full body examinations, and several legal and ethical issues. We summarize have summarized the more common pitfalls and highlight the key aspects of direct patient-to-physician TD. Basic practical advice includes the use of TD for obtaining patient history, examining patient-captured photographs for inflammatory skin disease, and skin cancer screening.

Use of Telemedicine and Smart Technology in Obstetrics: Barriers and Privacy Issues.

While telemedicine had been utilized in varying ways over the last several years, it has dramatically accelerated in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. In this article we describe the privacy issues, in relation to the barriers to care for health care providers and barriers to the obstetric patient, licensing and payments for telehealth services, technological issues and language barriers. While there may be barriers to the use of telehealth services this type of care is feasible and the barriers are surmountable.