RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Although synthetic preservatives and antioxidants may have high antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, they are usually associated with adverse effects on human health. Currently, there is a growing interest in natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of two medicinal plant extracts and one active compound. Olive leaf extracts (0.2, 0.3, and 0.4% w/v), oleuropein (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6% w/v), thyme oil (0.1%), and oleuropein in combination with thyme oil (0.4% w/v and 0.1% v/v) were used against three bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus) and two fungal strains (Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger). RESULTS: The use of oleuropein resulted in complete antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. In this context, a reduction of 7 logs was achieved during the storage period (4 weeks). Oleuropein showed no fungal activity at low concentrations (0.2%), but Aspergillus niger was reduced by 2.35 logs at higher concentrations (0.6% w/v). Similar antibacterial and antifungal properties were observed for the olive leaf extracts. Oleuropein at a concentration of 0.4 w/v and a mixture of oleuropein and thyme at concentrations of 0.4 and 0.1 (v/v) showed strong antimicrobial activity against the studied microorganisms. CONCLUSION: Olive leaf extract, thyme oil, and oleuropein have strong antibacterial and weak antifungal properties. There was a good synergistic effect between oleuropein and thymol.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Antifúngicos , Glucosídeos Iridoides , Iridoides , Olea , Extratos Vegetais , Folhas de Planta , Thymus (Planta) , Thymus (Planta)/química , Glucosídeos Iridoides/farmacologia , Olea/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Iridoides/farmacologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Aspergillus niger/efeitos dos fármacos , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
There is considerable interest in the use of essential oils for food preservation, but their effect on the aroma profile of a product is poorly understood. This study investigated the effect of thyme essential oil (EO) addition at increasing concentrations (0.005, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03% v/w) on the volatile compound composition of vacuum-packed minced turkey meat after storage for 8 days at 1-2 °C. The aroma profile of the meat was determined using the HS-SPME/GCMS (headspace solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) method. The results were also analysed by PCA (principal component analysis). The addition of thyme EO had a modifying effect on the aroma profile of meat-derived components, e.g., the formation of benzeneacetaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, 4,7-dimethylbenzofuran, hexathiane, hexanal, and 1-hexanol was reduced and the appearance of 9-hexadecenoic acid was observed in the stored samples. The increase in EO concentration affected the levels of its individual components in the meat headspace in different ways. In terms of fat rancidity indices, even a 0.005% addition of this essential oil significantly reduced the peroxide value. Quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) showed that the addition of thyme EO reduced or masked the intensity of unpleasant odours associated with meat spoilage. In the aroma analysis, the turkey with 0.02% v/w EO scored highest, and pleasant citrus notes were found.
Assuntos
Conservação de Alimentos , Odorantes , Óleos Voláteis , Thymus (Planta) , Perus , Óleos Voláteis/química , Thymus (Planta)/química , Animais , Vácuo , Odorantes/análise , Conservação de Alimentos/métodos , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Microextração em Fase Sólida , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/análise , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/química , Embalagem de Alimentos , Carne/análise , Armazenamento de Alimentos/métodosRESUMO
In this study, the effect of Thymus vulgaris essential oil (TVO) nanoemulsion (NE, 500 mg/L) in combination with ultrasound (ultrasound-NE) on the microbial and physiological quality of green bell pepper was investigated. The TVO-NE droplet size and zeta potential were 84.26 nm and - 0.77 mV, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the TVO and TVO-NE against E. coli and S. aureus were about 0.07 and 7 g/L, respectively. The NE-ultrasound treatment exhibited the lowest peroxidase activity and respiration rate with no detrimental effect on texture, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, pH, and TSS. Although the NE-ultrasound treatment showed the highest weight loss and electrolytic leakage, it exhibited the best visual color and appearance. The NE-ultrasound treatment descended the total viable/mold and yeast counts significantly compared to control. Results showed that treating the bell peppers with NE-ultrasound can result in bell peppers with good postharvest quality and extended shelf life.
Assuntos
Capsicum , Escherichia coli , Nanocápsulas , Óleos Voláteis , Staphylococcus aureus , Thymus (Planta) , Thymus (Planta)/química , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Óleos Voláteis/química , Capsicum/química , Capsicum/microbiologia , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Conservação de Alimentos/métodos , Ultrassom/métodos , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Ondas Ultrassônicas , EmulsõesRESUMO
Chemical residues in food pose health risks such as cancer and liver issues. This has driven the search for safer natural alternatives to synthetic fungicides and preservatives. The aim of this study was to characterize the chemical composition of the essential oils (EO), determine the polyphenolic contents, and evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and antifungal activities of methanol extracts (ME), essential oils (EO), and powders from Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) and Thymus ciliatus (Desf) Benth. (thyme) from the M'sila region, Algeria. The chemical composition of the EOs was determined by GC-MS. R. officinalis EO was composed of 31 components, mainly camphor (41.22%), camphene (18.14%), and α-pinene (17.49%); T. ciliatus EO was composed of 58 components, mainly, in percentage, α-pinene (22.18), myrcene (13.13), ß-pinene (7.73), ß-caryophyllene (10.21), and germacrene D (9.90). The total phenols and flavonoids were determined spectrophotometrically, and the rosemary ME was found to possess the highest polyphenolic content (127.1 ± 2.40 µg GAE/mg), while the thyme ME had the highest flavonoid content (48.01 ± 0.99 µg QE/mg). The antioxidant activity was assessed using three methods: rosemary ME was the most potent, followed by DPPH (IC50 = 13.43 ± 0.14 µg/mL), ß-carotene/linoleic acid (IC50 = 39.01 ± 2.16 µg/mL), and reducing power (EC50 = 15.03 ± 1.43 µg/mL). Antifungal activity was assessed for 32 pathogenic and foodborne fungi. Four methods were applied to the solid medium. Incorporating the powdered plant into the culture medium (at 10%) reduced the fungal growth to greater than 50% in 21.88% and 6.25% of all fungal isolates, for R. officinalis and T. ciliatus, respectively. The ME, applied by the well diffusion method (0.1 g/mL), was less effective. Different concentrations of EO were tested. Incorporating the EO into the culture medium (1500 µL/L) inhibited 50% of the molds to levels of 50 and 75% for R. officinalis and T. ciliatus, respectively, with the complete inhibition of four fungi. Fumigated EO (15 µL) inhibited 65% of the molds to levels of 65 and 81.25% for R. officinalis and T. ciliatus, respectively, with the complete inhibition of five fungi. There was little to no sporulation in conjunction with the inhibition. Our results revealed some of the potential of the studied plants to fight foodborne molds and presented their promising characteristics as a source of alternatives to chemical pesticides and synthetic preservatives. Further studies are needed to find adequate application techniques in the food safety area.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos , Antioxidantes , Óleos Voláteis , Extratos Vegetais , Rosmarinus , Thymus (Planta) , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Óleos Voláteis/química , Thymus (Planta)/química , Rosmarinus/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/química , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Compostos Fitoquímicos/química , Compostos Fitoquímicos/análise , Monoterpenos Bicíclicos/farmacologia , Monoterpenos Bicíclicos/química , Metanol/química , Pós , Monoterpenos Acíclicos/farmacologia , Monoterpenos/farmacologia , Monoterpenos/análise , Monoterpenos/química , Cânfora/farmacologia , Cânfora/análise , Cânfora/química , AlcenosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Microbial growth during plant tissue culture is a common problem that causes significant losses in the plant micro-propagation system. Most of these endophytic microbes have the ability to propagate through horizontal and vertical transmission. On the one hand, these microbes provide a rich source of several beneficial metabolites. RESULTS: The present study reports on the isolation of fungal species from different in vitro medicinal plants (i.e., Breynia disticha major, Breynia disticha, Duranta plumieri, Thymus vulgaris, Salvia officinalis, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Ocimum basilicum l) cultures. These species were tested for their indole acetic acid (IAA) production capability. The most effective species for IAA production was that isolated from Thymus vulgaris plant (11.16 µg/mL) followed by that isolated from sweet basil plant (8.78 µg/mL). On screening for maximum IAA productivity, medium, "MOS + tryptophan" was chosen that gave 18.02 µg/mL. The macroscopic, microscopic examination and the 18S rRNA sequence analysis indicated that the isolate that given code T4 was identified as Neopestalotiopsis aotearoa (T4). The production of IAA by N. aotearoa was statistically modeled using the Box-Behnken design and optimized for maximum level, reaching 63.13 µg/mL. Also, IAA extract was administered to sweet basil seeds in vitro to determine its effect on plant growth traits. All concentrations of IAA extract boosted germination parameters as compared to controls, and 100 ppm of IAA extract exhibited a significant growth promotion effect for all seed germination measurements. CONCLUSIONS: The IAA produced from N. aotearoa (T4) demonstrated an essential role in the enhancement of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) growth, suggesting that it can be employed to promote the plant development while lowering the deleterious effect of using synthetic compounds in the environment.
Assuntos
Endófitos , Germinação , Ácidos Indolacéticos , Ocimum basilicum , Sementes , Thymus (Planta) , Ocimum basilicum/microbiologia , Thymus (Planta)/química , Ácidos Indolacéticos/metabolismo , Endófitos/fisiologia , Endófitos/metabolismo , Endófitos/isolamento & purificação , Endófitos/genética , Germinação/efeitos dos fármacos , Sementes/microbiologia , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sementes/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Objective: Trichomonas vaginalis is a sexually transmitted protozoan parasite that usually causes infections in women. Metronidazole is used as the first choice in the treatment of this parasitic disease, but there is a need for new drugs since 1980's with increasing numbers of reported resistance. In this study, it was aimed to determine the antitrichomonal activity of the major components of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) and Thymus vulgaris (thyme) essential oils, cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol and thymol against metronidazole resistant and susceptible T. vaginalis strains, and to determine their interaction with metronidazole by checkerboard method. Methods: Cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol, thymol and metronidazole were obtained commercially. Two clinical isolates and one metronidazole resistant T. vaginalis reference strain were used in the study. MIC50 and MLC values of essential oil components and metronidazole were determined by broth microdilution method. The combinations of essential oil components with metronidazole were determined by the checkerboard method. Results: According to in vitro activity tests, cinnamaldehyde was determined to be most effective essential oil component. Clinical isolates were susceptible to metronidazole. In combination study, metronidazole showed synergy with cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol, and partial synergy with thymol. Conclusion: It was determined that cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol and thymol, which are known to have high antimicrobial activity, also have strong activity against T. vaginalis isolates and show a synergistic interaction with metronidazole. The use of metronidazole at lower doses in the synergistic interaction may contribute to the literature in terms of reducing drug side effects, creating a versatile antimicrobial target, and reducing the rate of resistance development.
Assuntos
Acroleína , Cimenos , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Metronidazol , Monoterpenos , Óleos Voláteis , Timol , Thymus (Planta) , Trichomonas vaginalis , Acroleína/análogos & derivados , Acroleína/farmacologia , Timol/farmacologia , Cimenos/farmacologia , Metronidazol/farmacologia , Humanos , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Thymus (Planta)/química , Trichomonas vaginalis/efeitos dos fármacos , Monoterpenos/farmacologia , Feminino , Cinnamomum zeylanicum/química , Antiprotozoários/farmacologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Resistência a MedicamentosRESUMO
This study aimed to evaluate the impact of thyme and/or garlic oil administration on growth performance, immunity, antioxidant, biochemical parameters, and net farm income of Damascus goats. Forty weaned Damascus goats were allocated into four groups. The first group was the control without oral administration, while the 2nd (Th), 3rd (Gr), and 4th (ThGr) groups were orally administrated by (2 ml/goat/day) of thyme oil, garlic oil and their mixture (1:1), respectively during the whole experiment period. The final body weight of goats orally administered oil mixture was the heaviest group, it was 10, 4.5 and 3.5% than the control, Th. and Gr. groups, respectively with better feed conversion ratio and high net farm income. Goats of ThGr. group revealed the best immunity, antioxidant and general health condition than the control group with 50% reduction of MDA. Liver (AST, 33% and ALT, 38%) and kidney (creatinine, 88%) functions improved by oils mixtures orally administration compared with the control group. LDL, triglyceride and cholesterol were reduced by 47, 33 and 21% compared with the control group, respectively. Thus, mixture oil administration (thyme and garlic at the ratio of 1:1, 2 ml/goat/day) improved growth (10%), antioxidant status (MDA 50%), liver (AST, 33% and ALT, 38%), kidney function (creatinine, 88%), the FCR (17.4%) and net farm income (21%), of Damascus goats.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Cabras , Óleos de Plantas , Thymus (Planta) , Animais , Cabras/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Thymus (Planta)/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Alho/química , Ração Animal/análise , Sulfetos/farmacologia , Sulfetos/administração & dosagem , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos AlílicosRESUMO
The Lamiaceae family, which includes several well-known aromatic plants, is scientifically relevant due to its essential oils (EOs). In this work, four EOs from Mediterranean species, namely Origanum vulgare L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Salvia officinalis L., and Thymus vulgaris L., were evaluated for their volatile profiles and the biological activity in vitro to assess their potential use in the food and cosmetic sector. GC/MS analysis revealed dominant compounds, such as carvacrol, thymol, and eucalyptol. Regarding biological action, the samples exhibited antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antifungal activities, with O. vulgare and T. officinalis standing out. T. vulgaris showed the lowest EC50 in the reducing power assay, and O. vulgare had the lowest EC50 in the DPPH assay. Most EOs also displayed excellent anti-inflammatory responses and antifungal properties, with O. vulgare and T. vulgaris also demonstrating antibacterial activity. All EOs from Mediterranean species showed cytotoxicity against tumoral cell lines. Overall, the selected EOs stood out for their interesting bioactivities, with the obtained results underscoring their potential as natural preservatives and bioactive agents in various industrial applications, including food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Lamiaceae , Óleos Voláteis , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Óleos Voláteis/química , Lamiaceae/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/química , Humanos , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/química , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Origanum/química , Salvia officinalis/química , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Thymus (Planta)/química , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Anti-Infecciosos/química , Plantas Comestíveis/química , Óleos de Plantas/química , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Timol/farmacologia , Timol/química , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , CimenosRESUMO
Multidrug resistance, severe side effects, and high cancer treatment costs are still well-known issues and remain an open challenge. These factors reduce the therapy's efficiency and safety, seriously affecting human health. Developing therapeutic approaches based on plant extracts, especially based on essential oils with cytotoxic and antioxidant properties, could be of efficacious strategies. This work incorporated Thymus capitatus essential oil (TEO) in liposomes. Thymus capitatus is a plant native to the northern region of Albania and found specifically in the Mediterranean region. TEO has several biological activities and cytotoxic properties. Due to its volatility, poor solubility, and chemical instability, however, its applicability is restricted. Incorporation into liposomes enables its effective use because the exposure time to the active compounds can be extended, increasing its efficacy against colorectal cancer cell lines, as highlighted in in vitro studies. TEO demonstrated detectable cytotoxic action against HT-29 colorectal cancer cells, and this action could be enhanced by applying various formulations of TEO-loaded liposomes to this cell line. Among the tested nanosystems, TEO-Phospholipon 90H liposomes showed more significant cytotoxic effects than TEO-Lipoid S100 liposomes and TEO-Phospholipon 85G liposomes. TEO-Phospholipon 90 H liposomes also maintained its physicochemical stability for six months at 25 °C. This research suggests that TEO, particularly when encapsulated in TEO-Phospholipon 90 H liposomes, may offer a promising therapeutic approach. However, these findings are based on in vitro studies and further in vivo research is needed to validate the efficacy and safety of this approach in clinical settings.
Assuntos
Sobrevivência Celular , Lipossomos , Óleos Voláteis , Thymus (Planta) , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Óleos Voláteis/química , Humanos , Células HT29 , Thymus (Planta)/química , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Neoplasias Colorretais/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/administração & dosagemRESUMO
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of thyme, ginger, and their nano-particles, as alternatives to antibiotic growth promotors (AGP), on productive performance, carcass traits, meat quality and gut health of broiler chickens. A total of 270 one-day-old broiler chicks were randomly distributed into 6 groups, each consisting of 3 replicates (n = 15 chicks/replicate). The birds in group 1 were fed the control diet which contained neither antibiotic growth promotors nor phytogenic feed additives (PFA). Birds in group 2 were fed diets containing 0.05% of AGP (Bacitracin methylene disalicylate). Chicks in group 3 and 4 were fed diets supplemented with 1.0% of thyme and ginger, respectively, whereas birds in group 5 and 6 were offered diets including 0.10% of nano-thyme and nano-ginger, respectively. The experiment lasted for 35 days. It was found that thyme and ginger with their nano-products, like the antibiotic, improved the body weight, weight gain and feed conversion rate of birds. The effect of ginger and nano-ginger on body weight and weight gain was greater than other treatments. During the overall feeding period, the feed cost of production was the highest in antibiotic group, but was the lowest in ginger and nano-ginger treatments. There was no effect of dietary treatments on carcass yield or organs weight except bursa of Fabricius and abdominal fat. Thyme, ginger and their nano-composites increased the weight of bursa and reduced the abdominal fat amount. The phytogenic additives and their nano-particles improved the colour, water holding capacity, and flavor of meat. Moreover, these additives reduced the total intestinal bacterial count as well as the total aerobic mesophilic count of meat. The effect of PFA and their nano-particles on the bacterial count was similar to that of antibiotic. In conclusion, thyme and ginger with their nano- particles can be considered as promising agents in feeding of broilers to improve the growth performance, gut health and meat quality. Moreover, these additives can be used as alternatives to AGP to overcome its health hazards and the high cost. The nanotechnology of herbal plants enables them to be added in smaller amounts in poultry diets with producing the same effect of raw ingredients, and this could be due to the higher bioavailability.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Galinhas , Dieta , Carne , Nanopartículas , Thymus (Planta) , Zingiber officinale , Animais , Galinhas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Galinhas/microbiologia , Zingiber officinale/química , Thymus (Planta)/química , Ração Animal/análise , Dieta/veterinária , Carne/normas , Nanopartículas/administração & dosagem , Suplementos Nutricionais , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , MasculinoRESUMO
The thrust of the study was to determine the chemical composition of the essential oils extracted from Thymus pallescens de Noé and Cymbogon citratus Stapf. as well as to evaluate their efficacy in controlling Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) in either single or combined populations. Carvacrol (56.04%) and geraniol (20.86%) were identified as the major constituents of T. pallescens and C. citratus respectively. The tested essential oils showed pronounced insecticidal activity against the pest species in relation with the applied doses. T. pallescens EO had the highest efficacy and S. zeamais was found to be more susceptible to both individual and combined treatments. With reference to the contact and fumigation assessments, T. pallescens EO effectuated corrected mortality rates ranging from 42.5-100% to 25-100% in S. zeamais with corresponding lethal concentration (LC50) values of 17.7 µl/ml and 15µL/L air respectively. Whereas, the T. pallescens EO exhibited corrected mortality rates of 42.5-100% and 20-100% with corresponding LC50 values of 18.1 µl/ml and 15.5 µL/L air against T. castaneum in contact and fumigation assessments, respectively. The corrected mortality rates increased for both insect species when using combination treatments, with significant increases in the LC50 values, ranging from 8.59 to 49.9% for both pest species. Analysis of energy biomarkers in the treated insects indicate significantly increased protein and carbohydrate contents and decreased lipids levels. The study therefore demonstrated the bio-insecticidal toxicity of the EOs from T. pallescens and C. citratus against two important maize post-harvest pests, concurrently revealing significant positive and negative insecticidal activity gradients in relation to single or combined populations.
Assuntos
Inseticidas , Óleos Voláteis , Thymus (Planta) , Tribolium , Animais , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Óleos Voláteis/química , Tribolium/efeitos dos fármacos , Inseticidas/farmacologia , Inseticidas/química , Thymus (Planta)/química , Monoterpenos Acíclicos/farmacologia , Monoterpenos Acíclicos/química , Gorgulhos/efeitos dos fármacos , Cimenos/farmacologia , Cimenos/químicaRESUMO
Biopreservation strategies such as the use of Mediterranean plant extracts to ensure food safety are promising to deal with the emergence of antimicrobial resistances and the overreliance on food chemical additives. In the last few decades, antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) for evaluating the in vitro antibacterial potential of plant extracts against the most relevant foodborne pathogens has been widely reported in the literature. The current meta-analysis aimed to summarise and analyse the extensive evidence available in the literature regarding the in vitro antimicrobial capability of Allium, Ocimum and Thymus spp. extracts against foodborne pathogens. A systematic review was carried out to gather data on AST results of these extracts against Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus, including inhibition diameters (ID) and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). A total of 742 records were gathered from a raw collection of 2,065 articles. Weighted mixed-effect linear models were adjusted to data to obtain pooled ID, pooled MIC and the relationship between both model estimations and observations. The pooled results revealed B. cereus as the most susceptible bacteria to Allium sativum (pooled ID = 20.64 ± 0.61 mm) by diffusion methods and S. aureus (pooled MIC = 0.146 mg/mL) by dilution methods. Diffusion methods did not yield conclusive results for Ocimum spp. extracts; however, the lowest pooled MIC was obtained for S. aureus (0.263 mg/mL). Among the foodborne pathogens evaluated, B. cereus showed the highest sensitivity to Thymus spp. extracts by both diffusion and dilution methods (pooled ID = 28.90 ± 2.34 mm and MIC = 0.075 mg/mL). The methodology used for plant extraction was found to not significantly affect MIC values (p > 0.05). Overall, the antimicrobial effectiveness of the studied extracts against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was demonstrated. Finally, the robustness of the meta-regression model was confirmed, also revealing an inversely proportional correlation between the ID and MIC measurements (p < 0.0001). These results provide a robust scientific basis on the factors affecting the in vitro antimicrobial efficacy of extracts from Mediterranean plants. They also provide valuable information for stakeholders involved in their industrial application in food, including producers, regulatory agencies and consumers which demand green-labelled foods.
Assuntos
Allium , Antibacterianos , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Ocimum , Extratos Vegetais , Thymus (Planta) , Thymus (Planta)/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Ocimum/química , Allium/química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Inocuidade dos Alimentos , Bacillus cereus/efeitos dos fármacos , Bacillus cereus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Listeria monocytogenes/efeitos dos fármacos , Listeria monocytogenes/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Untargeted analysis of gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) data is a key and time-consuming challenge for identifying metabolite markers in food authentication applications. Few studies have been performed to evaluate the capability of untargeted data processing tools for feature extraction, metabolite annotation, and marker selection from untargeted GC-HRMS data since most of them are focused on liquid chromatography (LC) analysis. In this framework, this study provides a comprehensive evaluation of data analysis tools for GC-Orbitrap-HRMS plant metabolomics data, including the open-source MS-DIAL software and commercial Compound Discoverer™ software (designed for Orbitrap data processing), applied for the geographical discrimination and search for thyme markers (Spanish vs. Polish differentiation) as the case study. Both approaches showed that the feature detection process is highly affected by unknown metabolites (Levels 4-5 of identification confidence), background signals, and duplicate features that must be carefully assessed before further multivariate data analysis for reliable putative identification of markers. As a result, Compound Discoverer™ and MS-DIAL putatively annotated 52 and 115 compounds at Level 2, respectively. Further multivariate data analysis allowed the identification of differential compounds, showing that the putative identification of markers, especially in challenging untargeted analysis, heavily depends on the data processing parameters, including available databases used during compound annotation. Overall, this method comparison pointed out both approaches as good options for untargeted analysis of GC-Orbitrap-HRMS data, and it is presented as a useful guide for users to implement these data processing approaches in food authenticity applications depending on their availability.
Assuntos
Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Metabolômica , Software , Thymus (Planta) , Metabolômica/métodos , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Thymus (Planta)/química , Biomarcadores/análise , Análise de Alimentos/métodosRESUMO
The Thymus genus includes various medicinal and aromatic species, cultivated worldwide for their unique medicinal and economic value. Besides, their conventional use as a culinary flavoring agent, Thymus species are well-known for their diverse biological effects, such as antioxidant, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-hypertensive properties. Hence, they are used in the treatment of fever, colds, and digestive and cardiovascular diseases. The pharmaceutical significance of Thymus plants is due to their high levels of bioactive components such as natural terpenoid phenol derivatives (p-cymene, carvacrol, thymol, geraniol), flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenolic acids. This review examines the phytochemicals, biological properties, functional food, and nutraceutical attributes of some important Thymus species, with a specific focus on their potential uses in the nutra-pharmaceutical industries. Furthermore, the review provides an insight into the mechanisms of biological activities of key phytochemicals of Thymus species exploring their potential for the development of novel natural drugs.
Assuntos
Thymus (Planta) , Thymus (Planta)/química , Humanos , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Compostos Fitoquímicos/química , Compostos Fitoquímicos/isolamento & purificação , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/químicaRESUMO
Thymus daenensis Celak (Lamiaceae family), known as denaian thyme, is an Iranian endemic plant, commonly used for its carminative, expectorant, antibacterial and antifungal properties. Previous studies report the chemical profile of the essential oil of T. daenensis aerial parts, but little is known about its non volatile constituents. Herein, phytochemical and biological investigation of the polar extract of T. daenensis aerial parts to provide further insight into traditional use of this plant has been accomplished. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled to linear ion-trap and orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/LTQOrbitrap/MS/MS) analysis of MeOH extract was performed to guide the isolation of specialized metabolites and successive characterization by NMR analysis. MeOH extract displayed antioxidant activity evaluated by DPPH (EC50 = 48.99 ± 1.47 µg/mL) and TEAC assay (1.37 mg/mL). Successively, the biofilm inhibitory activity of extract and isolated compounds against mature biofilms of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus, and their influence on the metabolism of sessile bacterial cells were evaluated. Two previously unreported thymol derivatives have been identified. The biofilm inhibitory activity of isolated compounds highlighted a promising antimicrobial action for the tested compounds. In particular, vanillic acid, (3S,5R,6R,7E,9S)-megastigm-7-ene-3,5,6,9-tetrol 3-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside, thymoquinol-2-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside and the never reported compound daenol resulted capable of exerting inhibitory activity vs all pathogenic strains. All compounds tested at a concentration of 10 µg/mL inhibited the metabolism of the sessile cells of E. coli at a percentage ranging between 37.7% and 77.39%, and of L.monocytogenes at a percentage ranging between 21.79% and 71.17%.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Compostos Fitoquímicos , Componentes Aéreos da Planta , Extratos Vegetais , Thymus (Planta) , Thymus (Planta)/química , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Compostos Fitoquímicos/isolamento & purificação , Irã (Geográfico) , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/isolamento & purificação , Componentes Aéreos da Planta/química , Biofilmes/efeitos dos fármacos , Plantas Medicinais/química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/isolamento & purificação , Antibacterianos/química , Estrutura Molecular , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
Sheep haemonchosis is a disease that causes serious losses in livestock production, particularly with the increase of cases of anthelmintic resistance around the world. This justifies the urgent need of alternative solutions. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical profile, in vitro, and, in vivo, anthelmintic properties of Thymus capitatus essential oil. To evaluate the, in vitro, anthelmintic activity of the T. capitatus EO on Haemonchus contortus, two tests were used: egg hatch assay (EHA) and adult worm motility (AWM) assay. The nematicidal effect of this oil was evaluated, in vivo, in mice infected artificially with Heligmosomoides polygyrus using faecal egg count reduction (FECR) and total worm count reduction (TWCR). Chromatographic characterization of T.capitatus composition using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) demonstrated the presence of carvacrol (81.16%), as the major constituents. The IC50 values obtained was 1.9 mg/mL in the EHT. In the AWM assay; T. capitatus essential oil achieved 70.8% inhibition at 1 mg/mL after 8 h incubation. The in vivo, evaluation on H. polygyrus revealed a significant nematicidal effect 7 days post-treatment by inducing 49.5% FECR and 64.5% TWCR, using the highest dose (1600 mg/kg). The results of present study, demonstrate that T.capitatus EO possess a significant anthelmintic properties. Furthermore, it could be an alternative source of anthelmintic agents against gastrointestinal infections caused by H. contortus.
Assuntos
Anti-Helmínticos , Fezes , Flores , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Hemoncose , Haemonchus , Nematospiroides dubius , Óleos Voláteis , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas , Infecções por Strongylida , Thymus (Planta) , Animais , Haemonchus/efeitos dos fármacos , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Óleos Voláteis/química , Óleos Voláteis/isolamento & purificação , Camundongos , Nematospiroides dubius/efeitos dos fármacos , Thymus (Planta)/química , Hemoncose/veterinária , Hemoncose/tratamento farmacológico , Hemoncose/parasitologia , Infecções por Strongylida/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Strongylida/veterinária , Infecções por Strongylida/parasitologia , Anti-Helmínticos/farmacologia , Anti-Helmínticos/isolamento & purificação , Anti-Helmínticos/uso terapêutico , Anti-Helmínticos/química , Fezes/parasitologia , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas/veterinária , Flores/química , Feminino , Ovinos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Monoterpenos/farmacologia , Monoterpenos/isolamento & purificação , Monoterpenos/química , Masculino , Doenças dos Ovinos/parasitologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/tratamento farmacológico , CimenosRESUMO
Flow cytometry (FCM) provides unique information on bacterial viability and physiology, allowing a real-time early warning antimicrobial and antibiofilm monitoring system for preventing the spread risk of foodborne disease. The present work used a combined culture-based and FCM approach to assess the in vitro efficacy of essential oils (EOs) from condiment plants commonly used in Mediterranean Europe (i.e., thyme EO, oregano EO, basil EO, and lemon EO) against planktonic and sessile cells of food-pathogenic Listeria monocytogenes 56 LY, and contaminant and alterative species Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 13525. Evaluation of the bacterial response to the increasing concentrations of natural compounds posed FCM as a crucial technique for the quantification of the live/dead, and viable but non-culturable (VBNC) cells when antimicrobial agents exert no real bactericidal action. Furthermore, the FCM results displayed higher numbers of viable bacteria expressed as Active Fluorescent Units (AFUs) with a greater level of repeatability compared with outcomes of the plate-count method. Overall, accurate counting of viable microbial cells is a critically important parameter in food microbiology, and flow cytometry provides an innovative approach with high-throughput potential for applications in the food industry as "flow microbiology".
Assuntos
Biofilmes , Escherichia coli , Citometria de Fluxo , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Listeria monocytogenes , Viabilidade Microbiana , Óleos Voláteis , Pseudomonas fluorescens , Citometria de Fluxo/métodos , Biofilmes/efeitos dos fármacos , Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Pseudomonas fluorescens/efeitos dos fármacos , Listeria monocytogenes/efeitos dos fármacos , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Viabilidade Microbiana/efeitos dos fármacos , Microbiologia de Alimentos/métodos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Thymus (Planta)/química , Origanum/química , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/métodos , Citrus/química , Ocimum basilicum/químicaRESUMO
Currently, researchers are looking for ways to replace synthetic pesticides with substances of natural origin. Essential oils are produced by plants, among other things, to protect against pathogens, which is why there is interest in their use as fungicides. This experiment assessed the composition of essential oils from a commercial source, their impact on the development of mycelium of pathogens of the Fusarium genus, and the possibility of using them as a pre-sowing treatment. Grains of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and corn (Zea mays L.) were inoculated with a suspension of mycelium and spores of fungi of the Fusarium genus and then soaked in solutions containing oils of sage (Salvia officinalis L.), cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.), cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.), and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). The obtained results indicate that thyme essential oil had the strongest effect on limiting the development of Fusarium pathogens and seedling infection, but at the same time it had an adverse effect on the level of germination and seedling development of the tested plants. The remaining essential oils influenced the mentioned parameters to varying degrees. Selected essential oils can be an alternative to synthetic fungicides, but they must be selected appropriately.
Assuntos
Fusarium , Germinação , Óleos Voláteis , Triticum , Zea mays , Fusarium/efeitos dos fármacos , Fusarium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Óleos Voláteis/química , Zea mays/microbiologia , Zea mays/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Zea mays/efeitos dos fármacos , Triticum/microbiologia , Triticum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Triticum/efeitos dos fármacos , Germinação/efeitos dos fármacos , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Doenças das Plantas/prevenção & controle , Thymus (Planta)/química , Plântula/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Plântula/efeitos dos fármacos , Plântula/microbiologia , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Óleos de Plantas/químicaRESUMO
Late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) is an age-related disease in men characterized by decreased testosterone levels with symptoms such as decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, and depression. Thymus quinquecostatus Celakovski (TQC) is a plant used as a volatile oil in traditional medicine, and its bioactive compounds have anti-inflammatory potential. Based on this knowledge, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of TQC extract (TE) on LOH in TM3 Leydig cells and in an in vivo aging mouse model. The aqueous extract of T. quinquecostatus Celakovski (12.5, 25, and 50⯵g/mL concentrations) was used to measure parameters such as cell viability, testosterone level, body weight, and gene expression, via in vivo studies. Interestingly, TE increased testosterone levels in TM3 cells in a dose-dependent manner without affecting cell viability. Furthermore, TE significantly increased the expression of genes involved in the cytochrome P450 family (Cyp11a1, Cyp17a1, Cyp19a1, and Srd5a2), which regulate testosterone biosynthesis. In aging mouse models, TE increased testosterone levels without affecting body weight and testicular tissue weight tissue of an aging animal group. In addition, the high-dose TE-treated group (50â¯mg/kg) showed significantly increased expression of the cytochrome p450 enzymes, similar to the in vitro results. Furthermore, HPLC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid as bioactive compounds in TE. Thus, the results obtained in the present study confirmed that TQC and its bioactive compounds can be used for LOH treatment to enhance testosterone production.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento , Extratos Vegetais , Testículo , Testosterona , Thymus (Planta) , Animais , Testosterona/sangue , Masculino , Envelhecimento/efeitos dos fármacos , Envelhecimento/metabolismo , Camundongos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Testículo/metabolismo , Thymus (Planta)/química , Células Intersticiais do Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Intersticiais do Testículo/metabolismo , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular , Hipogonadismo/tratamento farmacológico , Modelos Animais de DoençasRESUMO
Ionotropic gelation is a low-cost, easy and green microencapsulation technique. However, the encapsulation of highly soluble compounds is challenging because of the wide loss of material into the external water phase by passive diffusion and the consequent low encapsulation efficiency. In this work an important increase of encapsulation efficiency for Thymus vulgaris L. aqueous extract in alginate-based microparticles has been obtained. A formulation with the proper thyme extract/alginate ratio (30:70) was used as reference and then optimized by adding different co-carrier excipients. Microparticles obtained by dropping a solution containing thyme extract and alginate into a chitosan/calcium-chloride/acid acetic solution lead to a high encapsulation efficiency (70.43 ± 5.28 %). After drying, microparticles had a particle size of 1096 ± 72 µm, 20.087 ± 1.487 % of extract content, 6.2 % of residual water, and showed a complete release of thyme extract within one hour. Combining alginate and chitosan as polymeric co-carrier was a valuable option for efficiently encapsulating an aqueous extract by ionotropic gelation.