RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Paragonimiasis, primarily caused by Paragonimus westermani and P. skrjabini in China, is a common food-borne parasitic zoonosis. However, the national distribution of Paragonimus spp. infection and its associated environmental determinants remain poorly understood. In this paper, we summarize the infection of P. westermani and P. skrjabini and describe key biogeographical characteristics of the endemic areas in China. METHODS: Data on Paragonimus infection in humans and animal hosts were extracted from eight electronic databases, including CNKI, CWFD, Chongqing VIP, SinoMed, Medline, Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science. A random-effects meta-analysis model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence. All survey locations were georeferenced and plotted on China map, and scatter plots were used to illustrate the biogeographical characteristics of regions reporting Paragonimus infection. RESULTS: A total of 28,948 cases of human paragonimiasis have been documented, with 2,401 cases reported after 2010. Among the 11,443 cases with reported ages, 88.05% were children or adolescents. The pooled prevalence of P. skrjabini is 0.45% (95% CI: 0.27-0.66%) in snails, 31.10% (95% CI: 24.77-37.80%) in the second intermediate host, and 20.31% (95% CI: 9.69-33.38%) in animal reservoirs. For P. westermani, the pooled prevalence is 0.06% (95% CI: 0.01-0.13%) in snails, 52.07% (95% CI: 43.56-60.52%) in the second intermediate host, and 21.40% (95% CI: 7.82-38.99%) in animal reservoirs. Paragonimus are primarily distributed in regions with low altitude, high temperature, and high precipitation. In northeastern China, only P. westermani infections have been documented, while in more southern areas, infections of both P. westermani and P. skrjabini have been reported. CONCLUSIONS: Paragonimiasis remains prevalent in China, particularly among children and adolescents. Variations exist in the intermediate hosts and geographical distribution of P. westermani and P. skrjabini. Additionally, altitude, temperature, and precipitation may influence the distribution of Paragonimus.
Assuntos
Paragonimíase , Paragonimus , Animais , Paragonimíase/epidemiologia , Paragonimíase/parasitologia , Humanos , China/epidemiologia , Paragonimus/isolamento & purificação , Paragonimus/classificação , Paragonimus/genética , Zoonoses/parasitologia , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , Prevalência , CriançaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Dogs are considered the main domestic animals that may be a reservoir for Leishmania infantum, the agent of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) in several countries of the world. The dog may host other Leishmania species, but its epidemiological role in the maintenance and spreading of these parasites is not completely elucidated. Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL), caused by Leishmania major, affects thousands of people every year and is particularly diffused in many countries of North Africa and Middle East Asia. In ZCL endemic countries, few reports of L. major-positive dogs have been reported, probably because most human cases occur in poor rural areas where the social role of the dog and its medical management is not well considered. The aim of the present study is to better understand the possible involvement of domestic dogs in the epidemiology of ZCL. METHODS: Our research focused on a well-established endemic focus of ZCL, in the area of Echrarda, Kairouan Governorate, central Tunisia. A total of 51 dogs with no or mild clinical signs of vector borne diseases were selected in small villages where human cases of ZCL are yearly present. All dogs were sampled for the Leishmania spp. diagnosis, by using the following procedures: blood sample for serology and buffy coat quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), popliteal fine needle aspiration, and cutaneous biopsy punch for lymph node and skin qPCR. RESULTS: The results demonstrated a high percentage (21.6%) of dogs positive at least at one or more test; the most sensitive technique was the lymph node qPCR that detected 8/11 positive dogs. Nine, out of the eleven positive dogs, resulted as infected by Leishmania infantum; ITS1-PCR-sequencing allowed Leishmania major identification in the remaining two cases, both from the popliteal lymph node samples, which can suggest a possible visceral spread of a cutaneous Leishmania species in the dog. Interestingly, one of the two L. major-positive dogs was living in the same house where 6-year-old children showed cutaneous lesions referred to as ZCL. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first report of L. major-positive dogs in Tunisia, the epidemiological role of which remains under investigation.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão , Leishmania major , Leishmaniose Cutânea , Zoonoses , Cães , Animais , Leishmania major/isolamento & purificação , Leishmania major/genética , Tunísia/epidemiologia , Leishmaniose Cutânea/epidemiologia , Leishmaniose Cutânea/veterinária , Leishmaniose Cutânea/parasitologia , Leishmaniose Cutânea/diagnóstico , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , Zoonoses/parasitologia , Zoonoses/transmissão , Humanos , Doenças Endêmicas/veterinária , Feminino , Masculino , Reservatórios de Doenças/parasitologia , Reservatórios de Doenças/veterináriaRESUMO
The feline population is extensive in urban areas worldwide, comprising stray and domestic cats. Cats, acting as reservoirs, can transmit various zoonotic organisms to humans, which can cause significant public health issues. We evaluated the seroprevalence of zoonotic pathogens in stray cats in an urban area of northeast Spain (the city of Zaragoza) to assess potential risks to human health. A total of 88 sampled cats (52 females and 36 males) underwent antibody evaluation using the indirect immunofluorescence technique. Seroprevalence rates were determined for IgG antibodies to Bartonella henselae (36.3%), Toxoplasma gondii (31.8%), Rickettsia felis (14.7%), Rickettsia typhi (9%), and Leishmania infantum (10.2%). Our results confirmed the presence in stray cats of antibodies against all those pathogens, indicating that they all circulate in the feline population in Zaragoza. Male cats exhibited a higher predisposition to T. gondii, whereas females showed an increased likelihood of contracting B. henselae. This difference may be attributed to distinct behaviors according to sex. Our findings underscore the importance of maintaining and intensifying surveillance coupled with preventive measures against zoonotic pathogens in cats. They highlight the need for comprehensive control strategies designed to mitigate public health risks associated with feline populations.
Assuntos
Bartonella henselae , Doenças do Gato , Toxoplasma , Toxoplasmose Animal , Zoonoses , Animais , Gatos , Espanha/epidemiologia , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Doenças do Gato/epidemiologia , Doenças do Gato/parasitologia , Doenças do Gato/microbiologia , Masculino , Feminino , Toxoplasma/imunologia , Toxoplasma/isolamento & purificação , Bartonella henselae/imunologia , Bartonella henselae/isolamento & purificação , Toxoplasmose Animal/epidemiologia , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , Zoonoses/parasitologia , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Leishmania infantum/imunologia , Leishmania infantum/isolamento & purificação , Rickettsia typhi/isolamento & purificação , Rickettsia typhi/imunologia , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Rickettsia felis/isolamento & purificação , HumanosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Parasites Entamoeba spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Blastocystis are prevalent pathogens causing gastrointestinal illnesses in animals and humans. Consequently, researches on their occurrence, distribution and hosts are crucial for the well-being of both animals and humans. Due to the confined spaces and frequent interaction between animals and humans, animal sanctuaries have emerged as potential reservoirs for these parasites. In this study, the wildlife sanctuary near the Huang Gorge of the Qinling Mountains in northwest China is chosen as an ideal site for parasite distribution research, considering its expansive stocking area and high biodiversity. RESULTS: We collected 191 fecal specimens from 37 distinct wildlife species and extracted genomic DNA. We identified these three parasites by amplifying specific gene regions and analyzed their characteristics and evolutionary relationships. All the parasites exhibited a high overall infection rate, reaching 90.05%. Among them, seven Entamoeba species were identified, accounting for a prevalence of 54.97%, with the highest infection observed in Entamoeba bovis. In total, 11 Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes were discovered, representing a prevalence of 35.08%, including three genotypes of human-pathogenic Group 1 and two novel genotypes (SXWZ and SXLG). Additionally, 13 Blastocystis subtypes were detected, showing a prevalence of 74.87% and encompassing eight zoonotic subtypes. All of the above suggests significant possibilities of parasite transmission between animals and humans. CONCLUSIONS: This study investigated the occurrence and prevalence of three intestinal parasites, enhancing our understanding of their genetic diversity and host ranges in northwest China. Furthermore, the distribution of these parasites implies significant potential of zoonotic transmission, underscoring the imperative for ongoing surveillance and implementation of control measures. These efforts are essential to mitigate the risk of zoonotic disease outbreaks originating from wildlife sanctuary.
Assuntos
Animais Selvagens , Blastocystis , Entamoeba , Enterocytozoon , Microsporidiose , Zoonoses , Animais , Enterocytozoon/genética , Enterocytozoon/isolamento & purificação , China/epidemiologia , Blastocystis/genética , Blastocystis/classificação , Blastocystis/isolamento & purificação , Animais Selvagens/parasitologia , Zoonoses/parasitologia , Entamoeba/genética , Entamoeba/isolamento & purificação , Entamoeba/classificação , Microsporidiose/veterinária , Microsporidiose/epidemiologia , Filogenia , Fezes/parasitologia , Entamebíase/veterinária , Entamebíase/epidemiologia , Entamebíase/parasitologia , Infecções por Blastocystis/veterinária , Infecções por Blastocystis/epidemiologia , Infecções por Blastocystis/transmissão , Infecções por Blastocystis/parasitologia , Prevalência , Genótipo , HumanosRESUMO
Paragonimiasis is a zoonotic disease caused by lung flukes of the genus Paragonimus. Humans usually become infected by eating freshwater crabs or crayfish containing encysted metacercariae of these worms. However, an alternative route of infection exists: ingestion of raw meat from a mammalian paratenic host. Adult worms normally occur in pairs in cysts in the lungs from which they void their eggs via air passages. The pulmonary form is typical in cases of human infection due to P. westermani, P. heterotremus, and a few other species. Worms may occupy other sites in the body, notably the brain, but lung flukes have made their presence felt in almost every organ. Ectopic paragonimiasis is particularly common when infection is due to members of the P. skrjabini complex. Human paragonimiasis occurs primarily in the tropics and subtropics of Asia, Africa, and the Americas, with different species being responsible in different areas (Table 6.1).
Assuntos
Paragonimíase , Paragonimus , Paragonimíase/parasitologia , Humanos , Animais , Paragonimus/patogenicidade , Paragonimus/fisiologia , Zoonoses/parasitologia , Zoonoses/transmissãoRESUMO
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an obligate intracellular, zoonotic protozoan parasite of interest to physicians and veterinarians with its highly complex structure. It is known to infect about one-third of the world's population. Since it is a zoonotic disease, it is necessary to keep the animal population under control in order to prevent human exposure. Many studies have been conducted on the detection of T. gondii and it has been determined that there are three clonal groups consisting of types 1, 2, 3. Developments in molecular studies have led to changes in the taxonomy and new developments in parasitic diseases. It has helped in diagnosis, treatment, development of antiparasitic drugs and research on resistance. They also provided research on vaccine studies, genetic typing and phylogenetics of parasitic diseases. Conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time PCR and genotyping studies conducted today increase our knowledge about T. gondii. Methods such as B1, SAG1, SAG2, GRA1, 529-bp repeat element, OWP genes and 18S rRNAs are mostly used in PCR, and methods such as MS, MLST, PCR-RFLP, RAPD-PCR and HRM are used in genotyping. Toxoplasmosis is a disease that is within the framework of the concept of one health and must attract attention, has not yet been eradicated in the world and needs joint studies for humans, animals and ecosystems to be eradicated. This can only be possible by establishing interdisciplinary groups, conducting surveys and training.
Assuntos
Toxoplasma , Toxoplasmose Animal , Toxoplasmose , Toxoplasma/genética , Toxoplasma/classificação , Animais , Humanos , Toxoplasmose/parasitologia , Toxoplasmose Animal/parasitologia , Toxoplasmose Animal/diagnóstico , Zoonoses/parasitologia , GenótipoRESUMO
Wild rodents serve as reservoirs for Cryptosporidium and are overpopulated globally. However, genetic data regarding Cryptosporidium in these animals from China are limited. Here, we have determined the prevalence and genetic characteristics of Cryptosporidium among 370 wild rodents captured from three distinct locations in the southern region of Zhejiang Province, China. Fresh feces were collected from the rectum of each rodent, and DNA was extracted from them. The rodent species was identified by PCR amplifying the vertebrate cytochrome b gene. Cryptosporidium was detected by PCR amplification and amplicon sequencing the small subunit of ribosomal RNA gene. Positive samples of C. viatorum and C. parvum were further subtyped by analyzing the 60-kDa glycoprotein gene. A positive Cryptosporidium result was found in 7% (26/370) of samples, involving five rodent species: Apodemus agrarius (36), Niviventer niviventer (75), Rattus losea (18), R. norvegicus (155), and R. tanezumi (86). Their respective Cryptosporidium positive rates were 8.3%, 5.3%, 11.1%, 7.1%, and 7.0%. Sequence analysis confirmed the presence of three Cryptosporidium species: C. parvum (4), C. viatorum (1), and C. muris (1), and two genotypes: Cryptosporidium rat genotype IV (16) and C. mortiferum-like (4). Additionally, two subtypes of C. parvum (IIdA15G1 and IIpA19) and one subtype of C. viatorum (XVdA3) were detected. These results demonstrate that various wild rodent species in Zhejiang were concurrently infected with rodent-adapted and zoonotic species/genotypes of Cryptosporidium, indicating that these rodents can play a role in maintaining and dispersing this parasite into the environment and other hosts, including humans.
Title: Transmission interspécifique de Cryptosporidium chez les rongeurs sauvages de la région sud de la province chinoise du Zhejiang et son impact possible sur la santé publique. Abstract: Les rongeurs sauvages servent de réservoirs à Cryptosporidium et ont des grandes populations à l'échelle mondiale. Cependant, les données génétiques concernant Cryptosporidium chez ces animaux en Chine sont limitées. Ici, nous avons déterminé la prévalence et les caractéristiques génétiques de Cryptosporidium parmi 370 rongeurs sauvages capturés dans trois endroits distincts de la région sud de la province du Zhejiang, en Chine. Des excréments frais ont été collectés dans le rectum de chaque rongeur et l'ADN en a été extrait. L'espèce de rongeur a été identifiée par amplification par PCR du gène du cytochrome b des vertébrés. Cryptosporidium a été détecté par amplification PCR et séquençage d'amplicons de la petite sous-unité du gène de l'ARN ribosomal. Les échantillons positifs de C. viatorum et C. parvum ont ensuite été sous-typés en analysant le gène de la glycoprotéine de 60 kDa. Un résultat positif pour Cryptosporidium a été trouvé dans 7 % (26/370) des échantillons, impliquant cinq espèces de rongeurs : Apodemus agrarius (36), Niviventer niviventer (75), Rattus losea (18), R. norvegicus (155) et R. tanezumi (86). Leurs taux respectifs de positivité pour Cryptosporidium étaient de 8,3 %, 5,3 %, 11,1 %, 7,1 % et 7,0 %. L'analyse des séquences a confirmé la présence de trois espèces de Cryptosporidium : C. parvum (4), C. viatorum (1) et C. muris (1), et de deux génotypes : Cryptosporidium génotype IV de rat (16) et C. mortiferum-like (4). De plus, deux sous-types de C. parvum (IIdA15G1 et IIpA19) et un sous-type de C. viatorum (XVdA3) ont été détectés. Ces résultats démontrent que diverses espèces de rongeurs sauvages du Zhejiang sont simultanément infectées par des espèces/génotypes de Cryptosporidium zoonotiques et adaptés aux rongeurs, ce qui indique que ces rongeurs peuvent jouer un rôle dans le maintien et la dispersion de ce parasite dans l'environnement et d'autres hôtes, y compris les humains.
Assuntos
Animais Selvagens , Criptosporidiose , Cryptosporidium , Fezes , Doenças dos Roedores , Roedores , Animais , Criptosporidiose/epidemiologia , Criptosporidiose/parasitologia , Criptosporidiose/transmissão , China/epidemiologia , Cryptosporidium/genética , Cryptosporidium/isolamento & purificação , Cryptosporidium/classificação , Fezes/parasitologia , Doenças dos Roedores/parasitologia , Doenças dos Roedores/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Roedores/transmissão , Animais Selvagens/parasitologia , Ratos/parasitologia , Roedores/parasitologia , Prevalência , Saúde Pública , Reservatórios de Doenças/parasitologia , Reservatórios de Doenças/veterinária , Filogenia , Humanos , DNA de Protozoário/isolamento & purificação , Murinae/parasitologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Zoonoses/parasitologia , Zoonoses/transmissão , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , GenótipoRESUMO
Tick-borne pathogens continue to infect humans and animals worldwide. By adapting to the movement of livestock, ticks facilitate the spread of these infectious pathogens. Humans in close contact with animals that could be amplifying hosts are especially at risk of being infected with tick-borne pathogens. This study involved the collection of dry blood spots (DBSs) to determine tick-borne pathogens occurring in slaughtered livestock and abattoir workers in Kumasi. This study employed the use of conventional PCR, RT-PCR, and Sanger sequencing to detect and identify the tick-borne pathogens. The resulting data was analysed using Stata version 13. A total of 175 DBSs were collected from goats (76), cattle (54), and sheep (45) in the Kumasi abattoir (130, 74.29%) and Akwatia Line slaughter slab (45, 25.71%). The pathogens identified were mostly bacterial including Anaplasma capra (9.71%), Anaplasma phagocytophilum (1.14%), and Rickettsia aeschlimannii (0.57.%). The only parasite identified was Theileria ovis (9.14%). A significant association was seen between A. capra (p < 0.001) infection and female sheep sampled from the Akwatia Line slaughter slab. Again, there was a significant association between T. ovis (p < 0.001) infections and female sheep from the Kumasi abattoir. From the human DBS (63) screened, the pathogens identified were all bacterial including Coxiella burnetii (1.89%), Rickettsia africae (1.89%), and R. aeschlimannii (1.89%). This study reports the first detection of R. aeschlimannii in livestock as well as the occurrence of the above-mentioned pathogens in humans in Ghana. Animals can serve as amplifying hosts for infectious pathogens; hence, there is an increased risk of infections among the abattoir workers. Continuous surveillance effort is essential, and abattoir workers need to protect themselves from tick bites and infectious tick-borne pathogens.
Assuntos
Matadouros , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos , Zoonoses , Animais , Humanos , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/microbiologia , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/parasitologia , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/epidemiologia , Ovinos/parasitologia , Bovinos , Zoonoses/parasitologia , Zoonoses/microbiologia , Carrapatos/microbiologia , Carrapatos/parasitologia , Cabras/parasitologia , Cabras/microbiologia , Feminino , Masculino , Gado/parasitologia , Gado/microbiologia , Rickettsia/genética , Rickettsia/isolamento & purificação , Rickettsia/patogenicidadeRESUMO
Eustrongylides excisus is a fish-borne zoonotic parasite known to infect various fish species, including Northern pike (Esox Lucius). This nematode, belonging to the family Dioctophymatidae, has a complex life cycle involving multiple hosts. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of Eustrongylides nematodes in Northern pike (E. Lucius) collected from Mijran Dam (Ramsar, Iran). Between June and October 2023, an investigation was conducted on Northern pike from Mijran Dam in Ramsar, Iran, following reports of reddish parasites in their muscle tissues. Sixty fish were examined at the University of Tehran, revealing live parasites in the muscles, which were then analyzed microscopically and preserved for a multidisciplinary study. The skeletal muscle tissues of 85% (51/60) of fish specimens were infected by grossly visible larvae which were microscopically identified as Eustrongylides spp. In histopathological examination, the lesion was composed of encapsulated parasitic granulomatous myositis. Microscopically, the cystic parasitic granulomas compressed the adjacent muscle fibers, leading to their atrophy and Zenker's necrosis. Moreover, epithelioid macrophages, giant cells and mononuclear inflammatory cells were present around the larvae and between the muscle fibers. Finally, a molecular analysis by examining the ITS gene region, revealed that they belong to the species E. excisus. Eustrongylidiasis in northern Iran necessitates further research into the biology, epidemiology, and control of Eustrongylides nematodes, focusing on various hosts. This study is the first to comprehensively characterize E. excisus in Northern pike in Ramsar, Iran, raising concerns about possible zoonotic transmission.
Assuntos
Esocidae , Doenças dos Peixes , Animais , Irã (Geográfico)/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Doenças dos Peixes/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Peixes/patologia , Esocidae/parasitologia , Dioctophymatoidea/isolamento & purificação , Músculo Esquelético/parasitologia , Músculo Esquelético/patologia , Zoonoses/parasitologia , Infecções por Enoplida/veterinária , Infecções por Enoplida/parasitologia , Infecções por Enoplida/epidemiologia , Infecções por Enoplida/patologiaRESUMO
Canine vector-borne pathogens (CVBP) have a worldwide distribution and show a high prevalence in tropical countries such as Sri Lanka. Some CVBP are zoonotic, with dogs identified as reservoir hosts for human subcutaneous dirofilariasis and potentially for spotted fever rickettsioses and re-emergent brugian filariasis in Sri Lanka, making these pathogens emerging public health issues in the country. Veterinarians are crucial in monitoring, preventing, and controlling these pathogens in dogs. Therefore, it is imperative to understand veterinarians' knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) regarding CVBP to mitigate their impact. A survey was designed and administered electronically to veterinarians residing and practising in Sri Lanka. Responses were evaluated using descriptive, univariable, and multivariable analyses to investigate associations between demographic factors, knowledge, attitude, and practices related to CVBP. Out of the 170 participating veterinarians, nearly 70% had moderate or high knowledge. However, the awareness of zoonotic pathogens, Brugia spp. (16%) and Rickettsia conorii (18%), was low, and a considerable number of veterinarians were unaware of the zoonotic nature of Dirofilaria repens. Based on multivariable analysis adjusting for experience and self-rated knowledge, new graduates had higher odds of knowledge compared to experienced veterinarians (OR 5.7, 95% CI 1.7-23, p = 0.028). Questions assessing the attitude towards CVBP indicated that most participating veterinarians comprehend and agree with their importance. Nearly all participants agreed that ectoparasite control is the best option to prevent CVBP infections (91%, 153/167) and that for effective treatment of CVBP, a definitive diagnosis is required (81%, 135/167). However, veterinarians recommended suboptimal treatments for some CVBP, like Babesia gibsoni. Better practices were associated with being a companion animal practitioner (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.1-5.7, p = 0.032) and having a low to moderate canine caseload (OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.3-10.4, p = 0.038). Limited knowledge of zoonotic CVBP among veterinarians, along with suboptimal treatment, might contribute to dogs acting as reservoirs and high prevalence of these pathogens in Sri Lanka. Therefore, continued veterinary education is recommended to improve knowledge and practices, which in turn will help to improve the diagnosis, treatment, and control of these infections in Sri Lanka to ensure the well-being of dogs and humans.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Médicos Veterinários , Animais , Cães , Sri Lanka/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/transmissão , Doenças do Cão/microbiologia , Doenças do Cão/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , Adulto , Inquéritos e Questionários , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Zoonoses/parasitologia , Zoonoses/transmissão , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmitidas por Vetores/prevenção & controle , Doenças Transmitidas por Vetores/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmitidas por Vetores/transmissãoRESUMO
Thelazia callipaeda (Nematoda: Spirurida: Thelaziidae) parasitizes the eyes of dogs, cats, humans, and various wild mammals, and is transmitted by drosophilid flies. In Japan, T. callipaeda is considered an emerging parasite that has expanded its endemic region northward. However, reports of its detection in mammals other than domestic animals and humans are scarce. This study reports the detection of T. callipaeda in Japanese red fox (Vulpes vulpes japonica), masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), Japanese badger (Meles anakuma), Japanese black bear (Ursus thibetanus japonicus), raccoon (Procyon lotor), Japanese raccoon dog (Nyctereutes viverrinus), domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris), domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus), and human. Of these, the Japanese red fox, masked palm civet, Japanese badger, and Japanese black bear have been reported as novel host records. Sequence analysis of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene of T. callipaeda revealed two unique lineages specific to Japan, with no regional or host species differences. These results suggest a wide host range for T. callipaeda, highlighting the significant role of wildlife as a reservoir for this parasite in Japan.
Assuntos
Especificidade de Hospedeiro , Mustelidae , Infecções por Spirurida , Thelazioidea , Ursidae , Animais , Thelazioidea/isolamento & purificação , Thelazioidea/classificação , Thelazioidea/genética , Japão , Infecções por Spirurida/veterinária , Infecções por Spirurida/parasitologia , Infecções por Spirurida/epidemiologia , Humanos , Cães , Mustelidae/parasitologia , Ursidae/parasitologia , Gatos , Zoonoses/parasitologia , Raposas/parasitologia , Viverridae/parasitologia , Guaxinins/parasitologia , Complexo IV da Cadeia de Transporte de Elétrons/análise , Complexo IV da Cadeia de Transporte de Elétrons/genética , Filogenia , Animais Selvagens/parasitologiaRESUMO
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a common cause of human microsporidiosis and can infect a variety of animal hosts worldwide. In Thailand, previous studies have shown that this parasite is common in domestic animals. However, information on the prevalence and genotypes of this parasite in other synanthropic wildlife, including bats, remains limited. Several pathogens have been previously detected in bats, suggesting that bats may serve as a reservoir for this parasite. In this study, a total of 105 bat guano samples were collected from six different sites throughout Thailand. Of these, 16 from Chonburi (eastern), Ratchaburi (western), and Chiang Rai (northern) provinces tested positive for E. bieneusi, representing an overall prevalence of 15.2%. Based on ITS1 sequence analysis, 12 genotypes were identified, including two known genotypes (D and type IV) frequently detected in humans and ten novel potentially zoonotic genotypes (TBAT01-TBAT10), all belonging to zoonotic group 1. Lyle's flying fox (Pteropus lylei), commonly found in Southeast Asia, was identified as the host in one sample that was also positive for E. bieneusi. Network analysis of E. bieneusi sequences detected in this study and those previously reported in Thailand also revealed intraspecific divergence and recent population expansion, possibly due to adaptive evolution associated with host range expansion. Our data revealed, for the first time, multiple E. bieneusi genotypes of zoonotic significance circulating in Thai bats and demonstrated that bat guano fertilizer may be a vehicle for disease transmission.
Assuntos
Quirópteros , Enterocytozoon , Genótipo , Microsporidiose , Filogenia , Quirópteros/parasitologia , Quirópteros/microbiologia , Animais , Tailândia/epidemiologia , Enterocytozoon/genética , Enterocytozoon/isolamento & purificação , Enterocytozoon/classificação , Microsporidiose/veterinária , Microsporidiose/epidemiologia , Microsporidiose/microbiologia , Prevalência , Humanos , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Zoonoses/parasitologia , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/genética , DNA Fúngico/genéticaRESUMO
Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) is a neglected tropical disease caused by Leishmania (L.) major. This zoonosis is characterized by a broad-spectrum clinical polymorphism and may be underestimated and poorly treated since it is a simulator of various dermatoses. The aim of our study was to analyze the clinical polymorphism of patients with ZCL. A total of 142 patients with confirmed CL based on the microscopic examination of skin lesion biopsies were included in this study. Molecular typing of Leishmania species revealed that all patients were infected with L. major. In total, 14 clinical forms were observed. Six were typical and eight were atypical. The typical ZCL forms are grouped as follows: papular (26.76%), ulcero-crusted (26.05%), ulcerated (13.38%), impetiginous (9.86%), nodular (9.15%), and papulo-nodular (5.63%) lesions. In atypical ZCL forms, we described erythematous (2.81%), erysipeloid (1.4%), sporotrichoid, (1.4%), keratotic (0.7%) lupoid (0.7%), lichenoid (0.7%), psoriasiform (0.7%), and zosteriform (0.7%) lesions. Here, the lichenoid and the keratotic forms caused by L. major were reported for the first time in Tunisia. These findings will help physicians to be aware of the unusual lesions of ZCL that could be confused with other dermatological diseases. For this reason, it will be necessary to improve the diagnosis of CL especially in endemic areas. Such large clinical polymorphism caused by L. major may be the result of a complex association between the vector microbiota, the parasite, and the host immune state, and further studies should be carried out in order to reveal the mechanisms involved in clinical polymorphism of ZCL.
Assuntos
Leishmaniose Cutânea , Zoonoses , Leishmaniose Cutânea/diagnóstico , Leishmaniose Cutânea/parasitologia , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Zoonoses/parasitologia , Zoonoses/diagnóstico , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Animais , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Criança , Leishmania major/genética , Leishmania major/isolamento & purificação , Idoso , Pele/parasitologia , Pele/patologia , Pré-EscolarRESUMO
Canine-transmitted worms and an uncontrolled deworming program of stray dogs have caused that accurate diagnosis of zoonotic parasites received notable attention in endemic regions. This study aimed to assess the presence of E. multilocularis and E. granulosus infections in canids from Guilan province, northern Iran. A total of 272 fecal samples from carnivores were collected across 24 different regions in Guilan province between 2023 and 2024. All fecal specimens were observed following concentration and flotation techniques. DNAs of taeniid eggs were extracted, amplified, and sequenced targeting of specific mitochondrial Cox1 gene for E. granulosus and NAD 1 gene for E. multilocularis. On the base of molecular and phylogenetic analysis 1.47â¯% (in jackal) and 25â¯% (in dogs and jackal) of samples were positive for E. multilocularis and E. granulosus sensu strico G1 genotype, respectively. Molecular technique was found to be more sensitive in detecting infection in comparison with conventional techniques. Sequence analysis of Cox1 indicated a high genetic diversity (Haplotype diversity; 0.933; Number of haplotypes, h: 7) in E. granulosus G1. Current findings show that canids particularly jackals play potential role of definitive host in maintenance and transmission dynamic of E. multilocularis and E. granulosus in northern Iran. The presence of these infections is of particular concern in Guilan province due to the high influx of tourists, increasing the risk of transmission to humans. Therefore, the implementation of preventive programs is warranted to apply hygienic practices and adjusting deworming programs for the canids and at-risk individuals in the region.
Assuntos
Equinococose , Echinococcus granulosus , Echinococcus multilocularis , Fezes , Filogenia , Animais , Irã (Geográfico)/epidemiologia , Equinococose/epidemiologia , Equinococose/veterinária , Equinococose/parasitologia , Equinococose/diagnóstico , Echinococcus granulosus/genética , Echinococcus granulosus/isolamento & purificação , Echinococcus multilocularis/genética , Fezes/parasitologia , Cães , Variação Genética , Canidae/parasitologia , Genótipo , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Doenças do Cão/transmissão , Haplótipos , DNA de Helmintos/genética , Zoonoses/parasitologia , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , Complexo IV da Cadeia de Transporte de Elétrons/genéticaRESUMO
Introduced species have a major impact on freshwater ecosystems, particularly on islands. Numerous fish species have been introduced in Corsica (Mediterranean island, southern France) as part of planned programs or clandestinely. The introduction of non-native freshwater fish species can have a range of impacts on the recipient ecosystem, including through the co-introduction of its pathogens. A sample of introduced perch Perca fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1758 from the artificial reservoir of Padula was examined following a report of parasites by an angler. The analyses revealed the occurrence of Eustrongylides sp. (Nematoda) and Clinostomum complanatum (Digenea), two zoonotic parasites in P. fluviatilis. Both parasites are reported for the first time in France. Eustrongylides sp. and C. complanatum may have been introduced with their fish intermediate hosts or through their final bird hosts. The occurrence of the two parasites raises concerns from both a veterinary and human health perspective as they can use a wide range of amphibians as intermediate hosts and can be acquired in humans through the consumption of raw or undercooked fish.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Peixes , Espécies Introduzidas , Percas , Animais , França , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Percas/parasitologia , Trematódeos/isolamento & purificação , Trematódeos/classificação , Zoonoses/parasitologia , Infecções por Trematódeos/veterinária , Infecções por Trematódeos/parasitologia , Ilhas , HumanosRESUMO
Cryptosporidium species, causing diarrheal illnesses in humans and animals worldwide, are under investigation for their molecular epidemiology in Japan. The study focuses on detecting Cryptosporidium species in humans, animals, water, and the environment, revealing three species in people: C. parvum, C. meleagridis, and C. hominis. Subtype IIa of the C. parvum gp60 gene is prevalent, indicating potential zoonotic transmission. Animal studies identified sixteen species, mainly cattle and pets, with C. parvum (subtype IIa) common in cattle and C. canis and C. felis prevalent in pets. Additionally, C. bovis and C. ryanae were found in cattle and sika deer. Knowledge gaps exist, particularly in water and environmental source typing, with limited research revealing five species and five genotypes, suggesting a significant role of water in transmission. Further research is needed to understand the molecular diversity and transmission dynamics across humans, animals, water, and the environment in Japan.
Assuntos
Criptosporidiose , Cryptosporidium , Epidemiologia Molecular , Animais , Japão/epidemiologia , Criptosporidiose/epidemiologia , Criptosporidiose/parasitologia , Criptosporidiose/transmissão , Cryptosporidium/genética , Cryptosporidium/classificação , Cryptosporidium/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Bovinos , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , Zoonoses/parasitologia , Zoonoses/transmissão , Genótipo , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/transmissão , Cervos/parasitologia , Animais de Estimação/parasitologiaRESUMO
Dipylidium caninum is a cosmopolitan parasite of companion animals such as dogs and cats. Accidental infection in humans occur mostly in children. Although considerable number of cases were reported from Europe and the Americas, case reports of this zoonotic disease are rather scarce from Asian countries. The aim of this study is to report the results of literature survey on dipylidiasis cases in humans in Japan. Conclusively, we have found a total of 17 cases since the first case report in from Aichi Prefecture in 1925.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato , Japão/epidemiologia , Animais , Humanos , Gatos , Masculino , Cães , Feminino , Criança , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doenças do Gato/parasitologia , Doenças do Gato/epidemiologia , Doenças do Gato/transmissão , Zoonoses/parasitologia , Zoonoses/transmissão , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/transmissão , Pré-Escolar , Idoso , Cestoides/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Fasciolosis is a worldwide zoonotic snail-borne infection that affects ruminants, it causes high economic losses among livestock. A participatory epidemiological survey was conducted on 204 sheep owners of Sejnane region (District of Bizerte, Northwest Tunisia) to assess their knowledge, attitude and practice regarding fasciolosis. All interviewed sheep owners are aware of this parasitic infection (100%, 204/204), among them, 81% (165/204) reported history of clinical cases in their sheep flocks. According to 33.73% (113/335) of them, sheep get infected by fasciolosis mainly by grazing in wet areas, 79.9% (163/204) of these farmers think that wet climate is the most favourable for the infection. Weight loss (28.40%, 121/426) and submandibular oedema (20.42%, 87/426) are the main clinical signs of fasciolosis cited by interviewed sheep owners and the majority of them (98.53%; 201/204) confirmed that fasciolosis causes significant economic losses. Fasciolosis infection persists in Sejnane region despite the use of antiparasitic drugs, this is due mainly to the fact that animals graze in moist grass (39.88%, 132/331). Treat animals (51.47%, 193/375), prohibit grazing on moist grass (15.20%, 57/357), prohibit grazing on wet soils (14.33%, 53/357) and avoid pastures (10.93%, 41/357) are the main prevention measures cited by interviewed sheep owners. Only 18,14% (37/204) of responders knew that fascioliasis is a zoonotic disease. These results could be considered by animal health decision makers and field veterinarians when implementing control programmes in order to increase breeders' knowledge of fasciolosis.
Assuntos
Fasciolíase , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Doenças dos Ovinos , Animais , Fasciolíase/veterinária , Fasciolíase/epidemiologia , Fasciolíase/prevenção & controle , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/parasitologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/prevenção & controle , Tunísia/epidemiologia , Humanos , Criação de Animais Domésticos/métodos , Feminino , Masculino , Inquéritos e Questionários , Fazendeiros/psicologia , Zoonoses/parasitologia , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , Zoonoses/prevenção & controleRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Opisthorchiid flukes, particularly Opisthorchis viverrini, Opisthorchis felineus, Clonorchis sinensis, and Metorchis spp. are the most common fish-borne zoonotic human liver flukes (hLFs). Liver fluke infections are more prevalent in resource-deprived and underprivileged areas. We herein estimated the prevalence of the metacercariae (MC) of major hLFs in common large freshwater fishes (lFWF) marketed for human consumption from some selected areas of Bangladesh along with detection of their molluscan vectors and reservoirs. METHODS: The current status of fish-borne zoonotic hLF infections in lFWF was investigated along with their molluscan vectors and mammalian reservoir hosts in Mymensingh and Kishoreganj in Bangladesh from July 2018-June 2022 using conventional and multiple molecular techniques, such as PCR, PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), sequencing, and bioinformatic analyses. The infection rate of fishes was analyzed using the Z-test and the loads of MC were compared using the chi-squared (χ2) test. RESULTS: The MC of C. sinensis, Opisthorchis spp., and Metorchis spp. were detected in 11 species of common and popular lFWF. In lFWF, the estimated prevalence was 18.7% and the mean load was 137.4 ± 149.8 MC per 100 g of fish. The prevalence was the highest (P < 0.05) in spotted snakehead fishes (Channa punctata, 63.6%). The highest rate of infection (P < 0.05) was observed with the MC of C. sinensis (11.8%). Metacercariae were almost equally (P > 0.05) distributed between the head and body of fishes. The infection rate was slightly higher in cultured (19.6%) fishes. The MC of C. sinensis, O. felineus, O. viverrini, and Metorchis orientalis in fishes were confirmed using PCR, PCR-RFLP and bioinformatics. The cercariae of opisthorchiid (Pleurolophocercus cercariae) flukes were only recovered from Bithynia spp. (3.9%, 42 out of 1089). The ova of hLFs from dogs (4.3%, 5 out of 116) and cats (6.0%, 6 out of 100), and adult flukes (M. orientalis) from ducks (41.1% 113 out of 275) were detected. CONCLUSIONS: The MC of hLFs are highly prevalent in fresh water fishes in Bangladesh. Reservoir hosts, such as street dogs, cats, and ducks carried the patent infection, and residents of Bangladesh are at risk.
Assuntos
Reservatórios de Doenças , Doenças dos Peixes , Peixes , Água Doce , Zoonoses , Animais , Bangladesh/epidemiologia , Peixes/parasitologia , Água Doce/parasitologia , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Doenças dos Peixes/epidemiologia , Humanos , Reservatórios de Doenças/parasitologia , Reservatórios de Doenças/veterinária , Zoonoses/parasitologia , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , Zoonoses/transmissão , Vetores de Doenças , Prevalência , Opisthorchis/genética , Opisthorchis/isolamento & purificação , Metacercárias/genética , Metacercárias/isolamento & purificação , Clonorchis sinensis/genética , Clonorchis sinensis/isolamento & purificação , Moluscos/parasitologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Digenetic trematodes, including blood flukes, intestinal flukes, liver flukes, lung flukes, and pancreatic flukes, are highly diverse and distributed widely. They affect at least 200 million people worldwide, so better understanding of their global distribution and prevalence are crucial for controlling and preventing human trematodiosis. Hence, this scoping review aims to conduct a comprehensive investigation on the spatio-temporal distribution and epidemiology of some important zoonotic digenetic trematodes. METHODS: We conducted a scoping review by searching PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang databases for articles, reviews, and case reports of zoonotic digenetic trematodes, without any restrictions on the year of publication. We followed the inclusion and exclusion criteria to identify relevant studies. And relevant information of the identified studies were collected and summarized. RESULTS: We identified a total of 470 articles that met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review finally. Our analysis revealed the prevalence and global distribution of species in Schistosoma, Echinostoma, Isthmiophora, Echinochasmus, Paragonimus, Opisthorchiidae, Fasciolidae, Heterophyidae, and Eurytrema. Although some flukes are distributed worldwide, developing countries in Asia and Africa are still the most prevalent areas. Furthermore, there were some overlaps between the distribution of zoonotic digenetic trematodes from the same genus, and the prevalence of some zoonotic digenetic trematodes was not entirely consistent with their global distribution. The temporal disparities in zoonotic digenetic trematodes may attribute to the environmental changes. The gaps in our knowledge of the epidemiology and control of zoonotic digenetic trematodes indicate the need for large cohort studies in most countries. CONCLUSIONS: This review provides important insights into the prevalence and global distribution of some zoonotic digenetic trematodes, firstly reveals spatio-temporal disparities in these digenetic trematodes. Countries with higher prevalence rate could be potential sources of transmitting diseases to other areas and are threat for possible outbreaks in the future. Therefore, continued global efforts to control and prevent human trematodiosis, and more international collaborations are necessary in the future.