Coating doxorubicin-loaded nanocapsules with alginate enhances therapeutic efficacy against Leishmania in hamsters by inducing Th1-type immune responses.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory and chemotherapeutic potential of alginate-(SA) coated nanocapsule (NCs) loaded with doxorubicin (SA-NCs-DOX) against visceral leishmaniasis in comparison with nano-emulsions containing doxorubicin (NE-DOX). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: NE-DOX was prepared using low-energy emulsification methods. Stepwise addition of protamine sulphate and SA in a layer-by-layer manner was used to form SA-NCs-DOX. SA-NCs-DOX, NE-DOX and Free DOX were compared for their cytotoxicity against Leishmania donovani-infected macrophages in vitro and generation of T-cell responses in infected hamsters in vivo. KEY RESULTS: Size and ζ potential of the NE-DOX and SA-NCs-DOX formulations were 310 ± 2.1 nm and (-)32.6 ± 2.1 mV, 342 ± 4.1 nm and (-)29.3 ± 1.2 mV respectively. SA-NCs-DOX was better (1.5 times) taken up by J774A.1 macrophages compared with NE-DOX. SA-NCs -DOX showed greater efficacy than NE-DOX against intramacrophagic amastigotes. SA-NCs-DOX treatment exhibited enhanced apoptotic efficiency than NE-DOX and free DOX as evident by cell cycle analysis, decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, ROS and NO production. T-cell responses, when assessed through lymphoproliferative responses, NO production along with enhanced levels of iNOS, TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-12 were found to be up-regulated after SA-NCs-DOX, compared with responses to NE-DOX in vivo. Parasitic burden was decreased in Leishmania-infected hamsters treated with SA-NCs-DOX, compared with NE-DOX. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our results provide insights into the development of an alternative approach to improved management of leishmaniasis through a combination of chemotherapy with stimulation of the innate immune system.