ALIX, ALG-2 interacting protein X; ATPase, adenosine triphosphatase; BBB, blood­brain barrier; CCK-8, cell counting kit-8; CD, cluster of differentiation; DIL, 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate; DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid; Drug delivery systems; EGF, epidermal growth factor; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; ESCRT, endosomal sorting complexes required for transport; EV, extracellular vesicle; EpCAM, epithelial cell adhesion molecule; Exosomes; Extracellular vesicles; HEK293, human embryonic kidney cell line 293; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HMGA2, high-mobility group AT-hook protein; HeLa, Henrietta Lacks cells; Hsp, heat shock proteins; IL-6, interleukin-6; ILVs, intraluminal vesicles; LPS, lipopolysaccharides; MAPK-1, mitogen-activated protein kinase 1; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; MPS, mononuclear phagocyte system; MVB, multi-vesicular body biogenesis; Nanocarrier; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; PD, Parkinson's disease; PEG, polyethylene glycol; RNA, ribonucleic acid; ROS, reactive oxygen species; RPE1, retinal pigment epithelial cells 1; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α; TSG101, tumor susceptibility gene 101; VPS4, vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 4; kRAS, Kirsten rat sarcoma; mRNA, messenger RNA; miRNA, micro RNA; siRNA, small interference RNA