Mix-and-Match Proteomics: Using Advanced Iodoacetyl Tandem Mass Tag Multiplexing To Investigate Cysteine Oxidation Changes with Respect to Protein Expression.

ABSTRACT

Cysteine redox state has been identified as one of the key biological influences behind protein structure and/or function. Altered protein redox state has been shown to cause significant physiological changes and can leave proteins with changed sensitivity to oxidative stress. Protein redox-state changes are recognized as an important mediator of disease, cellular abnormalities, and environmental changes, and therefore their characterization is of interest. Isotopic or isobaric labeling followed by sample multiplexing and analysis by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) allows relative comparison of protein expression levels or of protein redox states between several samples. Combining analysis of protein expression level and redox state into one analysis would add an extra dimension and permit the normalization of protein redox changes with protein abundance. To achieve this, we have developed a quantitation workflow that uses commercially available cysteine-reactive tandem mass tags (iodoTMT) to differentially label cysteine residues, and we have applied it to two Leishmania mexicana cell lines that have previously shown different responses to oxidative stress. The individually labeled samples have been pooled in different combinations to create multiple sixplex samples in order to study the relationship between cysteine oxidation and overall protein expression, as well as providing information about protein oxidation levels in each cell line. The results highlight 11 proteins that are differentially expressed between the two cell lines and/or have significant redox changes. This advanced multiplexing method effectively demonstrates the flexibility of tandem mass tags and how they can be used to maximize the amount of information that can be acquired.