Cluster partitions and fitness landscapes of the Drosophila fly microbiome.

ABSTRACT

The concept of genetic epistasis defines an interaction between two genetic loci as the degree of non-additivity in their phenotypes. A fitness landscape describes the phenotypes over many genetic loci, and the shape of this landscape can be used to predict evolutionary trajectories. Epistasis in a fitness landscape makes prediction of evolutionary trajectories more complex because the interactions between loci can produce local fitness peaks or troughs, which changes the likelihood of different paths. While various mathematical frameworks have been proposed to investigate properties of fitness landscapes, Beerenwinkel et al. (Stat Sin 17(4)1317-1342, 2007a) suggested studying regular subdivisions of convex polytopes. In this sense, each locus provides one dimension, so that the genotypes form a cube with the number of dimensions equal to the number of genetic loci considered. The fitness landscape is a height function on the coordinates of the cube. Here, we propose cluster partitions and cluster filtrations of fitness landscapes as a new mathematical tool, which provides a concise combinatorial way of processing metric information from epistatic interactions. Furthermore, we extend the calculation of genetic interactions to consider interactions between microbial taxa in the gut microbiome of Drosophila fruit flies. We demonstrate similarities with and differences to the previous approach. As one outcome we locate interesting epistatic information on the fitness landscape where the previous approach is less conclusive.