Noninvasive Investigation of Phloem Structure by 3D Synchrotron X-Ray Microtomography.

X-ray microtomography (µCT) is a three-dimensional imaging technique, which has, over the past decade, established itself as a go-to method for nondestructive visualization of plant tissue with submicrometer resolution. µCT is closely related to medical computed tomography, in that a measurement consists of acquiring a series of radiographs from different directions around the sample. Especially with synchrotron X-ray sources, these radiographs exhibit significant phase contrast. This greatly enhances soft tissue contrast, making it well suited for plant imaging. Tomographic reconstruction techniques are then employed to convert the stack of radiographs into a 3D volumetric image. Compared with the laboratory X-ray tube-based systems, synchrotron tomography beamlines also offer high throughput, with tens of samples scanned over the course of a typical 24-h beam time.Synchrotrons are typically operated as user facilities, with a staff member assisting users in aligning the beamline and all instrumentation-related matters. From the user's point of view, success of a synchrotron µCT experiment is often dependent on secure sample mounting, choice of appropriate beam parameters, and post-processing the data, i.e., extracting scientifically meaningful results from the 3D image. In this chapter, we review the issues to consider in preparation of a µCT experiment from the point of view of a phloem researcher, emphasizing those aspects which are directly under the user's control rather than technical specifics, which vary from one beamline to another.