Superresilient Hard Carbon Nanofabrics for Sodium-Ion Batteries.

ABSTRACT

Developing supermechanically resilient hard carbon materials that can quickly accommodate sodium ions is highly demanded in fabricating durable anodes for wearable sodium-ion batteries. Here, an interconnected spiral nanofibrous hard carbon fabric with both remarkable resiliency (e.g., recovery rate as high as 1200 mm s-1 ) and high Young's modulus is reported. The hard carbon nanofabrics are prepared by spinning and then carbonizing the reaction product of polyacrylonitrile and polar molecules (melamine). The resulting unique hard carbon possesses a highly disordered carbonaceous structure with enlarged interlayer spacing contributed from the strong electrostatic repulsion of dense pyrrolic nitrogen atoms. Its excellent resiliency remains after intercalation/deintercalation of sodium ions. The outstanding sodium-storage performance of the derived anode includes excellent gravimetric capacity, high-power capability, and long-term cyclic stability. More significantly, with a high loading mass, the hard carbon anode displays a high-power capacity (1.05 mAh cm-2 at 2 A g-1 ) and excellent cyclic stability. This study provides a unique strategy for the design and fabrication of new hard carbon materials for advanced wearable energy storage systems.