Identification of Rotenone and Five Rotenoids in CFT Legumine Piscicide Formulation via High Resolution Mass Spectrometry and a New High-Throughput Extraction Procedure.

ABSTRACT

The piscicide CFT Legumine is applied to freshwater systems around the world to control invasive fish species. Rotenone, a potent inhibitor of mitochondrial cellular respiration, is the active ingredient of the piscicide; however, other rotenoids of unknown persistence and toxicity account for an equivalent amount by weight. This work identified six distinct rotenoids in CFT Legumine using liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution orbitrap mass spectrometry and optimized a rapid surface water sampling procedure for their analysis. The rotenoids were identified as rotenone and its isomer deguelin, their 12α-hydroxylated products rotenolone and tephrosin, as well as 6α,12α-dehydrorotenone and 6α,12α-dehydrodeguelin. The optimized procedure, extraction with Spin-X nylon membrane microcentrifuge filters followed by elution with acetonitrile, achieved recoveries ranging from 101 - 107 % and 97 - 145 % for all six rotenoids at high (125 nM, ~50 ppb) and low (25 nM, ~10 ppb) concentrations of CFT Legumine, respectively. Overall, this method provides a rapid sampling procedure necessary for monitoring rotenoid persistence in surface water to ensure safe and efficacious application of the pesticide.