ABCA3, ATP-binding cassette transporter A3; APCs, antigen-presenting cells; Biomarkers; CAFs, cancer-associated fibroblasts; CCRCC, clear-cell renal cell carcinoma; CD-UPRT, cytosine deaminase-uracil phosphoribosyltransferase; CDH3, cadherin 3; CRC, colorectal cancer; DC, dendritic cells; DEXs, DC-derived exosomes; DLBCL, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; DNM3, dynamin 3; Del-1, developmental endothelial locus-1; Drug delivery; Drug resistance; ECM, extracellular matrix; EMT, epithelial­mesenchymal transition; ESCRT, endosomal sorting complex required for transport; Exosomes; GPC1, glypican-1; HA, hyaluronic acid; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HIF1, hypoxia-inducible factor 1; HTR, hormone therapy-resistant; HUVECs, human umbilical vein endothelial cells; ILVs, intraluminal vesicles; MDSCs, myeloid-derived suppressor cells; MIF, migration inhibitory factor; MSC, mesenchymal stem cells; MVB, multivesicular body; NKEXOs, natural killer cell-derived exosomes; NNs, nanoparticles; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; PA, phosphatidic acid; PCC, pheochromocytoma; PD-L1, programmed cell death receptor ligand 1; PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; PGL, paraganglioma; PI, phosphatidylinositol; PS, phosphatidylserine; PTRF, polymerase I and transcript release factor; RCC, renal cell carcinoma; SM, sphingomyelin; SNARE, soluble NSF-attachment protein receptor; TEX, tumor-derived exosomes; TSG101, tumor susceptibility gene 101; Tumor immunity; Tumor metastasis; circRNAs, circular RNAs; dsDNA, double stranded DNA; hTERT, human telomerase reverse transcriptase; lamp2b, lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 2b; lncRNAs, long non-coding RNAs; miRNA, microRNA; mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA; ncRNA, non-coding RNAs