Development of a New Image-Guided Neuronavigation System: Mixed-Reality Projection Mapping Is Accurate and Feasible.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Image-guided systems improve the safety, functional outcome, and overall survival of neurosurgery but require extensive equipment. OBJECTIVE: To develop an image-guided surgery system that combines the brain surface photographic texture (BSP-T) captured during surgery with 3-dimensional computer graphics (3DCG) using projection mapping. METHODS: Patients who underwent initial surgery with brain tumors were prospectively enrolled. The texture of the 3DCG (3DCG-T) was obtained from 3DCG under similar conditions as those when capturing the brain surface photographs. The position and orientation at the time of 3DCG-T acquisition were used as the reference. The correct position and orientation of the BSP-T were obtained by aligning the BSP-T with the 3DCG-T using normalized mutual information. The BSP-T was combined with and displayed on the 3DCG using projection mapping. This mixed-reality projection mapping (MRPM) was used prospectively in 15 patients (mean age 46.6 yr, 6 males). The difference between the centerlines of surface blood vessels on the BSP-T and 3DCG constituted the target registration error (TRE) and was measured in 16 fields of the craniotomy area. We also measured the time required for image processing. RESULTS: The TRE was measured at 158 locations in the 15 patients, with an average of 1.19 ± 0.14 mm (mean ± standard error). The average image processing time was 16.58 min. CONCLUSION: Our MRPM method does not require extensive equipment while presenting information of patients' anatomy together with medical images in the same coordinate system. It has the potential to improve patient safety.