Anti-alpha enolase multi-antibody specificity in human diseases. Clinical significance and molecular mechanisms.
Autoimmun Rev
; 20(12): 102977, 2021 Dec.
Article
en En
| MEDLINE
| ID: mdl-34718161
ABSTRACT
Alpha-enolase (Eno) is an ubiquitary glycolytic enzyme playing multiple functions that go well beyond its principal metabolic role of energy supplier during glycolysis. Eno is localized in the cytoplasm, but also expressed on the cell membrane, where it binds plasminogen allowing its activation. Its shorter form, in the nucleus, acts as transcription factor. In inflammatory conditions, Eno undergoes post-translational modifications, such as citrullination, oxidation and phosphorylation. Eno is also an autoantigen in different disorders. In fact, autoantibodies to Eno have been detected in rheumatoid arthritis, lupus nephritis, primary glomerulonephritis, cancer, infections and other disorders, and in many cases they represent specific markers to be utilized in clinical practice. Anti-Eno antibodies in the different clinical conditions are not equal they differ in isotype and often recognize different epitopes on the enzyme. IgG1 and IgG3 are prevalent in Rheumatoid Arthritis, IgG2 in Lupus nephritis and IgG4 in primary autoimmune glomerulopathy. This review analyzes the characteristics of anti-Eno autoantibodies in autoimmune disorders and cancer, describing their fine specificity and isotype restriction. The post-translational modifications that are target of autoantibodies are also discussed, as they represent the basis for elucidating the molecular mechanisms responsible for epitope generation. Despite an impressive amount of experimental work on anti-Eno antibodies, it is still necessary to validate the use of anti-Eno antibodies as biomarkers of selected diseases and extend the knowledge on the mechanisms of anti-Eno autoantibody production. Strategies that downmodulate the immune response to Eno may represent in the future novel approaches in the treatment of autoimmune disorders.
Palabras clave
Texto completo:
1
Colección:
01-internacional
Base de datos:
MEDLINE
Asunto principal:
Nefritis Lúpica
/
Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico
Límite:
Humans
Idioma:
En
Revista:
Autoimmun Rev
Asunto de la revista:
ALERGIA E IMUNOLOGIA
Año:
2021
Tipo del documento:
Article
País de afiliación:
Italia