Competition and physician-induced demand in a healthcare market with regulated price: evidence from Ghana.

Using panel data of administrative claims spanning 36 months (2017-2019) and an instrumental variable method, this study examines whether physician-induced demand for hypertension disease care exists in Ghana's healthcare system where price is regulated, and there is no co-payment. We find that an increase in competition-measured as a high doctor-to-population ratio at the district level-leads to an increase in the number of physician visits, suggesting physician-induced demand exists, and that effects are greater for large hospitals and public health providers. This result is further supported by alternative measures and specifications showing that physicians' revenue from medication and gross revenue increase as the physician density increases. These pattern suggest that physicians in high density areas, faced with a decrease in number of patients per physician, make up for the decline in income by inducing more patient visits.