Impact of temperature on infection with Japanese encephalitis virus of three potential urban vectors in Taiwan; Aedes albopictus, Armigeres subalbatus, and Culex quinquefasciatus.

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an important mosquito-borne infectious disease in rural areas of Asia that is caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Culex tritaeniorhynchus is the major vector of JEV, nevertheless there are other mosquitoes that may be able to transmit JEV. This study confirms that the midgut, head tissue, salivary glands, and reproductive tissue of Aedes albopictus, Armigeres subalbatus, and Culex quinquefasciatus are all able to be infected with JEV after a virus-containing blood meal was ingested by female mosquitoes. Even though the susceptibility to JEV of the different tissues varies, the virus-positive rate increased with the number of days after JEV infection. Moreover, once JEV escapes the midgut barrier, the oral transmission rates of JEV were 16%, 2%, and 21% for Ae. albopictus, Ar. subalbatus, and Cx. quinquefasciatus at 14 days after infection at 30 °C, respectively. There is no supporting evidence to suggest vertical transmission of JEV by the tested mosquitoes. Collectively, raising the temperature enhances JEV replication in the salivary gland of the three mosquito species, suggesting that global warming will enhance mosquito vector competence and that this is likely to lead to an increase in the probability of JEV transmission.