Radiotherapy for mediastinal lymphoma in breath hold using surface monitoring and nasal high flow oxygen: Clinical experiences and breath hold stability.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: In this study we describe the clinical introduction and evaluation of radiotherapy in mediastinal lymphoma in breath hold using surface monitoring combined with nasal high flow therapy (NHFT) to prolong breath hold duration. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 11 Patients with mediastinal lymphoma were evaluated. 6 Patients received NHFT, 5 patients were treated in breath hold without NHFT. Breath hold stability as measured by a surface scanning system was evaluated, as well as internal movement based on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) before and after treatment. Based on internal movement, margins were determined. In a parallel planning study we compared free breathing plans with breath hold plans using the determined margins. RESULTS: Average inter breath hold stability was 0.6 mm for NHFT treatments, and 0.5 mm for non-NHFT treatments (p > 0.1). Intra breath hold stability was 0.8 vs. 0.6 mm (p > 0.1) on average. Using NHFT, average breath hold duration increased from 34 s to 60 s (p < 0.01). Residual CTV motion derived from CBCTs before and after each fraction was 2.0 mm for NHFT vs 2.2 mm for non-NHFT (p > 0.1). Combined with inter-fraction motion, a uniform mediastinal margin of 5 mm appears to be sufficient. In breath hold, mean lung dose is reduced by 2.6 Gy (p < 0.001), while mean heart dose is reduced by 2.0 Gy (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Treatment of mediastinal lymphoma in breath hold is feasible and safe. The addition of NHFT approximately increases breath hold durations with a factor two while stability is maintained. By reducing breathing motion, margins can be decreased to 5 mm. A considerable dose reduction in heart, lungs, esophagus, and breasts can be achieved with this method.