Differentiated service delivery for HIV treatment models in Thailand: A cross-sectional assessment of real-world implementation and uptake.

OBJECTIVES: First, to describe the antiretroviral therapy (ART) delivery models available in Thailand to understand differentiated service delivery for further service system optimization and expansion of best practices; second, to determine the client characteristics associated with model uptake. METHODS: Across-sectional assessment using secondary data was conducted to describe ART models implemented as routine services at four public hospitals in three major provinces with a high-HIV burden in Thailand. From April to October 2020, ART clients were screened consecutively according to the inclusion criteria: Thai, aged ≥18 years, and on ART for ≥6 months. HIV treatment models were categorised based on the service type, location, provider, and frequency. Logistic regression was used to identify the associated factors. RESULTS: Seven individual ART delivery models were identified: four were facility-based and three were out-of-facility. No group models were identified. Of 3,366 records of ART clients reviewed, 3,213 (95.5%) met the study criteria and received ART through the following models: conventional (32.6%), nurse-led clinical consultation (10.0%), fast-track refill (29.0%), after-hours clinic (10.6%), pharmacist-led pickup center (3.6%), key population-led community-based organisation (2.7%), and mailing (11.5%). Age, population, duration on ART, and viral load were associated with the uptake of certain alternative service models when compared to the conventional model. CONCLUSIONS: Among the variety of ART delivery approaches available in Thailand, facility-based models remain the most prevalent. Future work should investigate the role of client preference and choice in choosing service models and service utilisation patterns over time, and assess the acceptability and effectiveness of these models.