Molecular mechanisms augmenting resistance to current therapies in clinics among cervical cancer patients.

Cervical cancer (CC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer death (~ 324,000 deaths annually) among women internationally, with 85% of these deaths reported in developing regions, particularly sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is considered the major driver of CC, and with the availability of the prophylactic vaccine, HPV-associated CC is expected to be eliminated soon. However, female patients with advanced-stage cervical cancer demonstrated a high recurrence rate (50-70%) within two years of completing radiochemotherapy. Currently, 90% of failures in chemotherapy are during the invasion and metastasis of cancers related to drug resistance. Although molecular target therapies have shown promising results in the lab, they have had little success in patients due to the tumor heterogeneity fueling resistance to these therapies and bypass the targeted signaling pathway. The last two decades have seen the emergence of immunotherapy, especially immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies, as an effective treatment against metastatic tumors. Unfortunately, only a small subgroup of patients (< 20%) have benefited from this approach, reflecting disease heterogeneity and manifestation with primary or acquired resistance over time. Thus, understanding the mechanisms driving drug resistance in CC could significantly improve the quality of medical care for cancer patients and steer them to accurate, individualized treatment. The rise of artificial intelligence and machine learning has also been a pivotal factor in cancer drug discovery. With the advancement in such technology, cervical cancer screening and diagnosis are expected to become easier. This review will systematically discuss the different tumor-intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms CC cells to adapt to resist current treatments and scheme novel strategies to overcome cancer drug resistance.