Challenges and current advances in the methodology of thyroglobulin measurements.

ABSTRACT

Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a large protein secreted exclusively by the thyroid gland. In a clinical setting, it is measured for the purpose of follow-up of thyroidectomy patients. However, Tg measurements are often impeded by the presence of Tg autoantibodies and/or heterophylic antibodies that interfere with most measuring platforms. This presents a global problem in thyroid cancer patients who need to be postoperatively monitored for recurrent or residual disease. Therefore, in this paper we offer an overview of the existing methodologies and alternative approaches for Tg measurements that are a focus of research worldwide. These include Tg mRNA measurements, exosomal Tg detection, the use of alternative analytes (liquid biopsies) and the development of new approaches for preanalytical sample treatment.

Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a large protein produced only by the thyroid gland. It helps physicians follow-up with patients who have had thyroid surgery. Nevertheless, Tg autoantibodies or other antibodies can occasionally cause Tg tests to malfunction. For those who have thyroid cancer, this makes it difficult to ensure that their disease is not returning. In this article, we examine various approaches of measuring Tg that are being investigated globally. These techniques include analyzing Tg mRNA, identifying Tg in exosomes, employing other components of blood (liquid biopsies), and developing novel approaches to blood sample preparation prior to testing. All of these techniques may aid medical professionals in better monitoring patients with thyroid cancer and preventing issues brought on by interfering antibodies.