First Report of Alternaria alternata Causing Leaf Spot on Smooth Bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) in China.

ABSTRACT

Smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) is an important forage crop in northern China. In July 2021, leaf spot symptoms were observed on smooth bromegrass in Ewenki Banner, Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia. In an area of approximately 0.12 hectares, 95% disease incidence was observed. Ten diseased plants were collected for pathogen isolation. Leaf tissues near the lesions were cut into 5 × 5 mm pieces, surface-disinfested in 75% ethanol for 3 min, and rinsed with sterile distilled water. The pieces were placed on water agar in petri plates and incubated at 25℃ for three days. The resulting colonies were flushed with sterile water and a spore suspension was serially diluted and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA). A single-spore colony was obtained. Ten isolates were obtained and designated HE1 to HE10. The colony morphology was identical for all isolates, grayish white in color on the upper surface and light black on the underside. The mycelia were light gray and velvety. Conidia were light brown to brown in color and oblate, oblong or oval. The conidial dimensions were typically between 15 to 43 µm by 8 to 9 µm in size. The conidia possessed one to six transverse septa, with slight to distinct constrictions at each division, and zero to two longitudinal septa. These morphological characteristics resembled Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl.. DNA was extracted from three isolates, HE3, HE4 and HE5, using the CTAB method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed on the extracted DNA with a set of primers ITS1/ITS4, H31a/H31b, gpd1/gpd2, TEF1-728F/TEF1-986R, and RPB2-5F2/fRPB2-7cR. The amplicon sequences from the three isolates were analyzed using the BLAST in GenBank (https//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). The results showed a high sequence identity, ranging from 99 to 100%, with the A. alternata strain YTMZ-20-2 across all the genetic markers tested. The strong match reinforced the identification of the strains as A. alternata. The sequences were deposited in GenBank (Table S1). The three fungal isolates were identified as A. alternata based on their morphological and genetic data. To conduct Koch's postulates, the representative isolate HE4 was used. Smooth bromegrass seed was soaked in water for four days and sown in potting soil contained in plastic pots (10 cm diameter × 15 cm height, five seeds/pot) in a greenhouse under a 16-h photoperiod at temperatures between 20 to 25°C and 60% relative humidity. When the plants reached a height of approximately 20 cm, the plants in three pots (replicates) were sprayed with a spore suspension (106 conidial/ml) at 10 ml/pot, and three pots were sprayed with sterile water for control. Five days after inoculation, the plants exhibited leaf spot symptoms similar to those previously described, while the control plants remained unaffected. The causative fungus was successfully re-isolated from the diseased plants and confirmed morphologically and molecularly on its identity as described above. This experiment was independently conducted three times. This is the first report of A. alternata causing leaf spot on smooth bromegrass in China. Since there is risk that the disease could seriously reduce the yield of the forage crop smooth bromegrass, further research is needed.