Sensory impairments and depressive symptoms in Europe: a cross-national cohort study.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the associations between sensory impairments and the development of depressive symptoms across sex, age, and European regions, and to examine the mediating role of cognitive function, activities of daily living (ADL), and physical activity. METHOD: A cohort study including 56,847 Europeans aged 50+ participating in at least two waves of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Associations were analyzed using mixed effects logistic regression models considering several confounders. RESULTS: Overall, 17.8% developed depressive symptoms. Compared to participants with good vision and hearing, those with vision impairment (VI) (odds ratio (OR) = 1.35, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.27-1.44), hearing impairment (HI) OR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.21-1.43, and dual sensory impairment (DSI, i.e. VI and HI) (OR = 1.93, 95% CI 1.75-2.13) had increased odds of depressive symptoms. The associations were consistent across sex and European regions but became stronger with advancing age among men. Dose-response relationships were found for all associations. Mediation analyses revealed that preventing cognitive decline, ADL limitations, and physical inactivity would eliminate 15.0%, 11.5%, and 21.4% of the total effect for VI, HI, and DSI, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our findings emphasize the importance of preventing sensory impairments to avoid depressive symptoms.