A Weakly Solvating Ether Electrolyte Enables Fast-Charging and Wide-Temperature Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells.

ABSTRACT

Graphite-based lithium-ion batteries have succeeded greatly in the electric vehicle market. However, they suffer from performance deterioration, especially at fast charging and low temperatures. Traditional electrolytes based on carbonated esters have sluggish desolvation kinetics, recognized as the rate-determining step. Here, a weakly solvating ether electrolyte with tetrahydropyran (THP) as the solvent is designed to enable reversible and fast lithium-ion (Li+) intercalation in the graphite anode. Unlike traditional ether-based electrolytes which easily cointercalate into the graphite layers, the THP-based electrolyte shows fast desolvation ability and can match well with the graphite anode. In addition, the weak interconnection between Li+ and THP allows more anions to come into the solvating shell of Li+, inducing an inorganic-rich interface and thus suppressing the side reactions. As a result, the lithium iron phosphate/graphite pouch cell (3 Ah) with the THP electrolyte shows a capacity retention of 80.3% after 500 cycles at 2 C charging, much higher than that of the ester electrolyte system (7.6% after 200 cycles). At 4 C charging, the discharging capacity is increased from 2.29 Ah of esters to 2.96 Ah of THP. Furthermore, the cell can work normally over wide working temperatures (-20 to 60 °C). Our electrolyte design provides some understanding of lithium-ion batteries at fast charging and wide temperatures.