Understanding natural isotopic variations in cultured cancer cells.

ABSTRACT

RATIONALE Natural variations in the abundance of the stable isotopes of nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) offer valuable insights into metabolic fluxes. In the wake of strong interest in cancer metabolism, recent research has revealed δ15N and δ13C variations in cancerous compared to non-cancerous tissues and cell lines. However, our understanding of natural isotopic variations in cultured mammalian cells, particularly in relation to metabolism, remains limited. This study aims to start addressing this gap using metabolic modulations in cells cultured under controlled conditions. METHODS: Prostate cancer cells (PC3) were cultured in different conditions and their δ15N and δ13C were measured using isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Isotopic variations during successive cell culture passages were assessed and two widely used cell culture media (RPMI and DMEM) were compared. Metabolism was modulated through glutamine deprivation and hypoxia. RESULTS: Successive cell culture passages generally resulted in reproducible δ15N and δ13C values. The impact of culture medium composition on δ15N and δ13C of the cells highlights the importance of maintaining a consistent medium composition across conditions whenever possible. Glutamine deprivation and hypoxia induced a lower δ13C in bulk cell samples, with only the former affecting δ15N. Gaps between theory and experiments were bridged and the lessons learned throughout the process are provided. CONCLUSIONS: Exposing cultured cancer cells to hypoxia allowed us to further investigate the relation between metabolic modulations and natural isotopic variations, while mitigating the confounding impact of changing culture medium composition. This study highlights the potential of natural δ13C variations for studying substrate fluxes and nutrient allocation in reproducible culture conditions. Considering cell yield and culture medium composition is pivotal to the success of this approach.