Social isolation in people with type 2 diabetes: A concept analysis.

ABSTRACT

Objective: To identify the defining attributes, antecedents, consequences and empirical referents to form an operational definition of social isolation in people with type 2 diabetes. Design: The Walker and Avant approach. Data source An electronic search of the literature using China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang database, PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, and PsycINFO informed the analysis. The search included both quantitative and qualitative studies related to social isolation in people with type 2 diabetes published in Chinese and English. Results: Of the 2918 articles identified, 21 ultimately met the inclusion criteria. The analysis identified the defining attributes of social isolation in people with type 2 diabetes as objective and subjective. Antecedents included five aspects personal characteristics, disease-related physiological factors, and psychological, behavioral, and social factors. Consequences were identified as physiological, psychological, behavioral aspects and quality of life. Conclusions: The operational definition of social isolation in people with type 2 diabetes is that due to personal characteristics, disease-related physiological factors, and psychological, behavioral, and social factors, people with type 2 diabetes will have limited social networks and social support, reduced social contact and social involvement, and/or negative feelings of disconnection from the outside world, which lead to adverse physiological, psychological, and behavioral outcomes and poor quality of life. Clinicians can further develop tools to measure social isolation in people with type 2 diabetes and analyze the path of the antecedents to social isolation to investigate the interplay between them in order to develop target interventions.