Chlorogenic acid inhibits macrophage PANoptosis induced by cefotaxime-resistant Escherichia coli.

ABSTRACT

Antibiotics are commonly used in clinical practice to treat bacterial infections. Due to the abuse of antibiotics, the emergence of drug-resistant strains, such as cefotaxime sodium-resistant Escherichia coli (CSR-EC), has aggravated the treatment of diseases caused by bacterial infections in the clinic. Therefore, discovering new drug candidates with unique mechanisms of action is imperative. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is an active component of Yinhua Pinggan Granule, which has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. We chose the CGA to explore its effects on PANoptosis in cultured macrophages infected with CSR-EC. In this study, we explored the protective impact of CGA on macrophage cell damage generated by CSR-EC infection and the potential molecular mechanistic consequences of post-infection therapy with CGA on the PANoptosis pathway. Our findings demonstrated that during CSR-EC-induced macrophage infection, CGA dramatically increased cell survival. CGA can inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine expression of IL-1ß, IL-18, TNF-α, and IL-6. CGA decreased ROS generation and increased Nrf-2 expression at the gene and protein levels to lessen the cell damage and death brought on by CSR-EC infection. Additionally, we discovered that the proteins Caspase-3, Caspase-7, Caspase-8, Caspase-1, GSDMD, NLRP-3, RIPK-3, and MLKL were all inhibited by CGA. In summary, our research suggests that CGA is a contender for reducing lesions brought on by CSR-EC infections and that it can work in concert with antibiotics to treat CSR-EC infections clinically. However, further research on its mechanism of action is still needed.