Potential hazards of bisphenol A on the male reproductive system: Induction of programmed cell death in testicular cells.

A common industrial chemical known as bisphenol A (BPA) has been linked to endocrine disruption and can interfere with hormonal signaling pathways in humans and animals. This comprehensive review aims to explore the detrimental consequences of BPA on reproductive organ performance and apoptosis induction, shedding light on the emerging body of evidence from laboratory animal studies. Historically, most studies investigating the connection between BPA and reproductive tissue function have mainly leaned on laboratory animal models. These studies have provided crucial insights into the harmful effects of BPA on several facets of reproduction. This review consolidates an increasing literature that correlates exposure to BPA in the environment with a negative impact on human health. It also integrates findings from laboratory studies conducted on diverse species, collectively bolstering the mounting evidence that environmental BPA exposure can be detrimental to both humans and animals, particularly to reproductive health. Furthermore, this article explores the fundamental processes by which BPA triggers cell death and apoptosis in testicular cells. By elucidating these mechanisms, this review aids a deeper understanding of the complex interactions between BPA and reproductive tissues.

Exploring the potential roles of apelin, visfatin, and irisin in energy regulation in farm animals: an overview.

Adipose tissue, both intricate and fundamental to physiological functions, comprises cell types, including adipocytes, pivotal in secreting bioactive peptides known as 'adipokines.' Apelin (APLN), Visfatin (VSFTN), and Irisin (IRSN) are novel adipokines involved in regulating energy, carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism. APLN acts as an endogenous ligand for G-protein-coupled receptors, VSFTN is essential in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) biosynthesis, and IRSN is released from skeletal muscle and adipose tissues. Their influence spans various physiological domains, including insulin resistance and sensitivity, cardiovascular functions, angiogenesis, and reproductive systems. This review focuses on the potential roles of APLN, VSFTN, and IRSN in energy regulation mechanisms related to farm animal production. Despite accumulating evidence of their significance, comprehensive understanding is still emerging, with most studies based on model organisms. Thus, there's a pressing need for targeted research on farm animals. Addressing these knowledge gaps could pave the way for improved health strategies, reproductive efficiency, and productivity in farm animals. Future research should focus on understanding the multifaceted interactions of these adipokines and their implications for promoting sustainable and effective animal production.

The regulatory effects of water probiotic supplementation on the blood physiology, reproductive performance, and its related genes in Red Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus X O. mossambicus).

Probiotics are becoming increasingly popular as eco-friendly alternatives in aquaculture. However, there is limited research on their impacts on the reproductive efficiency of Red Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O. mossambicus) broodstock. Therefore, this experiment aimed to explore the combined effects of selective probiotics Bacillus subtilis and B. licheniformis (BSL; 1:1) added to water on blood hematology, serum metabolites, gonadal histology, reproductive performance, and reproductive associated genes in Red Tilapia broodstock. Tilapia broodfish weighing 140-160 g were stocked in four treatment groups: control (T0), and the other three groups were added different levels of BSL to the water as follows: T1 (0.01 g/m3), T2 (0.02 g/m3), and T3 (0.03 g/m3), respectively. Results indicate that BSL administration significantly improved RBCs, hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCH, and MCHC, with the highest improvement seen in the T3 group (P < 0.05). BSL added to the fish water significantly enhanced serum protein fractions (total protein, albumin, and globulins), while AST, ALT, ALP, creatinine, uric acid, and glucose were significantly diminished in a dose-dependent way (P < 0.05). Adding 0.02-0.03 g/ m3 of BSL resulted in higher antioxidant status (superoxide dismutase and catalase) compared to other groups (P < 0.05). Testosterone levels were higher in T3 than in other groups (P < 0.05). All female hormones (LH, FSH, estradiol, and progesterone) were substantially augmented by the addition of BSL. Additionally, the BSL groups exhibited higher GSI, HSI, VSI (male only), egg diameter (mm), mean number of fry/fish, and mean fry weight (g) compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Expression of reproductive-associated genes (vasa, nanos1a, nanos2, dnd1, pum1, AMH, and vtg) were significantly up-regulated in the gonads of fish in the 0.03 g/m3 treatment. The histological gonadal structure exhibited that BSL improved gonad maturation in both genders of Tilapia fish. Overall, adding a mixture of B. subtilis and B. licheniformis (0.03 g/m3 water) can accelerate reproductive performance in Red Tilapia through up-regulation of reproductive genes and enhance the health profile.

Bioactivity screening and molecular identification of Anchusa milleri L. sunflower crud extract for antioxidant, antiviral, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties.

The current study evaluates hot water A. milleri sunflower extracts at 40 °C temperature (AMSE40) for their antibacterial, anti-biofilm, antiviral and anticancer activities. AMSE40 exhibited excellent antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 1.17 mg/mL (ascorbic acid) and was found to be rich in phytochemical compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, and tannins, with concentrations of 1.23%, 351.60 mg/g, 152.50 mg/g, 0.98%, and 146.35 mg/g, respectively. AMSE40 showed strong antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity against four multidrug-resistant isolates, comprising E. faecalis, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumonia with minimum bactericidal concentrations (25 mg/mL) and minimum inhibitory concentrations (12.5 mg/mL) for all isolates. The AMSE40 (62.5 µg/mL) showed antiviral efficacy against CoxB4 (9.1%) and HSV-1 (34.4%). Additionally, AMSE40 induced DNA fragmentation in liver cell lines, indicating cell death. The cytotoxic concentration of AMSE40 had a mild impact on Vero (283.2 µg) and HepG2 cells (76.4 µg). A. milleri has the potential to serve as a natural and eco-friendly source for innovative pharmaceutical and medical applications.

Effect of dietary supplementation of macadamia oil on the growth, immune function, physio-biochemical components and thyroid activity of growing rabbits.

The current research aimed to assess the effects of dietary macadamia oil (MO) on carcass traits, growth performance, physio-biochemical components, immune function, thyroid hormones and inflammation markers of growing rabbits. A total of 96 growing rabbits were randomly distributed into four treatments, with 24 rabbits in each group. The rabbits were fed a basal diet (control group) or a diet supplemented with MO at 0.5 (MO0.5), 1 (MO1.0) and 2 (MO2.0) mL/kg of diet for eight weeks. The daily body weight gain and feed conversion ratio showed a quadratic improvement with increasing levels of MO, and the optimal dose was 1.25 mL/kg of diet. Increasing levels of MO also had a quadratic effect on hepatic and renal functions. Dose-response curves revealed that the optimal doses of MO were 1.50, 1.75 and 1.25 mL/kg of diet for total bilirubin, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and creatinine respectively. A quadratic relationship was observed between the increased levels of MO and tumour necrosis factor-α (p = 0.038), interleukin-6 (p = 0.014) and immunoglobulins (p = 0.016 and IgM p = 0.026). Additionally, a linear relationship was observed between the increment in MO levels and both nitric oxide (p = 0.040) and interleukin-4 (p = 0.001). The activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase showed a linear increase with increasing dietary MO content, while xanthine oxidase showed a linear decrease. Total antioxidant capacity showed quadratic improvement (p = 0.035) with the dietary treatment, with the optimal dose observed at 1.25 mL/kg of diet. The inclusion of MO in the diet had a linear effect on the activity of thyroxine (p = 0.001). Therefore, supplementation of MO at a dose of 1 or 1.5 mL/kg of diet in growing rabbits' diets can improve growth and carcass traits, sustain thyroid function by supporting immunity, and reduce oxidative/inflammation pathways.

Cinnamon nanoemulsion mitigates acetamiprid-induced hepatic and renal toxicity in rats: biochemical, histopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular docking analysis.

Acetamiprid (ACDP) is a widely used neonicotinoid insecticide that is popular for its efficacy in controlling fleas in domestic settings and for pets. Our study aims to offer a comprehensive examination of the toxicological impacts of ACDP and the prophylactic effects of cinnamon nanoemulsions (CMNEs) on the pathological, immunohistochemical, and hematological analyses induced by taking ACDP twice a week for 28 days. Forty healthy rats were divided into four groups (n = 10) at random; the first group served as control rats; the second received CMNEs (2 mg/Kg body weight); the third group received acetamiprid (ACDP group; 21.7 mg/Kg body weight), and the fourth group was given both ACDP and CMNEs by oral gavage. Following the study period, tissue and blood samples were extracted and prepared for analysis. According to a GC-MS analysis, CMNEs had several bioactive ingredients that protected the liver from oxidative stress by upregulating antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. Our findings demonstrated that whereas ACDP treatment considerably boosted white blood cells (WBCs) and lymphocytes, it significantly lowered body weight gain (BWG), red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HCT), and platelets (PLT). ACDP notably reduced antioxidant enzyme activities: superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) and elevated hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde levels compared with other groups. ACDP remarkably raised alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate amino transaminase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels.Moreover, the histopathological and immunohistochemistry assays discovered a severe toxic effect on the liver and kidney following ACDP delivery. Furthermore, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) + immunoexpression was enhanced after treatment with CMNEs. All of the parameters above were returned to nearly normal levels by the coadministration of CMNEs. The molecular docking of cinnamaldehyde with COX-2 also confirmed the protective potential of CMNEs against ACDP toxicity. Our findings highlighted that the coadministration of CMNEs along with ACDP diminished its toxicity by cutting down oxidative stress and enhancing antioxidant capacity, demonstrating the effectiveness of CMNEs in lessening ACDP toxicity.

Effect of interleukin 6 (IL-6) on sperm quality, kinematic parameters, acrosome integrity, apoptosis, ultrastructure, and molecular docking in cryopreserved ram spermatozoa.

Sperm cryopreservation can lead to subfertility due to potential damage to sperm DNA, membranes, and overall motility caused by the freeze-thaw process. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a versatile cytokine with various roles in reproductive processes. However, the impacts of IL-6 supplementation on cryopreserved ram sperm have not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, this study aims to assess the influence of IL-6 on the sperm quality of cryopreserved ram sperm. Ram semen was collected, pooled, and extended with tris-citrate soybean lecithin extender supplemented with 0, 50, 100, and 200 ng/mL of IL-6. The samples experienced a standard freezing protocol, and sperm quality, kinematic parameters, ultrastructure, and molecular docking of cryopreserved ram spermatozoa were evaluated. The results showed that sperm kinematics, viability, progressive motility, and membrane integrity were significantly enhanced by the addition of 100 or 200 ng of IL-6/mL (p < 0.05). Semen supplemented with 100 or 200 ng/mL of IL-6 also exhibited higher percentages of sperm kinematics, including DAP, DCL, DSL, VSL, VAP, VCL, and ALH, compared to other groups (p < 0.05). IL-6 supplementation enhanced acrosome integrity, and reduced caspase-3 activity in post-thawed ram spermatozoa (p < 0.05) compared to untreated group. Supplementation with IL-6 (200 ng/mL) significantly decreased oxidative biomarkers (NO, MDA, and H2O2) (p < 0.001) and improved total antioxidant capacity (p < 0.05). The percentage of sperm damage (tail, head, and midpiece) was significantly reduced by IL-6 supplementation (p < 0.05). Electron micrographs showed that supplementation with 100 or 200 ng/mL IL-6 protected acrosome stability, plasma membrane integrity, and sustained the ultrastructure integrity of cryopreserved ram spermatozoa. The docking exploration indicates a higher binding affinity with sperm function biomarkers, including caspase 3, BCL2, and PSMA6, with binding energies of - 52.30 kcal/mol, - 56.04 kcal/mol, and - 57.06 kcal/mol, respectively. In conclusion, the addition of IL-6 to the freezing extender can enhance the post-thaw quality of cryopreserved ram spermatozoa.

Microalgae: A promising strategy for aflatoxin control in poultry feeds.

Aflatoxins are toxic compounds produced by certain molds, primarily Aspergillus species, which can contaminate crops such as grains and nuts. These toxins pose a significant health risk to animals and humans. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most potent of these compounds and has been well-characterized to lead to diminished growth and feed efficiency by disrupting nutrient absorption and metabolism in poultry. AFB1 can trigger apoptosis and inflammation, leading to a decline in immune function and changes in blood biochemistry in poultry. Recently, there has been growing interest in using microalgae as a natural antioxidant to mitigate the effects of aflatoxins in poultry diets. Microalgae have strong antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties, and adding them to aflatoxin-contaminated poultry diets has been shown to improve growth and overall health. This review investigates the potential of microalgae, such as Spirulina platensis, Chlorella vulgaris, and Enteromorpha prolifera, to mitigate AFB1 contamination in poultry feeds. These microalgae contain substantial amounts of bioactive compounds, including polysaccharides, peptides, vitamins, and pigments, which possess antioxidant, antimicrobial, and detoxifying properties. Microalgae can bind to aflatoxins and prevent their absorption in the gastrointestinal tract of poultry. They can also enhance the immune system of poultry, making them more resilient to the toxic effects of AFB1. Based on the data collected, microalgae have shown promising results in combating AFB1 contamination in poultry feeds. They can bind to aflatoxins, boost the immune system, and improve feed quality. This review emphasizes the harmful effects of AFB1 on poultry and the promising role of microalgae in reducing these effects.

The beneficial effects of quinoa seed extract supplementation on ram sperm quality following cryopreservation.

Although cryopreservation is a reliable method used in assisted reproduction to preserve genetic materials, it can stimulate the occurrence of oxidative stress, which affects sperm structure and function. This research was conducted to explore the effects of quinoa seed extracts (QSE) on ram sperm quality, oxidative biomarkers, and the gene expression of frozen-thawed ram sperm. Semen samples were diluted in extenders supplemented with 0 (QSE0), 250 (QSE1), 500 (QSE2), 750 (QSE3), and 1000 (QSE4) µg of QSE /mL, and then frozen according to the typical procedure. The findings indicate that the QSE3 and QSE4 groups provided the optimal results in terms of sperm viability and progressive motility. Sperm kinematics were considerably enhanced in the QSE3 group compared to the other groups (P<0.01). QSE (500-1000 µg/mL) significantly decreased the apoptosis-like changes (higher viable and lower apoptotic sperm) in ram sperm (P<0.001). The percentage of live sperm with intact acrosomes was significantly increased, while the percentage of detached and intact acrosomes in live and dead sperm were significantly decreased respectively by the QSE addition (P<0.001). All QSE groups had higher TAC and lower MDA and H2O2 levels than the control group (P<0.001). The expressions of SOD1, CAT, GABPB1, and GPX1 genes in sperm samples were significantly increased, while the CASP3 gene was significantly decreased in all QSE-supplemented samples. Our data suggest that QSE has beneficial effects on sperm quality of cryopreserved ram semen, which are achieved by promoting sperm antioxidant-related genes and reducing apoptosis-related gene.

Environmental epigenetics: Exploring phenotypic plasticity and transgenerational adaptation in fish.

Epigenetics plays a vital role in the interaction between living organisms and their environment by regulating biological functions and phenotypic plasticity. Considering that most aquaculture activities take place in open or natural habitats that are vulnerable to environmental changes. Promising findings from recent research conducted on various aquaculture species have provided preliminary evidence suggesting a link between epigenetic mechanisms and economically valuable characteristics. Environmental stressors, including climate changes (thermal stress, hypoxia, and water salinity), anthropogenic impacts such as (pesticides, crude oil pollution, nutritional impacts, and heavy metal) and abiotic factors (infectious diseases), can directly trigger epigenetic modifications in fish. While experiments have confirmed that many epigenetic alterations caused by environmental factors have plastic responses, some can be permanently integrated into the genome through genetic integration and promoting rapid transgenerational adaptation in fish. These environmental factors might cause irregular DNA methylation patterns in genes related to many biological events leading to organs dysfunction by inducing alterations in genes related to oxidative stress or apoptosis. Moreover, these environmental issues alter DNA/histone methylation leading to decreased reproductive competence. This review emphasizes the importance of understanding the effects of environmentally relevant issues on the epigenetic regulation of phenotypic variations in fish. The goal is to expand our knowledge of how epigenetics can either facilitate or hinder species' adaptation to these adverse conditions. Furthermore, this review outlines the areas that warrant further investigation in understanding epigenetic reactions to various environmental issues.

Exploring Epigenetic and Genetic Modulation in Animal Responses to Thermal Stress.

There is increasing evidence indicating that global temperatures are rising significantly, a phenomenon commonly referred to as 'global warming', which in turn is believed to be causing drastic changes to the global climate. Global warming (GW) directly impacts animal health, reproduction, production, and welfare, presenting several challenges to livestock enterprises. Thermal stress (TS) is one of the key consequences of GW, and all animal species, including livestock, have diverse physiological, epigenetic and genetic mechanisms to respond to TS. As a result, TS can significantly affect an animals' health, immune responsiveness, metabolic pathways etc. which can also influence the productivity, performance, and welfare of animals. Moreover, prolonged exposure to TS can lead to transgenerational and intergenerational changes that are mediated by epigenetic changes. For example, in several animal species, the effects of TS are encoded epigenetically during the animals' growth or productive stage, and these epigenetic changes can be transmitted intergenerationally. Such epigenetic changes can affect animal productivity by changing the phenotype so that it aligns with its ancestors' environment, irrespective of its immediate environment. Furthermore, epigenetic and genetic changes can also help protect cells from the adverse effects of TS by modulating the transcriptional status of heat-responsive genes in animals. This review focuses on the genetic and epigenetic modulation and regulation that occurs in TS conditions via HSPs, histone alterations and DNA methylation.

L-Proline: A Promising Tool for Boosting Cryotolerance and Fertilizing Ability of Cryopreserved Sperm in Animals.

Sperm cryopreservation technology significantly contributes to the safeguarding of genetic resources, particularly for endangered species, and supports the use of artificial insemination in domestic animals. Therefore, cryopreservation can negatively affect sperm health and function leading to reduce the freezing ability and fertility potential. Therefore, it is essential to prioritize the improvement of cryotolerance in cryopreserved sperm to enhance reproductive efficiency and ensure sustainability in livestock herds. The main reason for sperm dysfunction after thawing may be related to the excessive amount of oxidative stress (OS) produced during cryopreservation. Scientists have different ways for counteracting this OS including the use of plant extracts, enzymes, minerals, anti-freezing proteins, and amino acids. Recently, one such amino acid is L-proline (LP), which has multiple roles such as osmotic and OS defense, nitrogen, and carbon metabolism, as well as cell survival and signaling. LP has been found in seminal plasma and has recently been added to the freezing extender to improve the various post-thaw parameters of sperm. This improvement is related to the ability of LP to reduce the OS, sustain the plasma membrane and to act as an osmoregulatory agent. Moreover, LP can suppress cell apoptosis by modulating intracellular redox in sperm. This review addresses the ongoing research on the addition of L-proline as an osmoregulatory agent in freezing extenders to increase the cryotolerance of animal spermatozoa to freeze-thaw.

Protective impacts of mitochondria enhancers against thermal stress in poultry.

Heat stress (HS) is still the essential environmental agent influencing the poultry industry. Research on HS in poultry has progressively acquired growing interest because of increased attention to climate alteration. Poultry can survive at certain zone of environmental temperatures, so it could be considered homoeothermic. In poultry, the normal body temperature is essential to enhance the internal environment for growth, which is achieved by normal environmental temperature. Recently, many studies have revealed that HS could cause mitochondrial dysfunction in broilers by inducing redox dysfunction, increasing uncoupling protein, boosting lipid and protein oxidation, and oxidative stress. Moreover, HS diminished the energy suppliers supported by mitochondria activity. A novel strategy for combating the negative influences of HS via boosting the mitochondria function through enrichment of the diets with mitochondria enhancers was also described in this review. Finally, the current review highlights the mitochondria dysfunction induced by HS in broilers and attempts to boost mitochondria functionality by enriching mitochondria enhancers to broiler diets.

Influence of nano-formulations of clove bud (Syzygium aromaticum) extract on freezing ability, antioxidant capacity, caspase-3 activity, acrosome reaction and fertility of frozen rabbit semen.

The current study aimed to investigate the impact of nano-formulations of clove bud ethanolic extract (CBENF) in the extender on sperm characteristics, antioxidant capacity, oxidative biomarkers, enzymatic activity, apoptosis and fertility of post-thawed rabbit semen. Twelve mature male rabbits semen samples were pooled and cryopreserved in a Tris-egg yolk-based extender containing varying concentrations of CBENF (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 µg/mL). After the equilibration and freezing-thawing process, CBENF (100 µg /mL) significantly enhanced progressive motility, viability and membrane integrity. Conversely, sperm abnormality was significantly reduced by CBENF supplementation. Total antioxidant capacity was increased in the post-thawed sperm medium, while nitric oxide and malondialdehyde were decreased in all CBENF concentrations. The lactic dehydrogenase and caspase-3 activities were decreased, whereas the number of live spermatozoa with an intact acrosome was increased in all CBENF concentrations. Conception rate and litter size per doe were higher in doe rabbits inseminated with semen supplemented with 100 µg CBENF/mL than un-supplemented group (76% vs. 52% and 8.4 vs. 7.7/doe), with no statistical differences. These findings suggest that supplementing rabbit extenders with 100 µg of CBENF/mL could be an effective strategy for enhancing freeze-thawing rabbit sperm attributes and fertility.

Dietary Supplementation of Microalgae and/or Nanominerals Mitigate the Negative Effects of Heat Stress in Growing Rabbits.

Heat stress (HS) is one of the most significant environmental factors that result in fluctuations and shrinkage in rabbit growth, health, and overall productivity. This study aims to investigate the effects of dietary mineral nanoparticles (selenium or zinc) and/or Spirulina platensis (SP) independently and in combination on stressed growing rabbits. A total of 180 weaned growing New Zealand White rabbits were included in this study and randomly divided into six dietary treatments. Rabbits received a basal diet (control group; CON group) or fortified with SP (1 g/kg diet), selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs, 50 mg/kg diet), zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs, 100 mg/kg diet), and a mixture of SP and SeNPs (SPSeNPs) or SP and ZnNPs (SPZnNPs) groups for 8 weeks during summer conditions. The obtained results demonstrated a significant increase in the final body weight and weight gain (p < 0.05). Additionally, the feed conversion ratio was improved during the periods from 6 to 14 weeks in the treated rabbits compared to those in the CON group. Dietary supplements considerably improved (p < 0.05) the blood hematology (WBCs, Hb, RBCs, and Hct) and some carcass traits (liver weights and edible giblets). All dietary supplements significantly decreased serum levels of total glycerides (p < 0.0001), AST (p = 0.0113), ALT (p = 0.0013), creatinine (p = 0.0009), and uric acid (p = 0.0035) compared to the CON group. All treated groups (except ZnNPs) had lower values of total bilirubin and indirect bilirubin in a dose-dependent way when compared to the CON group. The values of IgA, IgG, and superoxide dismutase were significantly improved (p < 0.05) in all treated rabbits compared to the CON group. Compared with the CON group, the levels of T3 (p < 0.05) were significantly increased in all treated growing rabbits (except for the ZnNP group), while the serum cortisol, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), malondialdehyde, and protein carbonyl were significantly decreased in the treated groups (p < 0.05). Dietary supplements sustained the changes in hepatic, renal, and cardiac impairments induced by HS in growing rabbits. Adding SP (1 g/kg diet) or SeNPs (50 mg/kg diet) in the diet, either individually or in combination, improved growth performance, blood picture, and immunity-antioxidant responses in stressed rabbits. Overall, these feed additives (SP, SeNPs, or their mixture) can be applied as an effective nutritional tool to reduce negative impacts of summer stress conditions, thereby maintaining the health status and improving the heat tolerance in growing rabbits.

Recent approaches in the use of antioxidants and proteomic modifications in ram semen preservation.

Sperm preservation is a well-established technique in reproductive biotechnology that is widely used to maintain the genetic quality of male individuals. However, there are several factors during the preservation process that can affect the vitality, functionality, and quality of sperm, thereby reducing their fertility potential after thawing. One of these factors is the synthesis of high levels of oxidative stress (OS) during semen preservation, which can have detrimental effects on sperm health and functionality. To counter the negative impact of OS on sperm, researchers have explored the supplementation of several exogenous antioxidants in the extenders used to preserve ram sperm. This approach has shown promising results in improving sperm health, functionality, and fertility potential in ram. Additionally, the preservation process can induce modifications in the ram sperm proteome. By employing targeted proteomics techniques, researchers have been able to identify and modify specific proteins in cryopreserved ram sperm, potentially offering further improvements in the quality of the cryopreserved ram sperm. In summary, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the antioxidants and targeted proteomics modifications that have been investigated for enhancing ram sperm preservation. These advancements aim to mitigate the negative effects of OS and optimize the techniques used in preserving ram sperm.

Struggling Thermal Stress Impacts on Growth Performance and Health Status of Newly Weaned Rabbits Using Nanoemulsion of Origanum majorana Considering the Economic Efficiency of Supplementation.

With the recent trend of global warming, HS-instigated diminishing could extremely jeopardize animal health, productivity, and farm profit. Marjoram essential oil (MEOE) is a worthy source of wide range phytogenic compounds that may improve heat tolerance, redox and inflammatory homeostasis, and immunity of newly weaned rabbits, specifically if included in the diets in a nano form. One hundred newly weaned rabbits were randomly distributed into four homogeneous groups. The first group (control group) included rabbits that received basal diet without supplementation. In contrast, the other three groups included rabbits that received basal diets supplemented with 200 (MEONE200), 400 (MEONE400), and 800 (MEONE800) mg MEONE/kg diet, respectively. Among MEONE-treated groups and control groups, MEONE400 group showed the highest (p < 0.001) growth performance traits, including final body weight, average daily gain, feed efficiency, and the performance index. Compared to the control, all MEONE-supplemented groups possessed lower rectal temperatures and respiration rates, recording the lowest values in the MEONE400 group. The oxidative stress biomarkers and immunoglobulins G and M were significantly improved in the MEONE400 and MEONE800 compared with the control and MEONE200 groups. The addition of MEONE (400 or 800 mg/kg) decreased the concentrations of serum interleukin-4 (p = 0.0003), interferon gamma (p = 0.0004), and tumor necrosis factor-α (p < 0.0001) but significantly elevated (p < 0.001) the activity of nitric oxide, amyloid A and lysozyme. Liver functions (lower concentrations of liver enzymes) were significantly improved in all MEONE-treated groups compared to the control group. There was a considerable significant effect of dietary supplementation of MEONE400 on economic efficiency. In conclusion, the addition of 400 mg/kg to the diets of newly weaned rabbits can be recommended as an affective intervention to mitigate the negative impacts of HS.

Effect of olive, flaxseed, and grape seed nano-emulsion essential oils on semen buffalo freezability.

The existing treatise targeted to compare the effects of adding different nano-emulsions essential oils (olive, flaxseed, and grapeseed oils) in freezing extender on semen quality and freezability in buffalo. Nano-emulsions were prepared from olive, flaxseed, and grapeseed oils and characterized for their sizes and shapes. Semen extended in four tubes were supplemented with 0 (control) and 3.5% nanoemulsion oils, including olive (NEO), flaxseed (NEFO) and grape seed oils (NEGSO) respectively. NEGSO resulted in the highest (p < 0.05) membrane integrity, vitality, progressive motility (P-motility) of sperm compared to the other groups in post-thawed buffalo bull semen (at 37 °C for 30 s). The addition of NEGSO had the best results for membrane integrity, progressive motility, and vitality of sperm after incubation (at 37 °C and 5% CO2 for 2 h). A superior (p < 0.05) value of total antioxidant capacity in frozen-thawed spermatozoa was monitored in all supplemented groups as relative to the control. The values of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) were lower (p < 0.05) in NEGSO group compared with other groups. Both NEO and NEFO exhibited the same results for MDA, and NO levels (p > 0.05). All supplemented groups exhibited lower hydrogen peroxide levels (p < 0.05) as relative to the un-treated group. The lowest (p < 0.05) caspase 3 levels were verified in NEGSO treatment, followed by NEFO and NEO treatments. Post-thawed sperm showed ultrastructural damages in the control group, and theses damages were attenuated or resorted by the NEGSO, NEFO and NEO supplemented to freezing extender. In consequences with in vitro results regarding the sperm attribute, a greater pregnancy rate (92%) was observed in NEGSO group as compared with NEFO (88%), NEO (76%) and CON (68%) groups. Our findings demonstrate that NEGSO (3.5%) could be used as a new strategy in enhancing sperm functionality, potential fertility and reducing the oxidative damage and apoptosis markers. This could be significantly applicable for sperm physiology cryopreservation in the milieu of assisted reproduction systems.

Supplementation of Thymoquinone Nanoparticles to Semen Extender Boosts Cryotolerance and Fertilizing Ability of Buffalo Bull Spermatozoa.

Thymoquinone nanoparticles (TQNPs) are broadly utilized in numerous pharmaceutical applications. In the present study, we tested the effects of TQNP supplementation on sperm quality and kinematics, acrosome exocytosis, oxidative biomarkers, apoptosis-like and morphological changes of frozen-thawed buffalo sperm, as well as the fertilizing capacity. Semen was collected from buffalo bulls, diluted (1:10; semen/extender), and divided into five aliquots comprising various concentrations of TQNP 0 (CON), 12.5 (TQNP12.5), 25 (TQNP25), 37.5 (TQNP37.5), and 50 (TQNP50) µg/mL, and then cryopreserved and stored in liquid nitrogen (-196 °C). The results revealed that TQNPs (25 to 50 µg/mL) provided the most optimal results in terms of membrane integrity (p < 0.001) and progressive motility (p < 0.01). In contrast, TQNP50 resulted in a greater post-thawed sperm viability (p = 0.02) compared with other groups. The addition of TQNPs to the extender had no discernible effects on sperm morphology measures. Sperm kinematic motion was significantly improved in the TQNP50 group compared to the control group (p < 0.01). TQNPs effectively reduced the content of H2O2 and MDA levels and improved the total antioxidant capacity of post-thawed extended semen (p < 0.01). The addition of TQNP significantly increased the number of intact acrosomes (p < 0.0001) and decreased the number of exocytosed acrosomes (p < 0.0001). A significant reduction in apoptosis-like changes was observed in TQNP groups. The non-return rates of buffalo cows inseminated with TQNP50-treated spermatozoa were higher than those in the control group (p < 0.05; 88% vs. 72%). These findings suggested that the freezing extender supplemented with TQNPs could effectively enhance the cryotolerance and fertility of buffalo sperm.

The Influence of a Nanoemulsion of Cardamom Essential Oil on the Growth Performance, Feed Utilization, Carcass Characteristics, and Health Status of Growing Rabbits under a High Ambient Temperature.

Recently, nanotechnology approaches have been employed to enhance the solubility, availability, and efficacy of phytochemicals, overcoming some industrial obstacles and natural biological barriers. In this regard, 120 clinically healthy growing V-line rabbits (5 weeks old) reared during the summer season were divided randomly into four equal experimental groups (30 rabbits each). The first group received a basal diet without the supplementation of the nanoemulsion of cardamom essential oil (NCEO) (0 g/kg diet) and served as a control (NCEO 0). The other groups were given diets containing NCEO at levels of 150 (NCEO 150), 300 (NCEO 300), and 600 (NCEO 600) mg/kg diet, respectively. The growth performance (higher LBW and ADG), feed utilization (lower FCR), dressing percentage, and relative weight of the liver were improved significantly in the NCEO-treated groups compared to the control group. Moreover, the dietary treatment significantly decreased the rectum temperature and respiration rate, minimizing the 350 and 325 mg NECO/kg diets. The erythrocyte count, hematocrit, and hemoglobin concentration were significantly increased (p < 0.05), while white blood cells were significantly diminished (p = 0.0200) in the NCEO300 and NCEO600 groups compared to the control group. Treatment with 300 or 600 mg NCEO/kg significantly increased the blood serum total protein and albumin compared to the control group. Meanwhile, the liver enzymes (AST and ALT), uric acid, and creatinine concentrations decreased significantly in the NCEO300 group compared to the control group. The concentrations of triglycerides and total cholesterol were reduced significantly by the dietary treatment. The total antioxidant capacity, dismutase activity, and glutathione concentration were significantly higher, while the malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl levels were significantly lower in the NCEO300 group than in the control. The inflammatory responses and immunity statuses were improved in the blood serum of the NCEO-treated rabbits compared to the control. Heat-stress-induced pathological perturbations in renal/hepatic tissues and NCEO co-treatment successfully re-established and recovered near-control renal-hepatic morphology. In conclusion, a dietary supplementation of NCEO (300 mg/kg) could effectively enhance growing rabbits' growth indices, feed efficiency, redox balance, immunity, and inflammatory responses during the summer.