The activation of asparagine synthetase by the transcription factor FOXM1 plays a pivotal role in the initiation and progression of ESCC.

This study explores the role of the transcription factor FOXM1 in the initiation and progression of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Our findings reveal that FOXM1 is highly expressed in ESCC and correlates with the prognosis of the disease. The relationship between FOXM1 and asparagine synthetase (ASNS) is investigated, and the study demonstrates that FOXM1 activates ASNS, impacting the tumour stemness of ESCC. In this study, we reveal the association between FOXM1 and ESCC development, as well as FOXM1's promotion of migration and proliferation in ESCC cells. The study also highlights FOXM1's regulation of ASNS transcription and the functional role of ASNS in ESCC metastasis and growth. Furthermore, the study explores the impact of FOXM1 and ASNS on ESCC stemness and their potential implications for chemotherapy resistance.

Neuroplastic changes induced by long-term Pingju training: insights from dynamic brain activity and connectivity.

Background: Traditional Chinese opera, such as Pingju, requires actors to master sophisticated performance skills and cultural knowledge, potentially influencing brain function. This study aimed to explore the effects of long-term opera training on the dynamic amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (dALFF) and dynamic functional connectivity (dFC). Methods: Twenty professional well-trained Pingju actors and twenty demographically matched untrained subjects were recruited. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were collected to assess dALFF differences in spontaneous regional brain activity between the actors and untrained participants. Brain regions with altered dALFF were selected as the seeds for the subsequent dFC analysis. Statistical comparisons examined differences between groups, while correlation analyses explored the relationships between dALFF and dFC, as well as the associations between these neural measures and the duration of Pingju training. Results: Compared with untrained subjects, professional Pingju actors exhibited significantly lower dALFF in the right lingual gyrus. Additionally, actors showed increased dFC between the right lingual gyrus and the bilateral cerebellum, as well as between the right lingual gyrus and the bilateral midbrain/red nucleus/thalamus, compared with untrained subjects. Furthermore, a negative correlation was found between the dALFF in the right lingual gyrus and its dFC, and a significant association was found between dFC in the bilateral midbrain/red nucleus/thalamus and the duration of Pingju training. Conclusion: Long-term engagement in Pingju training induces neuroplastic changes, reflected in altered dALFF and dFC. These findings provide evidence for the interaction between artistic training and brain function, highlighting the need for further research into the impact of professional training on cognitive functions.

Efficient Desulfurizer Recycling during Spent Lead-Acid Batteries Paste Disposal by Zero-Carbon Precursor Hypothermic Smelting.

Recycling of spent lead-acid batteries (LABs) is extremely urgent in view of environmental protection and resources reuse. The current challenge is to reduce high consumption of chemical reagents. Herein, a closed-loop spent LABs paste (SLBP) recovery strategy is demonstrated through Na2MoO4 consumption-regeneration-reuse. Experimental and DFT calculations verify that MoO4 2- competes Pb/Ca ions and weakens the metal-oxygen bond of PbSO4/CaSO4.2H2O in SLBP, facilitating PbMoO4/CaMoO4 formation and 99.13 wt% of SO4 2- elimination. Pb of 99.97 wt% is obtained as zero-carbon precursors (PbO2 and PbMoO4) by green leaching coupled with re-crystallization. The regeneration of Na2MoO4 is realized at 600 ℃ using LABs polypropylene shells and NaOH as reagents. Compared with the traditional smelting technologies, the temperature is reduced from ＞1000 to 600 °C. The extraction of Na2MoO4 require only water, and satisfactory re-used desulfurization efficiency (98.67 wt%) is achieved. For the residual Na2MoO4 after first SLBP desulfurization, the desulfurization efficiency remains above 97.36 wt% after adding fresh reagents for two running cycles. The new principle enables the reuse of 99.83 wt% of Na2MoO4 and the recycling of 95.27 wt% of Pb without generating wastewater and slags. The techno-economic analysis indicates this strategy is efficient, economical, and environmentally-friendly.

Effect of moxibustion on ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP) of bladder in detrusor overactivity rats. / 隔姜隔盐灸"神阙"å¯¹é€¼å°¿è‚Œè¿‡åº¦æ´»åŠ¨å¤§é¼ è†€èƒ±ATP敏感性钾离子通道的影响.

OBJECTIVES: To observe the effect of ginger-salt-partitioned moxibustion on ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel of bladder in detrusor overactivity (DO) rats. METHODS: Female SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation, model, moxibustion and antagonist groups (n=9 in each group). Thorax (T) 10 spinal cord transection was performed by surgery. Ginger-salt partitioned moxibustion was applied to "Shenque" (CV8) for 3 cones, once daily for 14 consecutive days. Rats of the antagonist group were intraperitoneally injected with KATP channel specific antagonist glibenclamide (10 µg·kg-1·d-1) once daily for 14 consecutive days. Urodynamic tests were performed after treatment. The distribution and expression of KATP channel tetrameric subunit (SUR2B) in the bladder of rats was observed by immunofluorescence. The protein and mRNA expression levels of SUR2B in bladder tissue were detected by Western blot and qPCR respectively. RESULTS: Compared with the sham operation group, rats of the model group showed intensive and large phasic contractions of the detrusor during bladder filling, the frequency and amplitude of phasic contractions of the detrusor 5 min before leakage were significantly increased (P<0.001)；the voiding threshold pressure was significantly decreased (P<0.001)；the bladder perfusion volume was increased (P<0.001)；the SUR2B protein and mRNA expression in bladder tissue were significantly reduced (P<0.001). Compared with the model group and the antagonist group, the above-mentioned indicators in the moxibustion group were all reversed (P<0.01, P<0.001, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Ginger-salt partitioned moxibustion can reduce the frequency and amplitude of detrusor phase contraction during bladder filling and prolong the time of first phase contraction in DO rats, which may be associated with up-regulating the expression level of KATP channel protein and mRNA, promoting the outflow of potassium ions, and inhibiting the inflow of calcium ions, thus improve the stability of detrusor during storage.

New ideas for the development of acupuncture and moxibustion under the background of medicine-engineering translation. / 医工转化背景下针灸发展新思路.

With the increasing value of translational medicine and medical engineering in the medical field, the collaborative innovation of acupuncture and engineering has become a trend. The mode and concept of the discipline of medicine-engineering junction can promote the development of translational research with acupuncture characteristics, including the rule of syndrome evolution, the application of meridians and acupoints, the exploration of treatment methods, the research of effect mechanism and the innovation of diagnosis and treatment. This paper put forward the future underlying research ideas, the existing questions and challenges for medicine-engineering junction, so as to provide the evidences for the clinical promotion of "combination of medicine and engineering" in the application of modern acupuncture and moxibustion.

Discrimination of Abrus cantoniensis Hance and Abrus mollis Hance using UPLC-Q/TOF-MS and assessment of their in vivo hepatoprotective effects.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: In Guangzhou and Guangxi, China, Abrus cantoniensis Hance (AH) is known for its liver-protective properties and is commonly used in herbal teas and soups. In the herbal market and pharmaceutical preparations, AH and Abrus mollis Hance (AMH) are often used interchangeable. Despite their morphological and usage similarities, distinguishing their differences is essential for scientific research and clinical practice. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study focuses on the morphological identification, chemical composition, and hepatoprotective effectiveness of AH and AMH. It aims to evaluate their interchangeable use and provide a rationale for this practice. This research helps regulate the market of AH medicinal materials, ensuring clinical safety and effectiveness. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Samples of AH and AMH roots, stems, leaves, and seeds were collected and photographed using a stereoscope and digital imaging system. The chemical components of AH and AMH were qualitatively analyzed using UPLC-Q/TOF-MS. Chemometric techniques, such as PCA and OPLS-DA, were employed to discern the componential differences between the two species. A CCl4-induced acute liver injury mouse model was developed to assess hepatoprotective effects. The hepatoprotective properties of AH and AMH were evaluated by analyzing the liver index, H&E staining, changes in serum liver function indicators (TBIL, ALT, AST), and concentrations of SOD, MDA in liver homogenate. RESULTS: The root color, texture, stem diameter, cross-sectional characteristics, leaf shape, and seed morphology of the two plants were observed. Notable differences were identified, which can be used for accurate identification. The UPLC-Q/TOF-MS identified 50 compounds in both species, which were classified into 3 alkaloids, 22 flavonoids, 2 triterpenes, 10 triterpene saponins, 10 amides, and 3 others, and 20 different compounds between AH and AMH were screened by chemometrics. By improving serum biomarkers (ALT, AST, TBIL) and regulating oxidative stress markers (SOD, MDA), the alleviating effect of AH and AMH extracts on liver injury was confirmed. Notably, AH showed a stronger liver protective effect, significantly reducing ALT and AST levels more than AMH. CONCLUSION: This study enhances understanding of the morphological identification, chemical profiling, and hepatoprotective effects of AH and AMH. It provides a reference for future scientific research and the clinical application of AH in treating liver damage.

Optimizing the nested PCR method for Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1) targeting ATPase gene by reselecting the inner primers.

DIV1 has the characteristics of fast transmission and a broad host range. Its infection leads to a high mortality rate, posing a serious threat to the global crustacean aquaculture industry. In order to increase the accuracy of DIV1 detection and reduce the difficulty of result interpretation, this study modified the original nested PCR method targeting the DIV1 ATPase gene. The internal primers for the nested PCR were redesigned to produce a 338 bp amplification product in the second step PCR, effectively distinguishing the target band from primer dimers. The newly established nested PCR method exhibits strong specificity and high sensitivity, with a detection limit as low as 1.37 × 101 copies/reaction. The developed nested PCR assay provides new technical support for the accurate detection of DIV1 in global crustacean aquaculture.

Inhibition of CTLA-4 accelerates atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic mice by modulating the Th1/Th2 balance via the NF-κB signaling pathway.

Objective: Though an increased risk of atherosclerosis is associated with anti-CTLA-4 antibody therapy, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were treated with anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) antibody twice a week for 4 weeks, after being injected with AAV8-PCSK9 and fed a Paigen diet (PD). The proportion of aortic plaque and lipid accumulation were assessed using Oil Red O staining, while the morphology of atherosclerotic lesions was analyzed with hematoxylin and eosin staining. Collagen content was evaluated through Picrosirius Red (PSR) staining, while inflammatory cell infiltration was examined with immunofluorescence staining. CD4+ T cells secreting IFN-γ and IL-4, which represent Th1 and Th2 cells respectively, were detected by flow cytometry and real-time PCR. Protein levels of p-IκBα, IκBα, p-p65, and p65 were determined by Western blot. Results: Inhibiting CTLA-4 exacerbated PD-induced plaque progression and promoted CD4+ T cell infiltration in the aortic root. The anti-CTLA-4 antibody promoted CD4+ T cell differentiation toward the Th1 type, as indicated by an increase in the Th1/Th2 ratio. Compared to the anti-IgG group, treatment with anti-CTLA-4 antibody significantly elevated the protein levels of p-IκBα and p-p65, as well as the mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-6, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1. Inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway attenuated the overall pathological phenotype induced by the anti-CTLA-4 antibody treatment. Conclusion: Anti-CTLA-4 treatment promotes the progression of atherosclerosis by activating NF-κB signaling and modulating the Th1/Th2 balance. Our results provide a rationale for preventing and/or treating atherosclerosis accelerated by anti-CTLA-4 antibody therapy in cancer patients.

Research progress on the impact of cataract surgery on corneal endothelial cells.

Background: Cataracts are a common eye disease and a major cause of blindness in China and worldwide. In China, the incidence of cataracts among people over 60 years old is as high as 80%. Surgery is the primary treatment for various types of cataracts, but such invasive procedures can affect corneal endothelial cells to some extent. Content: Cataract surgery can damage corneal endothelial cells, leading to complications such as corneal edema in mild cases. Severe damage can result in endothelial decompensation, necessitating secondary corneal endothelial transplantation. Preoperative thorough assessment of endothelial status, intraoperative endothelial protection measures, and postoperative active use of medications to prevent further damage to endothelial cells can reduce endothelial cell loss. Factors influencing endothelial cell status include whether the patient has related systemic diseases or ocular conditions, the hardness of the nucleus, the choice of surgical incision, the method of nuclear fragmentation, the type of viscoelastic agent used, the orientation of the phacoemulsification needle bevel, the duration and energy of ultrasound use, the choice of fluid control system, the use of protective auxiliary instruments, the application of intraocular lens scaffold technology, femtosecond laser assistance, and the use of certain medications. Conclusions: Actively regulating the factors affecting corneal endothelial cells to reduce damage related to cataract surgery is crucial. This paper reviews the existing literature on various factors affecting corneal endothelial cells during cataract surgery and explores future developments and research directions.

Bone destruction of orbital wall in idiopathic orbital inflammatory pseudotumor: does it always imply malignancy?

AIM: To assess the clinical presentations and outcomes of idiopathic orbital inflammatory pseudotumor (IOIP) patients with orbital wall bone destruction (OWBD) and to propose an expanded classification system that includes bone destruction. METHODS: The study retrospectively reviewed clinical presentations, imaging findings, treatment modalities, and outcomes of six patients diagnosed histopathologically with IOIP and OWBD at the Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University between October 2018 and June 2021. RESULTS: Over two years, 6 (10%) of 60 IOIP patients at our hospital exhibited OWBD, but this may overrepresent severe cases. The cohort consisted of three men and three women, aged 17 to 60y (mean 35.5±16.1y). Presenting symptoms included proptosis, eyelid swelling, decreased visual acuity with pain, and palpable mass. Imaging revealed multiple anatomical structures involved with the medial wall being the most common site of bone destruction. Histopathological examination showed classic type in five patients and sclerosing type in one patient. All patients underwent surgical resection followed by methylprednisolone treatment. Follow-up (mean 30.3±3.1mo) indicated three patients had no recurrence, while others had varying degrees of symptom persistence or recurrence. CONCLUSION: IOIP with bone destruction is a rare but significant subtype that mimics malignancy, leading to potential diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Our findings suggest that complete surgical resection combined with adjunctive glucocorticoid therapy can yield favorable outcomes. However, larger-scale studies are needed to further optimize therapeutic approaches.

Microbubble-Enhanced Transdermal Drug Delivery Sonoelectric Patch.

Transdermal drug delivery systems are highly appealing as a convenient drug delivery manner applicable to a wide variety of drugs. While most delivery relies on only passive diffusion and suffers low transdermal efficiencies. Ultrasound motivation promotes drug transdermal penetration but still calls for improvement, because only a thin proportion of the ultrasound energy is applied on the drug delivery patch and most ultrasound energy is wasted in deeper portions of biotissues. In this work, we develop a transdermal patch for enhanced drug delivery. The combination of microsized air pockets and the piezoelectric soft structure enable the conversion of an intended proportion of ultrasound energy into electric energy. The intensified drug flow and synergistic ultrasound pressure and electric field function simultaneously to enhance drug transdermal delivery. The delivery efficacy is related to the power of the ultrasound motivation, the size of the microscopic air pockets, and the chemical structure of the drug molecules. The temperature of the patch within the delivery process remains in the safe range, and the mild temperature elevation causes color changes of the thermochromic patch, used to indicate effective ultrasound-patch matching. A model delivery patch for pain release is constructed, and animal experiments indicate that the drug blood concentrations are 100% higher than the delivery using only ultrasound and even more remarkably enhanced when compared to only electric-field-motivated delivery or static delivery without external motivations.

Crevice corrosion behavior of a biodegradable Zn-Mn-Mg alloy in simulated body fluid.

Crevice corrosion at the implantation sites cannot be neglected in clinical applications of biodegradable zinc alloys as implants. In this study, a crevice corrosion protocol was designed to investigate the crevice corrosion behavior of the Zn-0.45Mn-0.2Mg (ZMM42) alloy for the first time, by varying crevice thicknesses in simulated body fluid (SBF) through immersion and electrochemical analysis. The results indicated that the ZMM42 alloy was susceptible to crevice corrosion in the range from 0.03 mm to 0.2 mm. When the crevice thickness was 0.05 mm, the crevice corrosion of the specimen became more severe compared to other thicknesses.

Detection of Muscular Metastasis in a Case of Parathyroid Carcinoma Using 18 F-FAPI-04 PET/CT.

ABSTRACT: A 46-year-old woman underwent surgery for parathyroid carcinoma 2 years ago. During follow-up, the patient presented with elevated parathyroid hormone (127.50 pg/mL; normal, 15-65). No abnormal uptake of 18 F-FDG or 11 C-choline was observed on 18 F-FDG and 11 C-choline PET/CT imaging. The patient was enrolled in a clinical trial for 18 F-FAPI PET/CT imaging, revealing a lesion with intense focal uptake within the left sternocleidomastoid muscle. The patient underwent surgery. Postoperative pathology and immunohistochemical analysis confirmed parathyroid carcinoma metastasis.

Characterizing and decoding the key odor compounds of Spirulina platensis at different processing stages by sensomics.

Processing is an indispensable technology in the preparation of Spirulina platensis (S. platensis). The key odorants in liquids, muds, and powders from S. platensis (NM and GZ) were characterized. A total of 90 odorants were identified and 41 odorants were sniffed with the flavor dilution (FD) factors ranging from 1 to 729. Among them, nonanal, decanal, d-limonene, ß-cyclocitral, and ß-ionone with FD factors ≥1 were detected in S. platensis during the whole processing stages. In addition, heptanal, (E, E)-2,4-nonadienal, trans-4,5-epoxy-(E)-2-decenal, 1-hepten-3-one, isophorone, 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine, and α-ionone exhibited higher odor activity values in powders; ß-myrcene, methional, and S-methyl methanethiosulphonate were key odorants in muds; while trans-3-penten-2-ol was key odorant in liquids. Besides, the GZ-mud presented stronger earthy and fishy odor than NM-mud. S. platensis powders have the stronger grassy odor, roasted odor, and marine odor than S. platensis muds. Overall, drying process promotes the formation of aldehydes, heterocyclic compounds, and terpenoids.

Blocking CTLA-4 promotes pressure overload-induced heart failure via activating Th17 cells.

Targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) with specific antibody offers long-term benefits for cancer immunotherapy but can cause severe adverse effects in the heart. This study aimed to investigate the role of anti-CTLA-4 antibody in pressure overload-induced cardiac remodeling and dysfunction. Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) was used to induce cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure in mice. Two weeks after the TAC treatment, mice received anti-CTLA-4 antibody injection twice a week at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight. The administration of anti-CTLA-4 antibody exacerbated TAC-induced decline in cardiac function, intensifying myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis. Further investigation revealed that anti-CTLA-4 antibody significantly elevated systemic inflammatory factors levels and facilitated the differentiation of T helper 17 (Th17) cells in the peripheral blood of TAC-treated mice. Importantly, anti-CTLA-4 mediated differentiation of Th17 cells and hypertrophic phenotype in TAC mice were dramatically alleviated by the inhibition of interleukin-17A (IL-17A) by an anti-IL-17A antibody. Furthermore, the C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) antagonist AMD3100, also reversed anti-CTLA-4-mediated cardiotoxicity in TAC mice. Overall, these results suggest that the administration of anti-CTLA-4 antibody exacerbates pressure overload-induced heart failure by activating and promoting the differentiation of Th17 cells. Targeting the CXCR4/Th17/IL-17A axis could be a potential therapeutic strategy for mitigating immune checkpoint inhibitors-induced cardiotoxicity.

Emerging connectivity of programmed cell death pathways and pulmonary vascular remodelling during pulmonary hypertension.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a chronic progressive vascular disease characterized by abnormal pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary artery pressure. The major structural alteration during PH is pulmonary vascular remodelling, which is mainly caused by the imbalance between proliferation and apoptosis of pulmonary vascular cells. Previously, it was thought that apoptosis was the only type of programmed cell death (PCD). Soon afterward, other types of PCD have been identified, including autophagy, pyroptosis, ferroptosis and necroptosis. In this review, we summarize the role of the above five forms of PCD in mediating pulmonary vascular remodelling, and discuss their guiding significance for PH treatment. The current review could provide a better understanding of the correlation between PCD and pulmonary vascular remodelling, contributing to identify new PCD-associated drug targets for PH.

[Determination of five veterinary drug residues in milk by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap mass spectrometry based on modified chitosan membrane purification].

Milk is an important consumer product with high nutritional value. The presence of veterinary drug residues in milk owing to the indiscriminate use of veterinary drugs may affect consumer health. In the mass spectrometric analysis of trace compounds, chromatographic co-eluting components easily interfere with the mass spectral signals obtained, affecting the accuracy of qualitative and quantitative analyses. Matrix purification is a promising method to reduce the matrix effect. Chitosan is a natural biopolymer with numerous active functional groups such as amino, acetyl, and hydroxyl groups; these groups can adsorb lipids through hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. Chitosan also has the advantages of low production cost, stable chemical properties, and convenient modification. Novel chitosan-based materials are promising candidates for lipid purification. In this study, a chitosan membrane was modified with trimethoxyoctadecylsilane (C18-CSM). C18-CSM was prepared through one-step hydrolysis and used as a dispersive solid phase extraction (DSPE) adsorbent to purify the matrix during milk pretreatment. We combined C18-CSM with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q/Exactive Orbitrap MS) to develop an effective method for the extraction and determination of ofloxacin, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, diazepam, and metronidazole in milk. C18-CSM was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and water contact angle testing. The results indicated that the material has a rough surface and uniformly dense cross-section. The water contact angle of C18-CSM was 104°, indicating its good hydrophobicity. The pretreatment conditions (extraction solvent, dosage of NaCl, extraction frequency, and dosage of C18-CSM) that influenced the recoveries of the five veterinary drugs were investigated in detail. The optimal conditions were established as follows: 5% formic acid in acetonitrile, 1 g NaCl, extraction 1 time, 20 mg C18-CSM. Separation was performed on a Hypersil GOLD VANQUISH column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.9 µm). The mobile phase consisted of 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile, and was flowed at a rate of 0.3 mL/min. The sample injection volume was 1 µL, and the column temperature was maintained at 25 ℃. Mass spectrometric analysis was performed in positive electrospray ionization mode. To verify the necessity of the purification material, the matrix effect was investigated using the matrix-matched standard curve method. The use of C18-CSM reduced the matrix effects of the five necessity drugs from the range of -22%-8.8% to the range of -13%-3.6%, indicating that C18-CSM is a highly efficient DSPE material. Under optimal conditions, the developed method showed good linearities within the range of 0.5-100 µg/L, with correlation coefficients (r2)≥0.9970. The limits of detection(LODs) and quantification (LOQs) were 0.2 µg/L and 0.5 µg/L, respectively. To assess the accuracy and precision of the method, we prepared milk samples with three spiked levels (low, medium, and high). The recoveries of the five veterinary drugs were ranged from 79.5% to 115%, and the intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations were 7.0%-13% (n=6) and 1.3%-11% (n=3), respectively. This study provides a simple, accurate, and reliable method for the rapid and simultaneous determination of the five veterinary drug residues in milk.

Progress in the field of animal models of antiphospholipid syndrome.

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by recurrent arteriovenous thrombosis and pathological pregnancy, accompanied by persistent antiphospholipid antibodies, (aPL). The incidence of APS is increasing year by year, clinicians lack of understanding of this type of disease, easy to misdiagnose and miss the diagnosis. Therefore, it is extremely important to establish a suitable animal model to reduce the process of disease development as much as possible and improve clinicians' understanding and understanding. This review will summarize the animal models of APS from the aspects of modeling methods, modeling mechanism, evaluation indicators and advantages and disadvantages of methods, providing a reference for finding an animal model highly similar to human APS, helping researchers to further clarify the pathogenesis of APS and find potential therapeutic targets, so as to achieve early diagnosis, early intervention, and ultimately improve the prognosis of patients.

Recent progress in energy-saving electrocatalytic hydrogen production via regulating the anodic oxidation reaction.

Hydrogen energy with its advantages of high calorific value, renewable nature, and zero carbon emissions is considered an ideal candidate for clean energy in the future. The electrochemical decomposition of water, powered by renewable and clean energy sources, presents a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to hydrogen production. However, the traditional electrochemical overall water-splitting reaction (OWSR) is limited by the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with sluggish kinetics. Although important advances have been made in efficient OER catalysts, the theoretical thermodynamic difficulty predetermines the inevitable large potential (1.23 V vs. RHE for the OER) and high energy consumption for the conventional water electrolysis to obtain H2. Besides, the generation of reactive oxygen species at high oxidation potentials can lead to equipment degradation and increase maintenance costs. Therefore, to address these challenges, thermodynamically favorable anodic oxidation reactions with lower oxidation potentials than the OER are used to couple with the cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) to construct new coupling hydrogen production systems. Meanwhile, a series of robust catalysts applied in these new coupled systems are exploited to improve the energy conversion efficiency of hydrogen production. Besides, the electrochemical neutralization energy (ENE) of the asymmetric electrolytes with a pH gradient can further promote the decrease in application voltage and energy consumption for hydrogen production. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the advancements in electrochemical hydrogen production strategies with low energy consumption, including (1) the traditional electrochemical overall water splitting reaction (OWSR, HER-OER); (2) the small molecule sacrificial agent oxidation reaction (SAOR) and (3) the electrochemical oxidation synthesis reaction (EOSR) coupling with the HER (HER-SAOR, HER-EOSR), respectively; (4) regulating the pH gradient of the cathodic and anodic electrolytes. The operating principle, advantages, and the latest progress of these hydrogen production systems are analyzed in detail. In particular, the recent progress in the catalytic materials applied to these coupled systems and the corresponding catalytic mechanism are further discussed. Furthermore, we also provide a perspective on the potential challenges and future directions to foster advancements in electrocatalytic green sustainable hydrogen production.

Mulberry and Hippophae-based solid beverage attenuate hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis via adipose tissue-liver axis.

Dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis are the characteristics of the initial stage of nonalcohol fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which can be reversed by lifestyle intervention, including dietary supplementation. However, such commercial dietary supplements with solid scientific evidence and in particular clear mechanistic elucidation are scarce. Here, the health benefits of MHP, a commercial mulberry and Hippophae-based solid beverage, were evaluated in NAFLD rat model and the underlying molecular mechanisms were investigated. Histopathologic examination of liver and white adipose tissue found that MHP supplementation reduced hepatic lipid accumulation and adipocyte hypertrophy. Serum biochemical results confirmed that MHP effectively ameliorated dyslipidemia and decreased circulation-free fatty acid level. RNA-Seq-based transcriptomic analysis showed that MHP-regulated genes are involved in the inhibition of lipolysis of adipose tissue and thus may contribute to the reduction of hepatic ectopic lipid deposition. Furthermore, MHP upregulated ACSL1-CPT1a-CPT2 pathway, a canonical pathway that regulated mitochondrial fatty acid metabolism, and promoted liver and adipose tissue fatty acid ß-oxidation. These results suggest that adipose tissue-liver crosstalk may play a key role in maintaining glucose and lipid metabolic hemostasis. In addition, MHP can also ameliorate chronic inflammation through regulating the secretion of adipokines. Our study demonstrates that MHP is able to improve dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis through crosstalk between adipose tissue and liver and also presents transcriptomic evidence to support the underlying mechanisms of action, providing solid evidence for its health claims.