Wildfire and smoke association with COVID-19 cases in the Pantanal wetland, Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: In 2020, Brazil experienced two concurrent public health challenges related to respiratory disease: wildfires and increased mortality due to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Smoke from these wildfires contributed to a variety of air pollutants, including fine particulate matter (PM2.5). The present study aims to investigate the effects of environmental and socio-economic factors on COVID-19 hospitalisation in the Pantanal. STUDY DESIGN: Ecological retrospective study. METHODS: We applied a multilevel negative binomial model to relate monthly hospitalisation data with environmental variables. RESULTS: We showed that monthly PM2.5 concentration levels had the greatest influence on the increase in hospitalisations by COVID-19 in the elderly (23 % increase). The Gini index, a coefficient that reflects income inequalities, also had a positive association with COVID-19 hospitalisations (18 % increase). Higher temperatures and humidity were protective factors, showing a 15 % and 14 % decrease in hospitalisations, respectively. The results of the present study suggest that high PM2.5 exposure contributed to the increase in COVID-19 hospitalisations, as did the social inequalities of each municipality. CONCLUSIONS: The present study highlights the importance of gathering evidence supported by multiple information sources to guide decision-making and identify populations needing better public health systems.

Nowcasting tourist nights spent using innovative human mobility data.

The publication of tourism statistics often does not keep up with the highly dynamic tourism demand trends, especially critical during crises. Alternative data sources such as digital traces and web searches represent an important source to potentially fill this gap, since they are generally timely, and available at detailed spatial scale. In this study we explore the potential of human mobility data from the Google Community Mobility Reports to nowcast the number of monthly nights spent at sub-national scale across 11 European countries in 2020, 2021, and the first half of 2022. Using a machine learning implementation, we found that this novel data source is able to predict the tourism demand with high accuracy, and we compare its potential in the tourism domain to web search and mobile phone data. This result paves the way for a more frequent and timely production of tourism statistics by researchers and statistical entities, and their usage to support tourism monitoring and management, although privacy and surveillance concerns still hinder an actual data innovation transition.

Total rupture of Achilles tendon induces inflammatory response and glial activation on the spinal cord of mice.

Rupture of Achilles tendon is a common accident affecting professional and recreational athletes. Acute and chronic pain are symptoms commonly observed in patients with rupture. However, few studies have investigated whether Achilles tendon rupture is able to promote disorders in the central nervous system (CNS). Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate nociceptive alterations and inflammatory response in the L5 lumbar segment of Balb/c mice spinal cord after Achilles tendon rupture. We found increased algesia in the paw of the ruptured group on the 7th and 14th days post-tenotomy compared with the control group. This phenomenon was accompanied by overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS-2) as well as hyperactivation of astrocytes and microglia in nociceptive areas of L5 spinal cord as evidenced by intense GFAP and IBA-1 immunostaining, respectively. Biochemical studies also demonstrated increased levels of nitrite in the L5 spinal cord of tenotomized animals compared with the control group. Thus, we have demonstrated for the first time that total rupture of the Achilles tendon induced inflammatory response and nitrergic and glial activation in the CNS in the L5 spinal cord region.

Total rupture of Achilles tendon induces inflammatory response and glial activation on the spinal cord of mice

Rupture of Achilles tendon is a common accident affecting professional and recreational athletes. Acute and chronic pain are symptoms commonly observed in patients with rupture. However, few studies have investigated whether Achilles tendon rupture is able to promote disorders in the central nervous system (CNS). Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate nociceptive alterations and inflammatory response in the L5 lumbar segment of Balb/c mice spinal cord after Achilles tendon rupture. We found increased algesia in the paw of the ruptured group on the 7th and 14th days post-tenotomy compared with the control group. This phenomenon was accompanied by overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS-2) as well as hyperactivation of astrocytes and microglia in nociceptive areas of L5 spinal cord as evidenced by intense GFAP and IBA-1 immunostaining, respectively. Biochemical studies also demonstrated increased levels of nitrite in the L5 spinal cord of tenotomized animals compared with the control group. Thus, we have demonstrated for the first time that total rupture of the Achilles tendon induced inflammatory response and nitrergic and glial activation in the CNS in the L5 spinal cord region.

Passagem provisória: categorias governamentais para se referir a populações e estabelecimentos no modelo de gestão da política prisional / Temporary passage: state categories to refer to populations and institutions in the prison policy management model

Resumo Ao longo de um estudo sobre as categorias governamentais criadas para abordar o fenômeno do confinamento no Brasil, um documento contendo um modelo de gestão da política prisional foi examinado. Com base em Bourdieu e Hertz, procurou-se desenvolver uma etnografia atenta às expressões para se referir a populações e estabelecimentos, de maneira que possam revelar mudanças e manutenções terminológicas em curso. Nota-se que a privação de liberdade é atravessada pelas políticas públicas e vice-versa, apontando os cárceres como "espaços intersetoriais" e os presos como "pessoas em privação de liberdade".

Abstract A document containing a prison policy management model was examined during a study of the governmental categories established to address confinement in Brazil. Based on Bourdieu and Hertz, an attempt was made to develop an ethnography attentive to the expressions used to refer to populations and institutions so that they could reveal ongoing terminological changes and maintenance. Deprivation of liberty is traversed by public policies and vice versa, pointing to prisons as "intersectoral spaces" and prisoners as "people deprived of liberty".

Temporary passage: state categories to refer to populations and institutions in the prison policy management model. / Passagem provisória: categorias governamentais para se referir a populações e estabelecimentos no modelo de gestão da política prisional.

A document containing a prison policy management model was examined during a study of the governmental categories established to address confinement in Brazil. Based on Bourdieu and Hertz, an attempt was made to develop an ethnography attentive to the expressions used to refer to populations and institutions so that they could reveal ongoing terminological changes and maintenance. Deprivation of liberty is traversed by public policies and vice versa, pointing to prisons as "intersectoral spaces" and prisoners as "people deprived of liberty".

Ao longo de um estudo sobre as categorias governamentais criadas para abordar o fenômeno do confinamento no Brasil, um documento contendo um modelo de gestão da política prisional foi examinado. Com base em Bourdieu e Hertz, procurou-se desenvolver uma etnografia atenta às expressões para se referir a populações e estabelecimentos, de maneira que possam revelar mudanças e manutenções terminológicas em curso. Nota-se que a privação de liberdade é atravessada pelas políticas públicas e vice-versa, apontando os cárceres como "espaços intersetoriais" e os presos como "pessoas em privação de liberdade".

Estado, vulnerabilidade, comunicaçãoe pandemia de COVID-19 / State, vulnerability, communication and COVID-19 pandemic / Estado, vulnerabilidade, comunicación y pandemia de COVID-19

Este dossiê apresenta os resultados de estudos que debatem o direito à saúde, confinamento, comunicação e COVID-19 à luz das contribuições de seis áreas de conhecimento: Saúde Coletiva, Antropologia Social, Comunicação em Saúde, Psicologia Social, Bioética e Direito Sanitário. A partir desse olhar interdisciplinar, tais estudos abordam principalmente o Estado ­seja ele materializado em entes da federação, agentes governamentais e principalmente instituições ­ diante da pandemia de COVID-19 e versam sobre os direitos fundamentais, a legislação em saúde, as medidas de confinamento no combate ao coronavírus, a mídia e especialmente alguns segmentos populacionais em situação de vulnerabilidade. Espera-se que este dossiê indique novos caminhos para investigar as experiências de isolamento e confinamento no Brasil e contribua para outros debates e outras publicações sobre vulnerabilidade e Estado, que certamente se sucederão nos próximos anos.

This thematic issue presents the results of studies that debate the right to health, confinement, communication, and COVID-19 considering contributions from six areas of knowledge: Public Health, Social Anthropology, Health Communication, Social Psychology, Bioethics and Health Law. From this interdisciplinary perspective, the studies address the State, which is materialized as federation entities, government agents and institutions, whenfaced with the COVID-19 pandemic and dissert about fundamental rights, health legislation, confinement measures against coronavirus, the media and vulnerable population segments. We hope this thematic issue will highlight new ways to investigate the experiences of isolation and confinement in Brazil and contribute to other debates and publications about vulnerability and the State that will undoubtedlyfollow in the coming years.

Este dosier presenta los resultados de estudios que debaten sobre el Derecho a la Salud, el confinamiento, la comunicación y COVID-19, a la luz de los aportes de seis áreas de conocimiento: Salud Colectiva, Antropología Social, Comunicación en Salud, Psicología Social, Bioética y Derecho de la Salud. Desde esta perspectiva interdisciplinaria, tales estudios abordan principalmente al Estado ­sea materializado en entidades federativas, agentes gubernamentales y especialmente instituciones ­ frente a la pandemia de la COVID-19 y tratan sobre los derechos fundamentales;la legislación sanitaria; las medidas de confinamiento para el enfrentamiento del nuevo coronavirus;los medios de comunicación y en especial algunos segmentos de la población en situación de vulnerabilidad. Se espera que este dosier indique nuevas formas de investigar nuestras experiencias de aislamiento y confinamiento, contribuyendo también a otros debates y publicaciones sobre la vulnerabilidad y el Estado que seguramente seguirán en los próximos años.

Visibilizar indivíduos, ocultar instituições: uma análise documental de categorias governamentais para abordar o fenômeno do confinamento no Brasil / Making individuals visible, hiding institutions: a document analysis of government categories to address the phenomenon of confinement in Brazil / Visibilizar a los individuos, esconder las instituciones: un análisis documental de las categorías gubernamentales para abordar el fenómeno del encierro carcelario en el Brasil

Objetivo: descrever e analisar categorias para se referir a pessoas e estabelecimentos adotadas nos setores saúde e justiça do Poder Executivo Federal, acentuando assim a dimensão política do fenômeno do confinamento no Brasil. Metodologia: desenvolvemos uma perspectiva panorâmica dos resultados obtidos, destacando o número e a frequência dessas categorias. Nossa análise documental focalizou cartilhas e outros materiais educativos, identificados e caracterizados após consulta a quatro websites. Resultados: reunimos 147 documentos, a maioria deles com a finalidade de suscitar engajamento social e a minoria para definir normas. No setor justiça, localizamos 412 registros de expressões para se referir a populações e 274 para se referir a estabelecimentos, bem como 619 e 390 no setor saúde, de modo que se apresenta o público da política quase o dobro de vezes do que o serviço ofertado nesses materiais educativos. Conclusão: há mais categorias para se referir às populações-alvo das políticas sanitárias e penitenciárias do que aos espaços nos quais se recomenda que elas sejam alocadas. Em algumas áreas técnicas, quase cinco vezes mais, como se o processo de formulação dessas formas de ação estatal colaborasse para visibilizar indivíduos e ocultar instituições.

Objective: to describe and analyze categories to refer to people and establishments adopted in the health and justice sectors of the Federal Executive Branch thus accentuating the political dimension of the phenomenon of confinement in Brazil. Methods: we developed an overview of the results, highlighting the number and frequency of these categories. Our document analysis focused on primers and other educational materials identified and characterized after consulting four websites. Results: we gathered 147 documents, most of them with the purpose of raising social engagement, and a few defining norms. In the justice sectorwe found 412 records of expressions to refer to populations, and 274 to refer to establishments, as well as 619 and 390 in the health sector so that the policy target audience is presented almost twice as often as the service offered in these educational materials. Conclusion: there are more categories to refer to the target populations of health and penitentiary policies than to the spaces in which it is recommended that they be allocated. In some technical areas, almost five times more, as if the process of formulating these forms of state action collaborated to make individuals visible while hiding institutions.

Objetivo: describir y analizar categorías para referirnos a personas y establecimientos adoptados en los sectores de salud y justicia del Poder Ejecutivo Federal, acentuando así dimensión política del fenómeno del encierro carcelario en el Brasil. Metodología: Desarrollamos una perspectiva panorámica de los resultados obtenidos, destacando el número y frecuencia de estas categorías. Nuestro análisis documental se centró en folletos y otros materiales educativos, identificados y caracterizados después de consultar cuatro sitios web. Resultados: reunimos 147 documentos, la mayoría de estos con el propósito de crear compromiso social y en menor proporción para definir normas. En el sector justicia encontramos 412 registros de expresiones para referirse a poblaciones y 274 para referirse a los establecimientos, así como 619 y 390 en el sector salud, de este modo, es presentado el público de la política en casi el doble de veces que el servicio ofrecido en estos materiales educativos. Conclusión: hay más categorías para referirse a las poblaciones-alvo de políticas de salúd y penitenciarias, que a espacios en los cuales se recomienda que estas sean asignadas. En algunas áreas técnicas casi cinco veces más, como si el proceso de formulación de estas formas de acción estatal colaborara a hacer visibles a los individuos y ocultar las instituciones

Concealment of financial aid? The Volta para Casa (Back Home) Program on documents and events. / Ocultamento do auxílio? Programa de Volta Para Casa em documentos e eventos.

A fundamental government initiative to change the living conditions of deinstitutionalized Brazilian people, the De Volta para Casa (Back Home) Program is formed by some elements, including the psychosocial rehabilitation financial aid. Thirty-four state and academic documents from ordinances to papers were gathered to identify which elements of the Program permeate the records and debates about it throughout the Brazilian Psychiatric Reform, converging with the studies of Juarez Pereira Furtado and Ligia Maria Vieira-da-Silva about the dynamics of scientific and bureaucratic fields, such as mental health. Furthermore, we ethnographed five events that gathered institutionalized people and other agents from this field. We noticed the remarkable presence of the Therapeutic Residential Services (SRT) as an element of the referred Program both in the records and the scientific debates, while the mentioned financial aid was highlighted mainly in the government records.

O Programa de Volta para Casa, iniciativa governamental fundamental para modificar as condições de vida de egressos de internação psiquiátrica no Brasil, é formado por alguns componentes, entre eles o auxílio-reabilitação psicossocial. Com o objetivo de identificar quais componentes do referido Programa estão presentes nos registros e debates sobre ele ao longo do processo de Reforma Psiquiátrica Brasileira, 34 documentos foram reunidos, de portarias a artigos, em convergência com os estudos de Juarez Pereira Furtado e Ligia Maria Vieira-da-Silva sobre a dinâmica de campos ao mesmo tempo científicos e burocráticos, como o da saúde mental. Além disso, cinco eventos que reuniam egressos de internação psiquiátrica e outros agentes desse campo foram etnografados. Notamos a presença marcante do Serviço Residencial Terapêutico como componente do referido Programa nos registros e debates científicos, enquanto o mencionado auxílio foi destacado principalmente nos registros governamentais.

Ocultamento do auxílio? Programa de Volta Para Casa em documentos e eventos / Concealment of financial aid? The Volta para Casa (Back Home) Program on documents and events

Resumo O Programa de Volta para Casa, iniciativa governamental fundamental para modificar as condições de vida de egressos de internação psiquiátrica no Brasil, é formado por alguns componentes, entre eles o auxílio-reabilitação psicossocial. Com o objetivo de identificar quais componentes do referido Programa estão presentes nos registros e debates sobre ele ao longo do processo de Reforma Psiquiátrica Brasileira, 34 documentos foram reunidos, de portarias a artigos, em convergência com os estudos de Juarez Pereira Furtado e Ligia Maria Vieira-da-Silva sobre a dinâmica de campos ao mesmo tempo científicos e burocráticos, como o da saúde mental. Além disso, cinco eventos que reuniam egressos de internação psiquiátrica e outros agentes desse campo foram etnografados. Notamos a presença marcante do Serviço Residencial Terapêutico como componente do referido Programa nos registros e debates científicos, enquanto o mencionado auxílio foi destacado principalmente nos registros governamentais.

Abstract A fundamental government initiative to change the living conditions of deinstitutionalized Brazilian people, the De Volta para Casa (Back Home) Program is formed by some elements, including the psychosocial rehabilitation financial aid. Thirty-four state and academic documents from ordinances to papers were gathered to identify which elements of the Program permeate the records and debates about it throughout the Brazilian Psychiatric Reform, converging with the studies of Juarez Pereira Furtado and Ligia Maria Vieira-da-Silva about the dynamics of scientific and bureaucratic fields, such as mental health. Furthermore, we ethnographed five events that gathered institutionalized people and other agents from this field. We noticed the remarkable presence of the Therapeutic Residential Services (SRT) as an element of the referred Program both in the records and the scientific debates, while the mentioned financial aid was highlighted mainly in the government records.

Assessment of biofilm formation by Campylobacter spp. isolates mimicking poultry slaughterhouse conditions.

This research aimed to assess the biofilm formation ability of Campylobacter strains under temperature and oxygen stress conditions, similar to those found in the industrial environment, to explain the persistence of this pathogen on the poultry slaughter line. A collection of C. jejuni and C. coli isolates (n = 143) obtained from poultry samples (cecal content and neck skin), collected at slaughterhouse level, from diverse flocks, on different working days, was genotyped by flaA-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing method. A clustering analysis resulted in the assignment of 10 main clusters, from which 15 strains with different flaA-RFLP genotypes were selected for the assessment of biofilm formation ability and antimicrobial susceptibility. Biofilm assays, performed by crystal violet staining method, were conducted with the goal of mimicking some conditions present at the slaughterhouse environment, based on temperature, atmosphere, and contamination levels. Results indicated that many C. jejuni strains with similar flaA-RFLP profiles were present at the slaughterhouse on different processing days. All the strains tested (n = 15) were multidrug-resistant except for one. Biofilm formation ability was strain-dependent, and it appeared to have been affected by inoculum concentration, temperature, and tolerance to oxygen levels. At 10°C, adherence levels were significantly lower than at 42°C. Under microaerobic and aerobic atmospheres, at 42°C, 3 strains (C. jejuni 46E, C. jejuni 61C, and C. coli 65B) stood out, exhibiting significant levels of biofilm formation. C. jejuni strains 46E and 61C were inserted in clusters with evidence of persistence at the slaughterhouse for a long period of time. This study demonstrated that Campylobacter strains from broilers are capable of forming biofilms under conditions resembling the slaughterhouse environment. These results should be seen as a cue to improve the programs of hygiene implemented, particularly in those zones that can promote biofilm formation.

Homens nas fronteiras das prisões femininas: um estudo etnográfico em dias de visita / Men on the borders of women's prisons: an ethnographic study on visiting days / Hombres en las fronteras de las cárceles femeninas: un estudio etnográfico sobre los días de visita

Resumo: Os estudos sobre dias de visitas no cárcere são focados quase exclusivamente nas mulheres que realizam essa atividade em instituições prisionais masculinas. Com o objetivo de ampliar as análises sobre tema, procuramos, no presente manuscrito, investigar diferentes parcelas de frequentadores do cárcere feminino que performatizam o gênero masculino. Por meio de uma pesquisa etnográfica conduzida nas fronteiras externas de duas prisões de mulheres, 50 homens se tornaram interlocutores, a maioria deles familiares das privadas de liberdade. Como resultados, observamos a produção discursiva dos visitantes acerca da conjugalidade e do cuidado carcerários, como também o exercício do apoio masculino nas margens das cadeias. Tais achados permitiram análises comparativas com estabelecimentos penais masculinos, apontando para novas questões de gênero envolvidas no fenômeno das visitas em prisões.

Abstract: Studies on visiting days in prison focus almost only on women who carry out this activity in male prison institutions. In order to broaden the analysis on the subject, we sought, in this manuscript, to investigate different portions of the group of female prison visitors who perform the male gender. Through an ethnographic survey conducted at the external borders of two women's prisons, 50 men became interlocutors, most of them relatives of women deprived of liberty. As a result, we observed the discursive production of visitors about conjugality and prison care, as well as the exercise of male support on the margins of prisons. Such findings allowed comparative analyses with male prison facilities, pointing to new gender issues involved in the phenomenon of prison visitation.

Resumen: Los estudios relacionados con los días de visitas en las cárceles se centran casi y exclusivamente en las mujeres que realizan esa actividad en instituciones penitenciarias masculinas. Con el objetivo de ampliar los análisis del tema, investigamos diferentes grupos de frecuentadores de cárceles femeninas que performatizam el género masculino. La investigación etnográfica fue llevada a cabo en las fronteras externas de dos cárceles femeninas, 50 hombres participaron como interlocutores, la mayoría de ellos eran familiares de las detenidas. Fue observada la producción discursiva de los visitantes sobre la conyugalidad y el cuidado carcelario, así como el apoyo masculino en los márgenes de la cárcel. Estos hallazgos permitieron análisis comparativos con establecimientos penales masculinos, apuntando a nuevas cuestiones de género implicadas en el fenómeno de las visitas en prisiones.

Acesso à saúde sem assistência jurídica? Sobre a inclusão das carceragens públicas na política de saúde prisional / Access to healthcare without legal assistance? The inclusion of jails in prison health policy / ¿Acceso a la atención médica sin asistencia legal? Sobre la inclusión de las cárceles en la política de salud penitenciaria

Um grupo de trabalho do governo federal foi instituído no ano de 2007 com a finalidade de examinar a viabilidade de incluir pessoas detidas em carceragens públicas e delegacias no Plano Nacional de Saúde no Sistema Penitenciário, bem como os chamados presos provisórios. O material escrito produzido pelos seus integrantes foi considerado como um documento relevante para problematizar a atual Política Nacional de Atenção Integral à Saúde das Pessoas Privadas de Liberdade no Sistema Prisional. Embora o objetivo desse conjunto de ações governamentais seja aumentar o acesso das pessoas privadas de liberdade às ações e serviços de saúde, o grupo de trabalho questiona o alcance em termos de garantia de direitos que essa medida instalaria sem que as pessoas tenham também acesso à assistência jurídica prevista na Lei de Execução Penal. As categorias e classificações operadas pelos integrantes dessa espécie de comissão estatal dividem os beneficiários da política pública em preso provisório e detido em delegacia, sendo que ambos podem ser considerados também prisioneiros da passagem de uma perspectiva foucaultiana. Todos os envolvidos no campo da saúde penitenciária são convocados a aumentar o grau de intersetorialidade da política pública, não mais apenas entre saúde e justiça, como também com o setor de segurança pública.

A working group of the federal government was established in 2007 with the purpose of examining the feasibility of including people detained in public jails and police stations in the National Health Plan in the Penitentiary System, as well as the so-called provisional prisoners.The material written by their members hasbeen taken as a relevant document to discuss the current National Policy for Comprehensive Health Care for Persons Deprived of Liberty in the Prison System. Although the objective of this set of government actions is to increase the access of people deprived of liberty to health actions and services, the working group questions the scope in terms of guaranteeing rights that this measure would install without them also having access to legal assistance. provided for in the Criminal Execution Law. The categories and classifications operated by the members of this kind of state commission divide the beneficiaries of public policy into provisional prisonerand detainee in a police station, both of which can also be considered prisoners of the passage of a Foucaultian perspective. Everyone involved in the field of prison health is called upon to increase the degree of intersectorality in public policy, not only between health and justice, but also with the public security sector.

En 2007 se estableció un grupo de trabajo del gobierno federal con el propósito de examinar la viabilidad de incluir en el Plan Nacional de Salud en el Sistema Penitenciario a las personas detenidas en cárceles públicas y comisarías, así como a los llamados presos provisionales.El material redactado por sus miembros hasido tomado como documento relevante para discutir la actual Política Nacional de Atención Integral de Salud para Personas Privadas de Libertad en el Sistema Penitenciario. Si bien el objetivo de este conjunto de acciones gubernamentales es incrementar el acceso de las personas privadas de libertad a las acciones y servicios de salud, el grupo de trabajo cuestiona los alcances en términos de garantía de derechos que instauraría esta medida sin que ellos también tengan acceso a la asistencia legal. previsto en la Ley de Ejecución Penal. Las categorías y clasificaciones operadas por los miembros de este tipo de comisiones estatales dividen a los beneficiarios de la política pública en preso provisionaly detenido en una comisaría, ambos también presos del pasode una perspectiva foucaultiana. Todos los involucrados en el campo de la salud penitenciaria están llamados a incrementar el grado de intersectorialidad en las políticas públicas, no solo entre salud y justicia, sino también con el sector de seguridad pública.

Uncertainty calculation methodologies in microflow measurements: Comparison of GUM, GUM-S1 and Bayesian approach.

The importance of measurement quality cannot be over emphasized in medical applications, as one is dealing with life issues and the wellbeing of society, from oncology to new-borns, and more recently to patients of the COVID-19 pandemic. In all these dire situations, the accuracy of fluid delivered according to a prescribed dose can be critical. Microflow applications are growing in importance for a wide variety of scientific fields, namely drug development and administration, Organ-on-a-Chip, or bioanalysis, but accurate and reliable measurements are a tough challenge in micro-to-femto flow operating ranges, from 2.78 × 10-4 mL/s down to 2.78 × 10-7 mL/s (1000 µL/h down to 1 µL/h). Several sources of error have been established such as the mass measurement, the fluid evaporation dependent on the gravimetric methodology implemented, the tube adsorption and the repeatability, believed to be closely related to the operating mode of the stepper motor and drive screw pitch of a syringe pump. In addition, the difficulty in dealing with microflow applications extends to the evaluation of measurement uncertainty which will qualify the quality of measurement. This is due to the conditions entailed when measuring very small values, close to zero, of a quantity such as the flow rate which is inherently positive. Alternative methods able to handle these features were developed and implemented, and their suitability will be discussed.