Prospective study of outcomes of surgically treated larynx and hypopharyngeal cancers.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the morbidity and survival of surgically treated locally advanced carcinoma larynx and hypopharynx in a tertiary referral center in South India, a prospective cohort study was carried out. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients who had undergone laryngectomy or laryngopharyngectomy from January, 2006 to January, 2011 at our institute were prospectively studied for factors affecting morbidity tumor recurrence and disease free survival (DFS). DFS was calculated for the whole group and for the larynx and hypopharynx cancer subgroups separately, using Kaplan Meir Method and the survival differences of the larynx and hypopharynx groups and between salvage and primary surgical cases were evaluated using the Cox's regression scale . RESULTS: A total of 154 patients with ages ranging from 23 to 78 (mean 56.3 + standard deviation 9.2) were studied, which included 145 males and 9 females. Pre-operative tracheostomy and previous radiotherapy were the most significant factors contributing to post-operative morbidity. Survival difference between the larynx and hypopharynx cancers was statistically significant and the DFS was significantly affected by primary site wound infection, primary site margin and node positivity. CONCLUSION: The results of laryngectomy can be optimized by "proper case selection and morbidity risk assessment".

A case report of pulmonary coinfection of Strongyloides stercoralis and Pneumocystis jiroveci.

A case of pulmonary coinfection by Strongyloides stercoralis and Pneumocystis jiroveci has been detected in an AIDS patient treated in the Respiratory Intensive Care Unit of the Muñiz Hospital. At diagnosis, the patient presented cough with mucopurulent expectoration, dyspnea, fever, bilateral pulmonary infiltrates on the chest X-ray, negative bacilloscopy for acid fast bacteria and a CD4(+) T lymphocytes count of 52 cells/µL. The microbiological diagnosis was achieved by microscopic observation of the respiratory secretions obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage, while the wet mount examination revealed rhabditiform and filariform larvae of the nematode and foamy exudates, pathognomonic of the pulmonary pneumocystosis. It was the unique case of this association among about 3 000 samples performed in our laboratory in the last 10 years and diagnosed by microscopy. Other complementary stains (a rapid modification of Grocott, Kinyoun and Giemsa) were applied to the smears after the diagnosis of mycotic and parasitary infections achieved by fresh microscopy. Both physicians and microbiologists should take into account the possible coexistence of respiratory pathogens in immunocompromised patients, such as those with AIDS.

[Cryptococcus neoformans in the gastric contents of an AIDS patient]. / Cryptococcus neoformans en el contenido gástrico de un paciente con SIDA.

The microscopic observation and isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans from the gastric contents of an AIDS patient, obtained by aspiration with a nasogastric catheter and parasitologically studied, is communicated. Because of the limited number of round yeasts visualized by wet mount of the sample concentrate, India ink was added: the typical capsules of C. neoformans were then observed. Dark brown colonies of C. neoformans were isolated from the clinical sample cultured on sunflower-seed-extract agar, incubated at 37 degrees C for 7 days. Bloodcultures for fungi were negative; it was impossible to obtain CSF due to the patient's refusal, then the capsular polysaccharide antigen of C. neoformans in blood was determined and proved positive to the 1:100 dilution. The patient, who had supposedly been suffering from Cryptosporidium sp. diarrhea, after the finding of C. neoformans in the gastric sample and the positive result of the antigenemia for this fungus, was treated with oral fluconazol, (800 mg/day), because he did not accept intravenous treatment. This communication emphasizes the finding of C. neoformans in a clinical sample where its presence is infrequent and its usefulness for the diagnosis of cryptococcosis is significant.

[Comparison of 3 tests for the diagnosis of pulmonary pneumocystosis in AIDS patients]. / Comparacion de 3 técnicas para el diagnóstico de la neumocistosis pulmonar en pacientes con SIDA.

Since Pneumocystis jiroveci cannot be grown in vitro, laboratory diagnosis of pulmonary pneumocystosis (PCP) has been based mainly upon microscopy. The usefulness of 3 diagnostic methods of PCP was compared in 111 bronchoalveolar fluids belonging to an equal number of AIDS patients assisted in different wards of the Muñiz Hospital. Wet mount preparations, a rapid modification of Grocott technique and the direct immunofluorescence (DIF) with monoclonal antibodies were compared for the diagnosis of PCP on smears of clinical samples. Similar results (15 positive and 90 negative) were obtained with these three techniques in 105 (93.6%) of the studied samples; in 3 (2.7%) cases the DIF was positive while the other techniques were negative, and in other 3 (2.7%), the Grocott stain was negative when the other two techniques were positive. In the investigated samples, due to the abundance of P. jiroveci, the searching of "honeycombs" structures in wet mount preparations is perfectly adaptable as screening test. The Grocott stain showed to be useful for the diagnosis of other mycoses, and the DIF, due to its high cost, can be employed when the other techniques are negative.

Comparacion de 3 técnicas para el diagnóstico de la neumocistosis pulmonar en pacientes con SIDA / [Comparison of 3 tests for the diagnosis of pulmonary pneumocystosis in AIDS patients]

Since Pneumocystis jiroveci cannot be grown in vitro, laboratory diagnosis of pulmonary pneumocystosis (PCP) has been based mainly upon microscopy. The usefulness of 3 diagnostic methods of PCP was compared in 111 bronchoalveolar fluids belonging to an equal number of AIDS patients assisted in different wards of the Muñiz Hospital. Wet mount preparations, a rapid modification of Grocott technique and the direct immunofluorescence (DIF) with monoclonal antibodies were compared for the diagnosis of PCP on smears of clinical samples. Similar results (15 positive and 90 negative) were obtained with these three techniques in 105 (93.6

) of the studied samples; in 3 (2.7

) cases the DIF was positive while the other techniques were negative, and in other 3 (2.7

), the Grocott stain was negative when the other two techniques were positive. In the investigated samples, due to the abundance of P. jiroveci, the searching of [quot ]honeycombs[quot ] structures in wet mount preparations is perfectly adaptable as screening test. The Grocott stain showed to be useful for the diagnosis of other mycoses, and the DIF, due to its high cost, can be employed when the other techniques are negative.

Italian Right Hemisphere Language Battery: the normative study.

Clinical neurolinguistics still lacks consolidated and standardised tools for the assessment of impairments of pragmatics of verbal communication. In the present paper we present norms of the Italian version of the Right Hemisphere Language Battery (Batteria del Linguaggio dell'Emisfero Destro, BaLED) originally devised by Bryan. The normative study has been conducted with the recruitment of 440 healthy subjects. The battery of tests was not intended to be cognitively oriented, by providing evidence of the cognitive impairments underpinning verbal pragmatic deficits; on the contrary, it permits the detection of the presence/absence of impairments in processing the main pragmatic features of verbal communication traditionally associated with right hemisphere lesions. Thus, apart from being a clinical tool for diagnosing pragmatic impairments of verbal communication, the BaLED represents a useful initial battery of tests for clinical assessment and for selecting specific populations of neurological patients suitable for investigation in further experimental studies.

Aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos y micológicos de la histoplasmosis en pacientes HIV positivos / Epidemiologic, Clinical and Mycological aspects of patients with aids related to histoplasmosis

Se evaluaron retrospectivamente aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos y micológicos de 15 pacientes con histoplasmosis asociada al SIDA internados en la Sala 11 del Hospital Muñiz, durante un período de 5 años. La mayor parte de los pacientes habitaban al momento de la internación o habían nacido dentro del área endémica de la histoplasmosis, en localidades del Gran Buenos Aires o en la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Fiebre, disminución del peso corporal, tos con expectoración y lesiones mucocutáneas fueron los hallazgos clínicos más frecuentes, seguidos por adenomegalias, sudoración, diarrea, dolor abdominal, cefalea y disnea. La radiografía de tórax reveló infiltrados pulmonares, en su mayoría con distribución bilateral y la ecografía abdominal evidenció la presencia de hepato y esplenomegalia. La microscopía del material obtenido por escarificación de las lesiones cutáneomucosas y los hemocultivos por el método de lisis-centrifugación permitieron el diagnóstico micológico de la casi totalidad de los casos

Rivastigmine superior to aspirin plus nimodipine in subcortical vascular dementia: an open, 16-month, comparative study.

Recent data indicate that patients with vascular dementia (VaD) show a cholinergic deficit. Having obtained good results in a previous study comparing rivastigmine, an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholine-sterase (BuChE), vs. aspirin, we aimed to compare the efficacy and tolerability of rivastigmine vs. aspirin plus nimodipine. Patients with a diagnosis of dementia and probable VaD received rivastigmine 3-6 mg/day (n = 32) or aspirin plus nimodipine (n = 32) in an open study for 16 months. Patients treated with rivastigmine showed superior benefits, compared with those receiving aspirin plus nimodipine, in attention, executive function, instrumental activities of daily living, and behavioural and psychotic disturbances. Side-effects in both groups were tolerable and there were no study withdrawals. The benefits observed with rivastigmine may reflect its inhibitory effects on AChE and BuChE, and the drug's affinity for frontal brain areas.

Decreased monocytic phagosomal acidification among chronic paracoccidioidomycosis patients.

To determine the ability of monocyte phagosomal acidification in chronic paracoccidioidomycosis, 13 patients were recruited at different times during follow-up and compared with 18 normal controls. Eight patients were studied at diagnosis, six of them also during treatment and five additional patients after ending treatment. Phagosomal acidification of monocytes, triggered by challenge with opsonized zymosan, was evaluated with acridine orange and expressed as percentage of orange-stained intracellular particles, as mean +/- SE. In comparison with controls, acidification was severely impaired before treatment (33 +/- 11% vs. 67 +/- 6%) and reached values similar to controls during treatment (73 +/- 6%, n = 6). In addition, phagosomal acidification of the patients studied after treatment (63 +/- 4%) had no difference when compared with controls. This study demonstrates that phagosomal acidification is perturbed among chronic paracoccidioidomycosis patients and reverses with antifungal treatment.

Corticobasal degeneration: structural and functional MRI and single-photon emission computed tomography.

We studied seven patients with corticobasal degeneration (CBD) from a clinical and imaging perspective. We describe the main morphological features of CBD and, using functional MRI, try to define the possible role of the parietal lobe in simple and complex learned motor sequences. We showed decreased activation of the parietal lobe contralateral to the more affected arm, when movements, simple or complex, are performed with that hand. Moreover we found that functional imaging can demonstrate parietal and motor cortex dysfunction before structural, and even single-photon emission computed tomography changes become evident.

[Etiological factors of fungemia in the Hospital San Martín in La Plata]. / Agentes etiológicos de fungemia en el Hospital San Martín de La Plata.

To determine the distribution of etiologic agents of fungemia in San Martin Hospital, La Plata, we retrospectively studied 81 consecutive episodes of fungemia, diagnosed in 46 adults and 35 preterm newborn (PNB) hospitalized from November 1998 to August 2001. The diagnosis was achieved by blood culture obtained by venipuncture and by catheter aspiration and was processed using BactAlert and lysis-centrifugation technique. Isolated yeasts were identified employing API 32C system and additional tests. Candida parapsilosis (28.4%), C. albicans (25.9%) and C. tropicalis (25.9%) were predominant as etiological agents (80%). Other species of Candida (C. pelliculosa, C. kefyr and C. guillermondii), Malassezia pachydermatis, Cryptococcus neoformans and Histoplasma capsulatum were recovered in low percentage (each one < or = 7%). C. parapsilosis was predominant as causative agent among PNB male (47.4%), C. albicans among adult women (41.7%) and C. tropicalis among adult men (32.3%). The species of Candida (C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis and C. albicans) were predominant as etiologic agents of fungemia, with a different distribution in the episodes which occurred in adults and PNB patients, and also according to gender in both groups.

[Hansenula anomala fungemia]. / Fungemia por Hansenula anomala.

We communicate 5 episodes of fungemia produced by Hansenula anomala (Candida pelliculosa) in 4 adult patients and 1 preterm newborn admitted in different wards of the HIGA San Martín of La Plata City during a 13 month period. The isolates were achieved by culture of blood obtained by venipuncture (5/5) and from catheter (2/5) and were processed with BacTAlert system and lysis-centrifugation method. API 32 C system achieved the identification of the isolated yeasts. Among the patients, treatments with antibiotics (5/5) and corticoids (2/5), catheters (3/5), previous surgical procedures and surgical wounds (2/5), prematurely (1/5) and neutropenia (1/5) were present as predisposing factors of fungemia. Three out of the 5 episodes evolved favorably and the remaining 2 patients died in spite of the antifungal treatment. The diagnosis of 4 out of 5 cases in a brief lapse (3 months), and 2 simultaneously in 2 different wards, as well as the lack of other isolates of H. anomala in our Hospital, before and after of the studied period, suggests the possibility of an outbreak. We claim that H. anomala is an emergent fungal pathogen that must be taken into account as etiological agent of fungemia, fundamentally in patients with different predisposing factors.

Agentes etiológicos de fungemia en el Hospital San Martín de La Plata / Distribution of the etiological agents of fungemia in the San Martin Hospital of La Plata

Para determinar la distribución de los agentes causales de fungemia en el Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos San Martín, de La Plata, Argentina, se estudió retrospectivamente la etiología de 81 episodios consecutivos ocurridos en 46 adultos y 35 recién naciddos pre-término (RNPT) internados entre noviembre de 1998 y agosto de 2001. El diagnóstico se hizo a partir de cultivos de sangre obtenida por punción venosa y/o a través de catéter, procesados con el equipo BactAlert y la técnica de lisis-centrifugación. La identificación de los aislamientos fue realizada con el equipo API 32C para levaduras y pruebas adicionales. Candida parapsilosis (28,4 por ciento), C.albicans (25,9 por ciento) y C.tropoicalis (25,9 por ciento) predominaron como agentes causales (en conjunto 80 por ciento). Otras especies de Candida (C.pelliculosa, C.kefyr y C.guillermondii), Malassezia pachydermatis, Cryptococcus neoformans e Histoplasma capsulatum se recuperaron en menor porcentaje (individualmente <_7 por ciento). C.parapsilosis predominó como agente causal de fungemia en RNPT varones (47,4 por ciento), C albicans en mujeres adultas (41,7 por ciento) y C.tropicalis en varones adultos (32,3 por ciento). Las especies de Candida (C.parapsilosis, C.tropicalis y C.albicans) predominaron como agentes causales de fungemia en nuestro hospital, con una distribución diferente en los episodios ocurridos en los pacientes adultos y RNPT y entre los varones y mujeres de ambos grupos.

Fungemia por Hansenula anomala / Fungemia by Hansenula anomala

Se comunican 5 episodios de fungemia producidos por Hansenula anomala (Candida pelliculosa) en 4 adultos y 1 recién nacido pre-término internados en diferentes salas del HIGA San Martín (La Plata), en un lapso de 13 meses. Los aislamientos fueron hechos a partir de cultivos de sangre obtenida por punción venosa (5/5) y de catéter (2/5) y procesados con el equipo BactAlert y el método de lisis-centrifugación. La identificación de los aislamientos fue realizada con el equipo API 32C. Como causas favorecedoras de fungemia los pacientes presentaron tratamientos con antibióticos (5/5) y corticoides (2/5), neutropenia (1/5), prematurez (1/5), presencia de catéteres centrales (2/5), procedimientos quirúrgicos previos y heridas quirúrgicas (2/5). Tres de los cinco pacientes evolucionaron favorablemente y sobrevivieron, mientras que los dos restantes fallecieron, a pesar del tratamiento antifúngico instituido. El diagnóstico de 4 de los 5 casos en un lapso breve (3 meses) y de 2 simultáneamente en 2 salas diferentes, sumado a la ausencia en nuestro Hospital de aislamientos del hongo, previos y posteriores al período estudiado, sugieren un posible brote epidémico. Destacamos a H.anomala como patógeno fúngico emergente a tener en cuenta como agente productor de fungemia, principalmente en pacientes portadores de determinados factores de riesgo.

Fungal peritonitis caused by Bipolaris spicifera.

An episode of fungal peritonitis was produced by Bipolaris spicifera in a 3-year-old girl with chronic renal failure secondary to uremic-hemolytic syndrome and who was under treatment with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Previously, an episode of purulent peritonitis caused by Pseudomonas spp. had been treated successfully with combined antibacterial therapy for 10 days. Microscopic and macroscopic examinations of the freshly collected purulent dialysate were negative for fungal structures and bacteria. The fungus grew from the dialysate plated on Sabouraud dextrose agar and was also macroscopically recognized as a colony attached to the inner wall of the Tenckhoff catheter. Specific cultures of dialysate for common bacteria and mycobacteria were negative. The patient was successfully treated with early catheter removal and empirical administration of 200 mg/day oral fluconazole for 2 weeks. Subsequently, a new catheter was placed and the patient continued well on CAPD. Post-treatment control cultures of dialysate for fungi, bacteria and mycobacteria were negative and the cell count returned to normal.

Learned movements in a left-handed pianist: an f-MRI evaluation.

The spatial arrangement of neuronal sources for digit movement is non somatotopic, and is structured as extensively arranged through different regional cortex. We have functionally examined the cerebro-cortical activation during simple and complex motor sequences, before and after learning sessions, in healthy volunteers, both considering left- and right-dominant hand use, and left non dominant hand use, skillfulness and educational level. We discuss the results with a review on the topic.

Crying of a newborn child: alarm signal or protocommunication?

The purpose of the study was to explore whether the new-born cry is a simple alarm signal or differentiated cries with different meanings. 12 digital audio taped recordings of 6 full-term healthy babies were analysed. Cries of 6 newborns in this preliminary study were recorded in a pain condition after a prick for the hematic check-up the third day after delivery and then while crying spontaneously in the cradle. The sounds were sampled at 44100 Hz with a 16-bit resolution and converted to the .wav format. All the analyses were performed with a software written in the MAT-LAB environment. The most important result was that these new-born children modulated the supralaryngeal tract considerably more in cries following the painful stimulus than in "spontaneous" ones, as would be expected by the hypothesis of crying as "protolanguage."

High serum interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor alpha levels in chronic paracoccidioidomycosis.

In patients with chronic paracoccidioidomycosis (n = 10), levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-10, and interleukin-2 in serum, measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (in picograms per milliliter, as mean +/- standard error of the mean), were higher than in normal controls (n = 8): 186 +/- 40 versus 40 +/- 7 (P < 0.05), 203 +/- 95 versus 20 +/- 8 (P = 0.001), and 96.3 +/- 78.57 versus 1.19 +/- 1.19 (P = 0.045), respectively. Gamma interferon and interleukin-4 levels were similar in patients and controls.